There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic hu...There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.展开更多
试图全面梳理、分析连词when-clause的用法:when-clause,除了表示"当……时候",意为:during the time that之外,在具体语境中还有许多其他隐含义:时间先后、因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系,有时具有"突然性、巧合性及矛盾性...试图全面梳理、分析连词when-clause的用法:when-clause,除了表示"当……时候",意为:during the time that之外,在具体语境中还有许多其他隐含义:时间先后、因果、转折、条件等逻辑关系,有时具有"突然性、巧合性及矛盾性"含义。展开更多
Translation is the use of one language to another language;this is expressed by the contents of the re-express.For the English-Chinese translation,the attributive clause translation is the most important.However,the E...Translation is the use of one language to another language;this is expressed by the contents of the re-express.For the English-Chinese translation,the attributive clause translation is the most important.However,the English attributive clause is divided into restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.In the translation process,it should be based on its structure and meaning.To take appropriate translation,get rid of restrictions on sentence structure so that the translation is equal to the original as much as possible.In this paper,the translation skills and samples have been used to further express the attributive clause to the readers.展开更多
This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their Englis...This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.展开更多
The New English curriculum criteria suggest teaching English grammar based on the students’cognitive characteristics and emotional needs,helping them discover the rules and encouraging them to master the grammar by u...The New English curriculum criteria suggest teaching English grammar based on the students’cognitive characteristics and emotional needs,helping them discover the rules and encouraging them to master the grammar by using it.But due to the limited time in a lesson,many English teachers adopt a simple approach to teach grammar,in which students are required to memorize the rules first and then practice a lot.This approach is effec-展开更多
This study investigated the relative clauses acquisition of Chinese EFL Learners in spoken context.207 English major sophomores’spoken data selected from the Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners were...This study investigated the relative clauses acquisition of Chinese EFL Learners in spoken context.207 English major sophomores’spoken data selected from the Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners were analyzed.All the par ticipants were divided into high and low group according to their oral proficiency.This study found that high proficiency stu dents outperformed low proficiency students not only in the numbers of RCs also in accuracy.Meanwhile,the RCs produced in the spoken context also supported previous accessibility hierarchy hypotheses on processing RCs,and the regression results showed that OS and OOGen types of RCs were strong predictors of spoken proficiency.However,because of the typological dif ference of RC between Chinese and English,four types of RC errors were found.This study expected to provide some pedagogi cal insights into English RC acquisition in spoken context.展开更多
α-Input resolution and α-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic (LV(n×2)F(X)), which can represent and handle uncertain linguis...α-Input resolution and α-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic (LV(n×2)F(X)), which can represent and handle uncertain linguistic values-based information. Firstly the concepts of α-input resolution and α-unit resolution are presented, and the equivalence of them is shown. Then α-input (α-unit) resolution is equivalently transformed from LV(n×2)F(X) into that of LnP(X), and their soundness and completeness are also established. Finally an algorithm for α-unit resolution is contrived in LnP(X).展开更多
The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot b...The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot be translated literally as awkwardness may occur.One possible approach to coping with the problem is the adoption of‘Division’in translating long English attributive clauses.This essay provides three steps in translating complex English attributive clauses into Chinese(clarifying meaning units,restructuring and polishing)and the accompanied techniques such as amplification and omission to make the translation more readable and natural to Chinese readers.展开更多
This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and ...This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.展开更多
Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Func...Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar(SFG),this paper conducts a functional syntactic analysis of such clauses,aimed at probing into their logical structures.展开更多
Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, me...Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, meaning and use.展开更多
Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SR...Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.展开更多
The drafting of the arbitration clause is often done late or at the same time as the parties are finalizing the different parts of a contract.The parties may be far away from their offices,draft the arbitration clause...The drafting of the arbitration clause is often done late or at the same time as the parties are finalizing the different parts of a contract.The parties may be far away from their offices,draft the arbitration clause themselves or they ask for an arbitration clause to be sent to out to them by mail.And mistakes may arise which can have展开更多
The complex sentence structure of English is a bottleneck to our practical machine translation system. The simplification of English subordinate clauses will greatly relieves the burden of parsing and other grammatica...The complex sentence structure of English is a bottleneck to our practical machine translation system. The simplification of English subordinate clauses will greatly relieves the burden of parsing and other grammatical or semantic analysis of a complex sentence, thus improves the output quality of the MT system. But there have not any satisfactory research achievements reported in this field up to now as we know. In this paper, author’s work on a corpus-based approach to English subordinate clause identification is reported. The approach integrates rule-based and statistical methods to get the left and right boundaries of the subordinate clauses. The Penn Treebank corpus is used as the training standard. The precision and recall ratios of subordinate clause identification are tested on both closed and open corpora. A result of 92.9% precision and 91.26% recall is obtained for the closed test and the open test result is 80.34% precision and 83.93% recall. This algorithm has been integrated into our machine translation system. The method can also be applied to processing of any other language.展开更多
在中学课本中有部分动词具有这样的性质:主语+动词+to do=It+动词+that clause,这样的动词有happen,seem,say,report等。下面具体举例说明: 一、主语+happen+to do=It+happens+that-clause:表示“碰巧…”的意思。如: 1.a.He happened n...在中学课本中有部分动词具有这样的性质:主语+动词+to do=It+动词+that clause,这样的动词有happen,seem,say,report等。下面具体举例说明: 一、主语+happen+to do=It+happens+that-clause:表示“碰巧…”的意思。如: 1.a.He happened not to be at home. b.It happened that he wasn’t at home. 2.a.Xiao wang happened to be working in the展开更多
The soft clause of the letter of credit(L/C)is a very difficult problem in international trade practice.Starting with the causes of the soft clause of L/C,this paper analyzes the methods of recognization and preventiv...The soft clause of the letter of credit(L/C)is a very difficult problem in international trade practice.Starting with the causes of the soft clause of L/C,this paper analyzes the methods of recognization and preventive measures,Providing knowledge and skills reserve for international trade students which entering the workplace.展开更多
基金a phased result of the general project of the National Social Science Fund of China“Research on the Boundary and System Construction of Criminal Liability of Internet Service Providers”(Project No.18BFX104)。
文摘There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.
文摘Translation is the use of one language to another language;this is expressed by the contents of the re-express.For the English-Chinese translation,the attributive clause translation is the most important.However,the English attributive clause is divided into restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.In the translation process,it should be based on its structure and meaning.To take appropriate translation,get rid of restrictions on sentence structure so that the translation is equal to the original as much as possible.In this paper,the translation skills and samples have been used to further express the attributive clause to the readers.
文摘This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.
文摘The New English curriculum criteria suggest teaching English grammar based on the students’cognitive characteristics and emotional needs,helping them discover the rules and encouraging them to master the grammar by using it.But due to the limited time in a lesson,many English teachers adopt a simple approach to teach grammar,in which students are required to memorize the rules first and then practice a lot.This approach is effec-
文摘This study investigated the relative clauses acquisition of Chinese EFL Learners in spoken context.207 English major sophomores’spoken data selected from the Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners were analyzed.All the par ticipants were divided into high and low group according to their oral proficiency.This study found that high proficiency stu dents outperformed low proficiency students not only in the numbers of RCs also in accuracy.Meanwhile,the RCs produced in the spoken context also supported previous accessibility hierarchy hypotheses on processing RCs,and the regression results showed that OS and OOGen types of RCs were strong predictors of spoken proficiency.However,because of the typological dif ference of RC between Chinese and English,four types of RC errors were found.This study expected to provide some pedagogi cal insights into English RC acquisition in spoken context.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 60875034,No. 61175055)
文摘α-Input resolution and α-unit resolution for generalized Horn clause set are discussed in linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued first-order logic (LV(n×2)F(X)), which can represent and handle uncertain linguistic values-based information. Firstly the concepts of α-input resolution and α-unit resolution are presented, and the equivalence of them is shown. Then α-input (α-unit) resolution is equivalently transformed from LV(n×2)F(X) into that of LnP(X), and their soundness and completeness are also established. Finally an algorithm for α-unit resolution is contrived in LnP(X).
文摘The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot be translated literally as awkwardness may occur.One possible approach to coping with the problem is the adoption of‘Division’in translating long English attributive clauses.This essay provides three steps in translating complex English attributive clauses into Chinese(clarifying meaning units,restructuring and polishing)and the accompanied techniques such as amplification and omission to make the translation more readable and natural to Chinese readers.
文摘This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.
文摘Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar(SFG),this paper conducts a functional syntactic analysis of such clauses,aimed at probing into their logical structures.
文摘Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, meaning and use.
文摘Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.
文摘The drafting of the arbitration clause is often done late or at the same time as the parties are finalizing the different parts of a contract.The parties may be far away from their offices,draft the arbitration clause themselves or they ask for an arbitration clause to be sent to out to them by mail.And mistakes may arise which can have
文摘The complex sentence structure of English is a bottleneck to our practical machine translation system. The simplification of English subordinate clauses will greatly relieves the burden of parsing and other grammatical or semantic analysis of a complex sentence, thus improves the output quality of the MT system. But there have not any satisfactory research achievements reported in this field up to now as we know. In this paper, author’s work on a corpus-based approach to English subordinate clause identification is reported. The approach integrates rule-based and statistical methods to get the left and right boundaries of the subordinate clauses. The Penn Treebank corpus is used as the training standard. The precision and recall ratios of subordinate clause identification are tested on both closed and open corpora. A result of 92.9% precision and 91.26% recall is obtained for the closed test and the open test result is 80.34% precision and 83.93% recall. This algorithm has been integrated into our machine translation system. The method can also be applied to processing of any other language.
文摘在中学课本中有部分动词具有这样的性质:主语+动词+to do=It+动词+that clause,这样的动词有happen,seem,say,report等。下面具体举例说明: 一、主语+happen+to do=It+happens+that-clause:表示“碰巧…”的意思。如: 1.a.He happened not to be at home. b.It happened that he wasn’t at home. 2.a.Xiao wang happened to be working in the
文摘The soft clause of the letter of credit(L/C)is a very difficult problem in international trade practice.Starting with the causes of the soft clause of L/C,this paper analyzes the methods of recognization and preventive measures,Providing knowledge and skills reserve for international trade students which entering the workplace.