Influence of Climatic Conditions on Planting of Hami Melon

Climate warming has made the planting area of Hami melon expand northward to Barry Bakai Town,Altay City,near 47° N. Climate events often induce the occurrence of pests and diseases in crops,affecting the steady production of Hami melon. In 2013,pests and diseases occurred seriously,resulting in low yield and poor quality of Hami melon. Based on the production survey data of Hami melon in recent20 years,the interaction of various meteorological factors in different time and different intervals of various factors was analyzed in this paper to explore the characteristics of the meteorological factors that cause diseases and influence the quality of Hami melon.

Analysis of Climatic Conditions for the Growth of Longhui Lilium brownii var.viridulum

Based on temperature,precipitation and sunshine data at Longhui National Station during 1981-2021,temperature at 22 regional stations during 2011-2021,and lily planting information of Longya Lily Base,the feasibility of meteorological conditions for the growth of Lilium brownii var.viridulum was analyzed.The results showed that in general,the climatic conditions in Longhui were suitable for planting L.brownii var.viridulum.Among them,the south hilly area was the most suitable climate area,and the north mountain area was the suitable climate area,and the northwest mountain area was the more suitable climate area.It should sufficiently use the climatic conditions of Longhui,do a good job in meteorological service of L.brownii var.viridulum,and provide favorable meteorological guarantee for farmers,to reduce the impact of adverse meteorological conditions on L.brownii var.viridulum,and improve the economic benefits of lily production.

Temperature variations inside Chinese solar greenhouses with external climatic conditions and enclosure materials

Chinese solar greenhouses enable the extension of the crop growing season in the cold climate in Northern China with little or no additional heating.The temporal variations of the air temperatures inside solar greenhouses located at three cities in North,Northeast and Northwest China were predicted by CFD simulations of the greenhouse systems using typical meteorological data.The predicted temperatures based on the meteorological data in Shenyang are quite similar to the measured temperatures.The results also show that the external air temperatures and solar radiation fluxes play more important roles for the inside temperatures as indicated by the highest inner temperature in the morning on Feb.18 and from 10:00 to 14:00 on Feb.19 in Beijing and by the predicted temperatures inside the greenhouse being higher in Lanzhou than those in Shenyang and Beijing during most of the day.The average daily temperature inside the greenhouse in Lanzhou was nearly 3.5℃higher than that in Shenyang.Predicted air temperatures for various wall designs show that for single walls,the daily average interior temperatures in the aerated concrete wall greenhouse were higher than those in the brick wall and reinforced concrete wall greenhouses.However,the air temperature fluctuations were lower in the reinforced concrete wall greenhouse due to greater thermal storage capacity.The results also show that the temperatures in the layered wall greenhouses are quite similar,which coincides with the experimental results。

Performance comparison of mono and polycrystalline silicon solar photovoltaic modules under tropical wet and dry climatic conditions in east-central India

This work focuses on the performance comparison of monocrystalline and polycrystalline Si solar photovoltaic(SPV)modules under tropical wet and dry climatic conditions in east-central India(21.16°N 81.65°E,Raipur,Chhattisgarh).This study would help to select the SPV module for system installation in the east-central part of the country.For comparative analysis,we used performance ratio(PR)and efficiency as figures of merit.The plane-of-array(POA)irradiance was used to determine the efficiency of the modules.The decomposition and transposition models calculated the POA values from the measured global horizontal irradiance.The data were analysed systematically for 6 months in the non-rainy season,from October 2020 to March 2021.Special attention was given to solar irradiance,ambient temperature and module temperature-the parameters that affect the performance of PV modules.The month of October showed the highest variation in irradiance and temperature.The highest average module temperatures(51-52℃)were observed in October-November,while the lowest average module temperatures(34℃ for mono-Si and 36℃ for poly-Si)were observed in December.The highest value of average monthly POA irradiance(568 W/m^(2))was observed in February and the lowest(483 W/m^(2))in December.The results showed that the monocrystalline SPV module performed better than the polycrystalline module under all weather conditions.The maximum observed values of mono-Si and poly-Si panel PRs were 0.89 and 0.86,respectively,in December.

Morphological Characteristics of Thymus in the Newborns in Different Climatic and Geographical Conditions of Kyrgyzstan

This paper is describing a detailed study of morphological structures and characteristics newborns thymus in different climatic and geographical conditions of Kara-Balta, Cholpon-Ata, and Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan. Anatomical structure research done on 26 thymuses of newborn corpses. Research results showed that a significant amount of thymuses consisted of lobes with very thin connective tissues between them. It is observed that the Hassall cells were usually located in the medulla part of the thymus after using the coloring by Van-Gieson’s stain visible clear elastic and collagen fibers. In addition, cell population dynamics in a unit of conditional area of cortical substance thymus lobes in newborns determined.

Biochemical Characteristics of Saint Mary’s Thistle Varieties (<i>Silybum marianum</i>L. <i>Gaertn.</i>) under Soil-Climate Conditions of the Khorezm Region

This article deals with the biochemical characteristics of varieties of Saint Mary’s Thistle such as Panacea, Debut and Samaryanka. Based on the studies, it was found that the highest oil content was found in the species Debut (26%). The lowest oil content was observed in the variety Samaryanka (19%). The highest protein content and the sum of total amino acids in the seeds of St. Mary’s Thistle varieties were found in the variety Debut (131.1), and the lowest indication was observed in the species Samaryanka (79.2). By the number of replaceable amino acids existing in the seeds of the species of St. Mary’s Thistle, it was found in the Varieties Debut (126.3), and the lowest indication was observed in the variety Samaryanka (112). Based on the results of studies and the noted biochemical characteristics and varietal differences of the St. Mary’s Thistle, the possibility and expediency of expanding the crops of this species in the soil and climatic conditions of the Khorezm region are suggested. The research was conducted 2017-2019 y.

Performance analyses of two-phase closed thermosyphons for road embankments in the high-latitude permafrost regions

Two-phase closed thermosyphons(TPCTs)are widely used in infrastructure constructions in permafrost regions.Due to different climatic conditions,the effectiveness of TPCT will also be different,especially in the extremely cold region of the Da Xing'anling Mountains.In this study,a series of three-dimensional finite element TPCT embankment models were established based on the ZhanglingMohe highway TPCT test section in Da Xing'anling Mountains,and the thermal characteristics and the cooling effect of the TPCTs were analyzed.The results indicated that the TPCTs installed in the northeastern high-latitude regions is effective in cooling and stabilizing the embankment.The working cycle of the TPCTs is nearly 7 months,and the cooling range of the TPCTs can reach 3 m in this region.However,due to the extremely low temperature,the TPCT generates a large radial gradient in the permafrost layer.Meanwhile,by changing the climate conditions,the same type of TPCT embankment located in the Da Xing'anling Mountains,the Xiao Xing'anling Mountains,and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost regions were simulated.Based on the comparison of the climate differences between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Northeast China,the differences in the effectiveness of TPCTs were studied.Finally,the limitations of using existing TPCTs in high-latitude permafrost regions of China were discussed and the potential improvements of the TPCT in cold regions were presented.

A Hybrid Neural Network-based Approach for Forecasting Water Demand

Water is a vital resource.It supports a multitude of industries,civilizations,and agriculture.However,climatic conditions impact water availability,particularly in desert areas where the temperature is high,and rain is scarce.Therefore,it is crucial to forecast water demand to provide it to sectors either on regular or emergency days.The study aims to develop an accurate model to forecast daily water demand under the impact of climatic conditions.This forecasting is known as a multivariate time series because it uses both the historical data of water demand and climatic conditions to forecast the future.Focusing on the collected data of Jeddah city,Saudi Arabia in the period between 2004 and 2018,we develop a hybrid approach that uses Artificial Neural Networks(ANN)for forecasting and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm(PSO)for tuning ANNs’hyperparameters.Based on the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)metric,results show that the(PSO-ANN)is an accurate model for multivariate time series forecasting.Also,the first day is the most difficult day for prediction(highest error rate),while the second day is the easiest to predict(lowest error rate).Finally,correlation analysis shows that the dew point is the most climatic factor affecting water demand.

Source Area Weathering and Tectonic History Inferred from the Geochemistry of the Maastrichtian Sandstone from Patti Formation,Southern Bida Basin,North Central Nigeria

Sandstones sampled from Patti Formation,Southern Bida Basin,were studied geochemically using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer(ICP-AES)and an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS)technique to evaluate their weathering and tectonic setting as well as to deduce the paleo-climatic conditions that existed during their deposition.Geochemically,SiO_(2)range from 73.9%to 86.2%,Al_(2)O_(3)(6.7%~17.1%),Fe_(2)O_(3)(1.1%~1.9%),K_(2)O(0.1%~0.7%)while MgO,CaO,Na_(2)O,P_(2)O_(5),MnO and TiO_(2)were<1%.Enriched in Ba(Av.622.94),Sr(Av.153.63),Rb(Av.55.08)and Zr(Av.51.86)relatively similar in composition to UCC.High SiO_(2)but low other major oxides signify high mobility during processes of weathering.This was confirmed by high value(>80%)for indices like chemical index of alteration,chemical index of weathering,plagioclase index of alteration,mineralogical index of alteration and relatively lower values for weathering index of parker,recently used alpha indices(α^(Al)_(E))of sodium(326.17α^(Al)_(Na)<344.40),magnesium(100.54α^(Al)_(mg)<398.55),calcium(12.07α^(Al)_(Ca)<198.99),potassium(4.43α^(Al)_(K)<64.33),strontium(0.84α^(Al)_(E)<21.40),barium(0.45α^(Al)_(Ba)<10.52)and rubidium(0.0008α^(Al)_(Rb)<0.06),supported by AI_(2)O_(3)-(CaO^(*)+Na_(2)O)-K_(2)O and CIA vs.SiO_(2)plots that imply intense weathering in the source area.The obtained high CIA values(>80)indicates a steady-state of weathering under a warm/humid climate as confirmed by the SiO_(2)vs.Al_(2)O_(3)+K_(2)O+Na_(2)O plot.High average SiO_(2)(75.41wt%)with K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratio>1(15.63),low Fe_(2)O_(3)(1.27wt%),Al_(2)O_(3)(15.82wt%)and TiO_(2)(0.46)suggest passive margin tectonic setting.This is supported by enrichedΣREE(209.64 ppm),ΣLREE(195.78),LREE/HREE(27.78)and negative Eu/Eu^(*)(0.68),plots of log(K_(2)O/Na_(2)O)vs.SiO_(2)and SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)vs.K_(2)O/Na_(2)O.Major elements discriminant-function multi-dimensional diagram,DF1(arcrift-col)vs.DF2(arc-rift-col),for high-silica sediments revealed a continental rift tectonic setting.Thus,the Patti Formation sandstone underwent a high degree of weathering under a humid climatic condition within a continental rift tectonic setting.

Characteristics of maize residue decomposition and succession in the bacterial community during decomposition in Northeast China

Microbes are decomposers of crop residues,and climatic factors and residue composition are known to influence microbial growth and community composition,which in turn regulate residue decomposition.However,the succession of the bacterial community during residue decomposition in Northeast China is not well understood.To clarify the property of bacterial community succession and the corresponding factors regulating this succession,bags containing maize residue were buried in soil in Northeast China in October,and then at different intervals over the next 2 years,samples were analyzed for residue mass and bacterial community composition.After residue burial in the soil,the cumulative residue mass loss rates were 18,69,and 77%after 5,12,and 24 months,respectively.The release of residue nitrogen,phosphorus,and carbon followed a similar pattern as mass loss,but 79%of residue potassium was released after only 1 month.The abundance,richness,and community diversity of bacteria in the residue increased rapidly and peaked after 9 or 20 months.Residue decomposition was mainly influenced by temperature and chemical composition in the early stage,and was influenced by chemical composition in the later stage.Phyla Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Firmicutes dominated the bacterial community composition in residue in the early stage,and the abundances of phyla Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria,and Saccharibacteria gradually increased in the later stage of decomposition.In conclusion,maize residue decomposition in soil was greatly influenced by temperature and residue composition in Northeast China,and the bacterial community shifted from dominance of copiotrophic populations in the early stage to an increase in oligotrophic populations in the later stage.

Effect of seasonal snow on the start of growing season of typical vegetation in Northern Hemisphere

Under global warming, seasonal snow takes faster melting rate than before, which greatly changes the hydro-logical cycle. In this study, by targeting three typical seasonal snow-covered land types (i.e., open shrubland,evergreen needleleaf forest and mixed forest) in the Northern Hemisphere, the start of growing season (SGS) hasbeen found obviously advanced in the past years, greatly contributed by the faster melting rate of seasonal snow.It is manifested that significantly positive correlation has been found between SGS and May snow depth for openshrubs, March and April snow depth for evergreen needleleaf forests and March snow depth for mixed forests.However, such close association is not appeared in all the climate conditions of same vegetation. In the future,as the rate of melting snow becomes faster in the high emission of greenhouse gasses than the current situation,continuously advanced SGS will accelerate the change of vegetation distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.These findings offer insights into understanding the effect from seasonal snow on vegetation and promote thesustainable utilization of regional vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere.

Method for determining climatic design conditions based on the indoor thermal environment risk level

Currently,climatic design conditions are usually selected according to the frequency of climatic parameters them-selves,which method cannot reflect the indoor thermal environment risk level of the building in design.In this regard,the research proposes to construct the correlation between climatic design conditions and indoor thermal environment risk level,and explore the effect of uncertainty in building thermal performance on this correlation from the perspective of probability,thus realizing the process of selecting the climatic design conditions based on the requirement for indoor thermal environment risk level.Taking Guangzhou in China as an example,the new process of determining climatic design conditions is realized.On this basis,the difference between the traditional method and the present research method is compared.In the Chinese norm method,the indoor thermal environ-ment risk level of the building is between 0 and 0.03%when the climatic design conditions are selected with 0.57%cumulative frequency of occurrence;in the research method,the indoor thermal environment risk level of the building is between 0.2%and 0.6%when the climatic design conditions are selected with 0.57%indoor thermal environment risk level and 100%confidence level.The results indicate that the research method can meet the designer’s expectation for indoor thermal environment risk level in design more directly and accurately.

Spatiotemporal variation of agricultural patterns in different geomorphologic and climatic environments in the eastern Loess Plateau,north-central China during the late Neolithic and Bronze Ages

Human settlement and agricultural development are closely linked to local geomorphological and climatic environments.However,the variation in agricultural systems in different environmental and prehistoric contexts remains unknown.We report new archaeobotanical and radiocarbon dates from 34 Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Hutuo River Valley(HTRV)in north-central China and compare them with updated archaeobotanical studies in the Sushui River Valley(SSRV)and Henan Province(HNP),to explore the similarities and differences of agricultural patterns under different geomorphologic and climatic environments in north-central China.Our results reveal that humans consistently cultivated foxtail and broomcorn millet in the HTRV from the Miaodigou(6000–5700 cal.a BP)to the Shang-Zhou(3600–2256 cal.a BP)period,despite the introduction of wheat and barley into the area around 4000 a BP.Climate conditions and hilly landforms in the HTRV,SSRV and some parts of the HNP led people to develop foxtail and broomcorn millet dry land farming practices between 7000 and 3000 a BP.Alternatively,in other areas of the HNP,the climate conditions and alluvial plains enabled people to develop a mixed agriculture of millets,soybeans,and rice from 7000 to 4000 a BP,with the addition of wheat between 4000 and 3000 a BP.Farmers’different agricultural technologies and interactions with foreign cultures may have also influenced the formation of different agricultural patterns in the three regions between 7000 and 3000 a BP.Population growth during 7000–3000 a BP can explain the overall propensity of the higher-yield foxtail millet rather than broomcorn millet as the main cultivated crop.In the HTRV,however,higher proportions of broomcorn millet(as compared to the SSRV and HNP),may reflect the greater drought and heat tolerance of broomcorn millet,representing an adaptive agricultural strategy in the river valley.

Modeling the Effect of Environmental Conditions on Reliability of Wind Turbines

The climate condition of a wind farm has a significant influence on the reliability of wind turbines. The climate condition varies with season in a year and hence the reliability changes in a complex way. The purpose of this paper is to model the effect of climate condition on field reliability of wind turbines. The reliability is measured by monthly-averaged mean time between failures(MTBF), and the climate conditions are described by variables of monthly-averaged temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed. Referring to the physicsof-failure models in accelerated life testing(ALT), we develop a quantitative relation between the MTBF and the climate variables. For a set of field data, the model parameters are estimated by regression, and the insignificant variables are gradually deleted based on the P-value of the regression coefficients. The resulting model is useful for maintenance workload forecasting and preventive maintenance planning, and has a potential to be used in online failure prediction.

Influence of materials’hygric properties on the hygrothermal performance of internal thermal insulation composite systems

Internal thermal insulation composite system(ITICS)can be an important measure for the energy-saving retrofitting of buildings.However,ITICS may cause harmful effects on the hygrothermal performance of building envelopes.This work investigated the influence of the materials’hygric properties on the hygrothermal perfor-mance of a typical ITICS in different climate conditions in China.Two base wall materials,the traditional concrete and a new type aerated concrete,were tested and compared for their hygric properties firstly.The influence of the hygroscopicity of exterior plasters,the permeability of insulation materials and the climate conditions were then analyzed with WUFI simulations.The hygrothermal performance was evaluated with consideration of the total water content(TWC)of the walls and the moisture flux strength,the relative humidity(RH)and the mould growth risk at the interface between the base wall and the insulation layer(B-I interface).The numerical analysis implies that the TWC of internal insulated walls depends mainly on the hygroscopicity of exterior plaster and the wind-driven rain intensity.The upper limits for the water absorption coefficient of exterior plasters used in Bei-jing,Shanghai and Fuzhou are 1e-9,1e-10,1e-10 m^(2)/s respectively.When such limits are guaranteed,a vapour tight system created by using insulation materials with a large vapour resistance factor or adding a vapour barrier can improve the hygrothermal performance of ITICS,especially for concrete walls in cold climate.

Multiple common garden experiments suggest lack of local adaptation in an invasive ornamental plant

Adaptive evolution along geographic gradients of climatic conditions is suggested to facilitate the spread of invasive plant species,leading to clinal variation among populations in the introduced range.We investigated whether adaptation to climate is also involved in the invasive spread of an ornamental shrub,Buddleja davidii,across western and central Europe.Methods We combined a common garden experiment,replicated in three climatically different central European regions,with reciprocal transplantation to quantify genetic differentiation in growth and reproductive traits of 20 invasive B.davidii populations.Additionally,we compared compensatory regrowth among populations after clipping of stems to simulate mechanical damage.Important Findings Our results do not provide evidence for clinal variation among invasive B.davidii populations:populations responded similarly to the different environments,and trait values were not correlated to climatic conditions or geographic coordinates of their home sites.Moreover,we did not detect differences in the compensatory ability of populations.We suppose that the invasive spread of B.davidii has been facilitated by phenotypic plasticity rather than by adaptation to climate and that continent-wide shuffling of cultivars due to horticultural trade may have limited local adaptation so far.

Numerical study of solar absorption heat storage system applied to Bucharest city

Buildings represent a large part in terms of fossil energy consumption,which depends on the great need for heating.Even if the solar absorption heat storage system is possible,the performance of this system is affected by the cycle limits and the climatic conditions.The goal of the present study is to control the thermal performance of the system cycle according to the imposed climatic conditions of Bucharest city,Romania,and therefore a numerical model was developed for this purpose.The scheme and the thermodynamic cycle,the energy and mass balance equations,and the computational algorithm were presented.The results show that the cycle temperature increases at the end of desorption when the heating power supplied to the desorber is increased,which is also proportional to the drop in temperature at the beginning of the desorption.The temperature at the end of absorption and the mass flow rates of the solution have a significant effect on the thermal power released from the absorber and used to heat the building.For an average daily heat power of 1.35 kW/m^(2) and 10 hours per day of heating the building,the system with a solar collector area of 3 m^(2) has the capacity of heat supply for all the cold period.However,an economic strategy remains necessary.

Thermal performance of lightweight concrete applications in building envelopes in Lebanon

Innovative building materials are being used in building envelopes for reducing their heating and cooling needs.This paper aims to assess the thermal impact of using lightweight concrete in Lebanese building constructions by pouring an 8 cm thickness of lightweight concrete on the roof and the slab and replacing traditional hollow concrete block by lightweight concrete blocks.Thermal properties of two different samples were experimentally determined:the first one(558 kg/m^(3))used for the roof and the slab and the second one(1074 kg/m^(3))used for the walls.Then numerical simulations were carried out for a Lebanese traditional detached house using the characteristics of these two samples.The thermally improved Light Weight Concrete building(LWC)was compared to a traditional Lebanese house base case(BC)using a dynamic building energy simulation tool in the four different Lebanese climate zones:coastal,mid-mountain,mountain,and inland zones.The results highlight the effectiveness of integrating LWC to building envelopes by reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort in both winter and summer climate conditions and in the different Lebanese climatic zones.The paper demonstrates that the use of LWC in the vertical walls replacing the traditional hollow blocks can reduce the heating needs by up to 9%and by up to 13%for cooling needs.On the other hand,adding a LWC roof screed has a very high impact on cooling and heating energy consumption,which can reach up to 74%in cooling energy savings and up to 24%in heating energy savings.

Runoff and sediment yield in relation to precipitation,temperature and glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau

The riverine sediment is an essential carrier for nutrients and pollutants delivery and is considered as an important indicator of land degradation and environmental changes.With growing interest in envi-ronmental changes over the Tibetan Plateau,this study investigated mean annual runoff and sediment yield from eight headwater catchments in relation to annual precipitation,air temperature,and glacier area ratio,etc.Results show that runoff(Q)is positively correlated with both precipitation(P)and temperature(T),i.e.,Q¼0.357Pþ20.3T-6.4,indicating combined water supply from rainfall and melt-water,increase of which may exceed the evapotranspiration water loss caused by temperature raise.Sediment yield(S)shows an inverted parabolic relationship with precipitation and at the same time positive correlation with glacier area ratio(Ag),i.e.,S¼0.000609 P2-0.470Pþ48.5 Agþ202.53,indicating that sediment yield is a minimum at about 500e600 mm of precipitation,increasing sharply on both sides of this minimum in one case owing to decreased vegetation protection and in the other to enhanced erosive power and that erosion rate in the glacierized area is generally higher than non-glacierized area.The variation in sediment yield with precipitation can be explained by the operation of two factors,i.e.,rainfall erosive action that increases continuously with increase in precipitation,and vegetation protective action that is unity for zero precipitation and decreases with increases in precip-itation.The above results may be useful in visualizing not only variations in rates of erosion among climatic zones on the Tibetan Plateau but also the probable changes of erosion during a climatic change.