Origin and Distribution of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oil-Bearing Basins,China

The concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas （H2S） varies greatly in the oil-bearing basins of China, from zero to 90%. At present, oil and gas reservoirs with high H2S concentration have been discovered in three basins, viz. the Bohai Bay Basin, Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, whereas natural gas with low H2S concentration has been found in the Ordos Basin, the Songliao Basin and the Junggar Basin. Studies suggest that in China H2S origin types are very complex. In the carbonate reservoir of the Sichuan Basin, the Ordos Basin and the Tarim Basin, as well as the carbonatedominated reservoir in the Luojia area of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, Wumaying areas of the Huanghua depression, and Zhaolanzhuang areas of the Jizhong depression, the H2S is of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction （TSR） origin. The H2S is of Bacterial Sulphate Reduction （BSR） origin deduced from the waterflooding operation in the Changheng Oilfield （placanticline oil fields） in the Songliao Basin. H2S originates from thermal decomposition of sulfur-bearing crude oil in the heavy oil area in the Junggar Basin and in the Liaohe heavy oil steam pilot area in the western depression of the Bohai Bay Basin. The origin types are most complex, including TSR and thermal decomposition of sulfcompounds among other combinations of causes. Various methods have been tried to identify the origin mechanism and to predict the distribution of H2S. The origin identification methods for H2S mainly comprise sulfur and carbon isotopes, reservoir petrology, particular biomarkers, and petroleum geology integrated technologies; using a combination of these applications can allow the accurate identification of the origins of H2S. The prediction technologies for primary and secondary origin of H2S have been set up separately.

Anomalous origin of left pulmonary artery branch from the aorta with Fallot's tetralogy:one case report

We report the case of a ten-year-old boy who had often presented with respiratory distress since born. Chest X-ray showed an enlarged right ventricle. Echocardiography demonstrated characteristic features of Fallot＇s tetralogy and the left pulmonary artery could not be visualized. However, cardiac catheterization disclosed that the left pulmonary artery had an anomalous origin in the ascending aorta. The patient underwent total surgical correction of the defects. Nine days later, he was discharged. We present the results of a literature review of the incidence, physiopathological, clinical, diagnostic, and surgical characteristics of this rare disease.

Genomic data provides simple evidence for a single origin of life

One hundred and fifty years ago, Charles Darwin’s on the Origin of Species explained the evolution of species through evolution by natural selection. To date, there is no simple piece of evidence demonstrating this concept across species. Chargaff’s first parity rule states that comple-mentary base pairs are in equal proportion across DNA strands. Chargaff’s second parity rule, in-consistently followed across species, states that the base pairs are in equal proportion within DNA strands [G ≈ C, T ≈ A and (G + A) ≈ (C + T)]. Using genomic libraries, we analyzed the extent to which DNA samples followed Chargaff’s second parity rule. In organelle DNA, nucleotide rela-tionships were heteroskedastic. After classifying organelles into chloroplasts and mitochondria, and then into plant, vertebrate, and invertebrate I and II mitochondria, nucleotide relationships were expressed by linear regression lines. All regression lines based on nuclear and organelle DNA crossed at the same point. This is a simple demonstration of a common ancestor across species.

Origin of Paleofluids in Dabashan Foreland Thrust Belt:Geochemicai Evidence of ^(13)C,^(18)O and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr in Veins and Host Rocks

In the last ten years, with important discoveries from oil and gas exploration in the Dabashan foreland depression belt in the borderland between Shanxi and Sichuan provinces, the relationship between the formation and evolution of, and hydrocarbon accumulation in, this foreland thrust belt from the viewpoint of basin and oil and gas exploration has been studied. At the same time, there has been little research on the origin of fluids within the belt. Based on geochemical system analysis including Z values denoting salinity and research on δ13C, δ18O and S7Sr/S6Sr isotopes in the host rocks and veins, the origin of paleofluids in the foreland thrust belt is considered. There are four principal kinds of paleofluid, including deep mantle-derived, sedimentary, mixed and meteoric. For the deep mantle-derived fluid, the δ13C is generally less than -5.0‰PDB, δ18O less than -10.0‰PDB, Z value less than 110 and 87Sr/86Sr less than 0.70600; the sedimentary fluid is mainly marine carbonate- derived, with the δ13C generally more than -2.0‰PDB, 18δO less than -10.0‰PDB, Z value more than 120 and STSr/S6Sr ranging from 0.70800 to 0.71000; the mixed fluid consists mainly of marine carbonate fluid （including possibly a little mantle-derived fluid or meteoric water）, with the j13C generally ranging from -2.0‰ to -8.0‰PDB, δ18O from -10.0‰ to -18.0‰ PDB, Z value from 105 to 120 and 87Sr/86Sr from 0.70800 to 0.71000; the atmospheric fluid consists mainly of meteoric water, with the δ13C generally ranging from 0.0‰ to -10.0‰PDB, δ18O less than -8.0%rPDB, Z value less than 110 and 87Sr/86Sr more than 0.71000. The Chengkou fault belt encompasses the most complex origins, including all four types of paleofluid; the Zhenba and Pingba fault belts and stable areas contain a simple paleofluid mainly of sedimentary type; the Jimingsi fault belt contains mainly sedimentary and mixed fluids, both consisting of sedimentary fluid and meteoric water. Jurassic rocks of the foreland depression belt contain mainly meteoric fluid.

Origin and evolution of oilfield brines from Tertiary strata in western Qaidam Basin:Constraints from ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr,δD,δ^(18)O,δ^(34)S and water chemistry

Chemistry of major and minor elements,87Sr/86Sr,δD,δ18O and δ34S of brines were measured from Tertiary strata and Quaternary salt lakes in the western Qaidam Basin.The water chemistry data show that all oilfield brines are CaCl2 type.They were enriched in Ca2+,B3+,Li+,Sr2+,Br-,and were depleted in Mg2+,SO42-,which indicated that these brines had the characteristics of deeply circulated water.The relationship between δD and δ18O shows that all data of these brines decline towards the Global Meteoric Water Line(GWL) and Qaidam Meteoric Water Line(QWL),and that the intersection between oilfield brines and Meteoric Water Lines was close to the local spring and fresh water in the piedmont in the western Qaidam Basin.The results suggest that oilfield brines has initially originated from meteoric water,and then might be affected by water-rock metamorphose,because most oilfield brines distribute in the range of metamorphosing water.The 87Sr/86Sr values of most oilfield brines range from 0.71121 to 0.71194,and was less than that in salt lake water(>0.712),but close to that of halite in the study area.These imply that salt dissolution occurred in the process of migration.In addition,all oilfield brines have obviously much positive δ34S values(ranging from 26.46‰ to 54.57‰) than that of salt lake brines,which was caused by bacterial sulfate reduction resulting in positive shift of δ34S value and depleteed SO42-in oilfield brines.Combined with water chemical data and δD,δ18O,87Sr/86Sr,δ34S values,we concluded that oilfield brines mainly originate from the deeply circulated meteoric waters,and then are affected by salt dissolution,water-rock metamorphose,sulfate reduction and dolomitization during the process of migration.These processes alter the chemical compositions of oilfield brines and accumulate rich elements(such as B,Li,Sr,Br,K and so on) for sustainable utilization of salt lake resources in the Qaidam Basin.

Anomalous Origin and Course of Coronary Artery—Presentation of Three Cases

Anomalous origin of coronary arteries may be encountered coincidentally in the presence of unrelated pathology or when these are affected directly. This may directly be responsible for affecting the procedure or outcome. Various types of anomalies of origin,?as well as course of coronary arteries,?have been classified in the past. Here we report 3 cases of anomalous origin of coronary arteries in different scenarios. First case had anomalous coronary with bicuspid aortic valve with dilated ascending aorta for which Bentall’s procedure was done, while the second and third cases were anomalous coronaries with coronary artery disease for which coronary artery bypass grafting was done.

Case Report: Fever of Unknown Origin <br/>—An Unusual Presentation for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

A 61-year-old male initially presented with fever of unknown origin. He had extensive work-up over two years including an infectious diseases panel, autoimmune studies, and Rheumatology and Hematology evaluations. The patient was initially diagnosed with Adult Still’s disease and underwent an out-patient right nodal fine-needle aspiration that was indeterminate. After continued failure of treatment for Adult Still’s disease, the patient had surgical resection of a right axillary lymph node that yielded the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Further work-up revealed Epstein-Barr virus positivity, the possible trigger behind his mutation for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its uncommon presentation. The patient met criteria for central nervous system prophylaxis and received multiple administrations throughout his therapy. He ultimately expired following recurrence of his disease at its initial site but without central nervous system involvement. We report an uncommon presentation of a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This lymphoma can have numerous, vague presentations requiring a broad differential diagnosis and may lead to multiple evaluations prior to an ultimate diagnosis. We will also discuss the need for central nervous system prophylaxis, how this patient is qualified for prophylaxis, and how central nervous system prophylaxis benefits, harms, or does not affect patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Lithological and Si–O–S isotope geochemistry:constraints on the origin and genetic environment of the selenium(Se)-rich siliceous rocks in Enshi,Hubei Province,China

Se-rich black rock series of the Middle and Late Permian system is widely distributed in Enshi Prefecture with an exposed area of 850 km~2,among which the unique Yutangba black rock series independent selenium deposit with industrial mining significance in the world is produced.However,the source and metallogenic mechanisms of Se are still controversial.In general,terrestrial weathering and submarine hydrothermal processes are the main source end members of Si and Se,and the related siliceous rocks record the deposition process of Si and Se from different sources.The study of lithofacies and paleogeography shows that western Hubei belongs to the near eastwest turn of the Yangzi platform in the Middle and Late Permian and becomes an inter-platform basin with nearly north-south direction.Therefore,the comparative study of the Yutangba deposit and the selenium-rich black rock series in the northern Shadi with high selenium content is expected to reveal the provenance evolution of the two sections in space,and further restrict the Se mineralization mechanism in the Enshi basin.From the element geochemistry study,the black rock series in two study areas may have formed in a transitional position of either the continental margin or continental slope,in the process of sedimentary,more terrigenous clastic materials entered.They are rich in lithophile elements V and Cr.δU>1.0,U/Th and V/(V+Ni)ratio indicate that the Se-rich strata of black rock series in the Enshi areas occurred in an anoxic reducing environment and formed in an environment between the ocean basin and the continental margin.From Si-O isotope geochemistry,the original Si source of the study area is thought to relate to a volcanic eruption,which leads to the enrichment of Si in the seawater.The determined values of S isotope in the black rock series of the two study areas both show the characteristics related to organic reduction/biogenic.

Loss of efficacy and safety of the switch from infliximab original to infliximab biosimilar(CT-P13)in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND Infliximab original has changed the natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) over the past two decades. However, the recent expiration of its patent has allowed the entry of the first Infliximab biosimilar into the European and Spanish markets. Currently switching drugs data in IBD are limited. AIM To compare the efficacy of infliximab biosimilar, CT-P13, against infliximab original, analyzing the loss of response of both at the 12 mo follow-up in patients with IBD.METHODS An observational study of two cohorts has been conducted. One retrospective cohort that included patients with IBD treated with Infliximab original, and a prospective cohort of patients who were switching from infliximab original to infliximab biosimilar(CT-P13). We had analyzed the overall efficacy and loss of efficacy in patients in remission at the end of one year after treatment with the original drug compared to the results of the year of treatment with the biosimilar.RESULTS98 patients(CD 67, CU 31) were included in both cohorts. The overall efficacy for infliximab original per year of treatment was 71% vs 68.2% for infliximab biosimilar(P = 0.80). The loss of overall efficacy at 12 mo for infliximab original was 6.6% vs 14.5% for infliximab biosimilar(P = 0.806). The loss of efficacy in patients who were in basal remission was 16.3% for infliximab original vs 27.1% for infliximab biosimilar. Adverse events were 9.2% for infliximab original vs 11.2% for infliximab biosimilar. CONCLUSION The overall efficacy and loss of treatment response with infliximab biosimilar(CT-P13) is similar to that observed with infliximab original in patients who were switching at the 12 mo follow-up. There is no difference in the rate of adverse events.

Functions of Rhetoric and Social Science Origins in Communication Study—Based on Boxing Plato’s Shadow:An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

With the development of the rhetoric study from the origins in ancient Athens and The Rhetoric of Aristotle to the formation of modern Communication Study at the beginning of the twentieth century,the Rhetoric Study changed in dynamic and its concepts and theories merged and formed the foundations of Communication Study which focused on personal communication and speech rhetoric skills at that time.At the beginning of the twentieth century,although the Neo-Aristotelian rhetorical scholars from classic rhetoric approach created methodologies and enriched the content of Communication Study under the influence of humanistic study and social science study,but the Communication discipline was still in the embarrassing position.During World War I and World War II,most scholars with backgrounds of social science,history and anthropology carried out the studies of propaganda wars and the message disseminating,and explored the military powers and governments’access to the media and developed serial communication modes from the social science perspective,which laid the foundation for Communication discipline in the academic field.The author analyzed the Rhetoric and Social Science origins of Communication study in Boxing Plato’s Shadow:an Introduction to the Study of Human Communication,which is beneficial and helpful to understand the academic origins of Communication study and its cross-disciplined and embarrassing positions.

On the origin of cardiac mucosa: A histological and immunohistoc-hemical study of cytokeratin expression patterns in the developing esophagogastric junction region and stomach

AIM： To examine the fetal and neonatal esophagogastric junction region （EGJ） histologically for the presence of an equivalent to adult cardiac mucosa （CM）; to study the expression patterns of all cytokeratins （CK） relevant to the EGJ during gestation; to compare the CK profile of the gestational and the adult EGJ; and to determine the degree of development in the adult EGJ histology and CK profile during gestation. METHODS： Forty-eight fetal autopsy specimens of the EGJ were step-sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） to select sections showing the mucosal lining. Immunohistochemistry for CK5, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, and 20 was performed. Antibody staining was then graded for location, intensity, and degree. RESULTS： The distal esophagus was lined by simple columnar epithelium from 12-wk gestational age （GA）. The proximal part of this segment consisted of mucusproducing epithelium, devoid of parietal cells. CK5 and 13 were present exclusively in multilayered epithelia and CK8, 18, and 19 predominantly in simple columnar epithelium. There were no differences in the frequencies of the coordinate CK7＋/20＋ and the CK7-/20- immunophenotypes between different locations. The prevalence of the CK7＋/ 20- immunophenotype decreased, and that of the CK7-/ 20＋ immunophenotype increased significantly from the distal esophagus to the distal stomach. CONCLUSION： Fetal columnar-lined lower esophagus （fetal CLE） may be the equivalent and precursor of the short segments of columnar epithelium found in the distal esophagus of some normal adult subjects. Esophageal simple columnar epithelium without parietal cells （ESN） may be the precursor of adult CM. The similarities between the fetal and adult EGJ and stomach CK expression pattems support the conclusion that adult CN has an identifiable precursor in the fetus. This would then indicate that at least a part of the adult CM has a congenital origin.

Misreading Rousseau？ Jacques Derrida＇s Deconstructive Reading of Rousseau＇s Essay on the Origin of Languages

Jacques Derrida＇s engagement with Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the second part of Of Grammatology constitutes the most systematic, extensive example of deconstructive reading. Nevertheless, the problem of whether Derrida reproduces Rousseau＇s basic claims adequately has remained a peripheral concern. This has meant that this may constitute a misreading and the consequences that this would have for the deconstructive operation itself have not adequately examined. Hence, this enquiry into Derrida＇s reading of Rousseau centers upon the extent to which Derrida distorts Rousseau＇s text in order to be able to confirm deconstruction＇s radical theoretical positions.

The countryside and origins of China's reform

China's 30 years of reform have achieved tremendous success and a transformation of the country.Amazingly,however,this grand endeavor began in an anonymous rural village in which the f irst breakthroughs were made.How did China's reform begin in the countryside? Why were the initial breakthroughs made there? What is its significance? This article elaborates on these questions,urging that we should carry out a scientific outlook on development in the spirit of the 17th Party Congress,and steadfastly deepen the rural reform of rural.Research into these issues will help us gain a deeper understanding of the rural reform.

Bellini’s Norma and the Challenge of Regieoper

Despite the universal messages of Bellini’s Norma,the attempts at translating and adapting it to a modern context in the revisionist spirit of Regieoper(the director’s opera)encounter serious difficulties,as indicated by recent productions.The present paper focuses on these difficulties by examining in detail what appear to be the most challenging,innovative and thought-provoking among those productions which,despite remarkable merits,suffer from acute shortcomings:inter alia certain incompatibilities with the libretto,cultural dissonances,and problems of inner-coherence and verisimilitude.The detailed analysis of specific productions is followed by a general discussion(through a comparative approach)of Norma’s adaptability to Regieoper,which is shown to be extremely difficult,among other reasons because the terms of reference to the dimensions of the historical context(and the inherent mores)in its libretto are by far less flexible than those of other operas.Norma’s universal messages and its dualities of“foreign”versus“familiar,”with their vast semantic ambit,would seem to be better understood by meticulously delving into the subtleties of the text(and subtext)of Romani’s sophisticated libretto.Inner-coherence and compatibility with the libretto are essential for any attempt at creating an appropriate analogy running parallel to the original narrative.A fully convincing production of Norma in a modernizing spirit,if at all possible,remains an artistic challenge.

Possible Evolutionary Models in the Initially Hydride Earth Theory

A modern view of the properties of chemical elements has confirmed the theory of the hot origin of the Earth. The next step in developing this theory was the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth. In this work, we attempted to find additional evidence for this hypothesis and show additional effects that flow from it. The effect of the physical properties of atoms and ions on their behavior during the formation of the Earth was studied. The maximum contribution to the distribution of elements was made by those elements whose content in the original protoplanets of the disk was the maximum. Correlation dependence is obtained, which allows one to calculate the distribution of elements in the protoplanetary disk. It was shown that hydrogen was the main element in the proto substance located in the zone of the Earth’s formation. In this case, various chemical compounds formed, most represented by hydrogen compounds—hydrides. Since the pressure inside the Earth is 375 GPa, this factor forces the chemical compounds to adopt stoichiometry and structure that would not be available in atmospheric conditions. It is shown that many chemical elements at high pressure in a hydrogen medium form simple hydrides and super hydrides—polyhydrides with high hydrogen content. Pressure leads to a higher density of matter inside the planet. Given the possibility of forming polyhydrides, there is the possibility of binding the initially available hydrogen in an amount that can reach 49.3 mole%. Young Earth could contain about 10.7 mass% of hydrogen in hydrides, polyhydrides, and adsorbed form is almost twice higher than previous estimates. This fact additionally confirms the theory of the original hydride Earth. In hydrides, the occurrence of the phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered. Polyhydrides were shown as potential superconductors with a high critical temperature above 200 K. We, based on these data, hypothesized the presence of superconducting properties in the Earth’s core, which explains the presence of a magnetic field in the Earth, as well as the unevenness and instability of this field and the possibility of migration of the Earth’s poles. The fact that the Earth has a hydroid core causes its change in time due to the instability of hydrides. Arranged several possible models of the destruction of the Earth’s core. The calculations showed that both models give close results. These results give predictions that can be measured. The proposed models also made it possible to estimate the initial size of the Earth. Possible ways of further testing the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth is shown.

Shift, the Law of the Invention of Zero

After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.

贵州铜仁塘边铅锌矿床成矿时代和成矿物质来源——来自Rb-Sr同位素测年和S-Pb同位素的证据

对贵州铜仁塘边铅锌矿床开展闪锌矿Rb-Sr测年和黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿S、Pb同位素分析,以获得矿区的成矿年龄,探讨其成矿物质来源。塘边铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为477±5Ma(MSWD=1.2),与前人获得的卜口场矿区闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄486±6Ma在误差范围内一致,表明矿床形成于加里东早期。黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿S同位素变化于+25.2‰^+36.1‰之间,与湘西—黔东主要铅锌矿床相似,明显富集重硫,认为S可能来源于寒武系海水碳酸盐和/或下伏地层。方铅矿、闪锌矿Pb同位素^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb值为38.389~38.584,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb值为15.737~15.790,206Pb/^(204)Pb值为18.181~18.217,μ值为9.75~9.86,显示铅主要来源于上地壳。

用Origin剔除线性拟合中实验数据的异常值

介绍了用MicrocalOrigin软件进行实验数据线性拟合的具体方法 ,利用其LabTalk编程和DataMask等高级功能 ,以肖维勒准则实现了异常数据的判断和剔除 .以核磁共振的稳态吸收中磁场强度和励磁电流的线性拟合实验为例 ,通过整个实验数据处理和分析的过程 ,展示了Origin直观、快捷、高效的特点 ,适合学生在物理实验的数据处理和分析中应用 .

教师角色本义溯源——以奥克肖特《学与教》为省思凭证

以智能化和网络通信技术为代表的知识生产-传授机制的迅捷发展正逐渐削弱对教师的绝对信任。工具理性眼中以技术为主宰的教学单位是创造超高价值、效益和竞争优势的教育形态,派生出一系列外在而夸诞的教育“赝品”。机械技术霸权操控下的教学模式妄图替代和超越传统教育的根基。被技术变革思潮催驱的教育组织和践行者被迫对教师角色的存在本义赋予新的正当化。通过对教师角色的解义与申辩,论证其在时代境况和社会环境的巨变中仍是教育中枢的事实。依照奥克肖特《学与教》中的理论凭据,从本体论上澄清教师角色的出场与指归、元素构造与机理特征以及教学定位的逻辑蕲向。奥氏教师角色所锻铸的身份底色就是滋养、疗愈学生砌筑美善生活的道德本心,与功利效益和技术特权保持审慎的反思性对话,在传统与现代、保守与进步的争持相拥中催生忧患意识,从追逐时代潮流的冲动利欲中解脱出来。

跨国公司海外子公司战略选择的S-SWOT模型研究

跨国公司海外子公司在进行战略选择时,对内部组织条件的分析不仅要考虑子公司自身的优劣势,还应当考虑跨国公司网络内部的母合优势和母合劣势;对外部环境的分析不仅要考虑子公司所在的东道国环境,还要考虑与子公司相关的母国环境和全球环境;同时还必须结合海外子公司角色机制和跨国公司自身战略等影响因素,方能实现海外子公司当地运营和跨国公司全球配置的利益协同。