CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRING PRECIPITATION OVER SOUTHERN CHINA AND ITS INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION

Based on observations and reanalysis data,the characteristics of the evolution of climatological spring precipitation over Southern China(SPSC) and the associated climatological intraseasonal oscillation(CISO) and atmospheric circulation are studied.Results show that SPSC increases in an oscillatory way.Although the evolution of SPSC is similar in different regions,there are also differences.In different regions of Southern China,the onset dates of the rain season are from the 12 th to 24 th pentad and the peak dates are after the 20 th pentad.CISO is an important component of SPSC,which is not only statistically significant,but also accompanies a dynamically coherent structure.The peak wet/dry phase of each CISO cycle corresponds to a significant rainfall increasing/decreasing period and modulates the evolution of SPSC.The rainfall growth in the second half of March and mid-April is the result of the modulation.The wet/dry phase of CISO is accompanied by low-level convergent(upper-level divergent) and cyclonic(anti-cyclonic) circulation,which favors ascending motion to develop over Southern China.

Structure and Propagation Characteristics of Climatological Mean Kinetic Energy of Disturbance of Intraseasonal Oscillation in Asian Summer Monsoon Zone

[Objective] The research aimed to study the structure and propagation characteristics of climatological mean kinetic energy of disturbance of intraseasonal oscillation in Asian summer monsoon zone. [Method] When South China Sea monsoon started to break out, the kinetic energy of intraseasonal oscillation disturbance in the monsoon zone was analyzed, especially the researches about the variation of South China Sea monsoon, the development of Indian monsoon and the advancement of East Asian monsoon. [Result] The developed process of Asian summer monsoon had the close relationship with the kinetic energy activity of 30-60 d low-frequency oscillation disturbance. The kinetic energy of disturbance explained the eruption, occurrence, development and termination of monsoon from the energy angle. It was found that the kinetic energy of disturbance in Arabian Sea zone, Bay of Bengal and South China Sea area was the strongest, especially in Arabian Sea zone. It illustrated that Arabian Sea zone (Somali jet) was the biggest energy source of Asian monsoon. The starting mark of monsoon eruption in the whole Asia was the abrupt eruption of South China Sea monsoon. The eruption of South China Sea monsoon in the middle dekad of May was the westward transmission result of kinetic energy of disturbance on the east sea surface of Philippines. The kinetic energy of disturbance in East Asian monsoon zone had the seasonal northward advancement in summer. The high kinetic energy center of disturbance in Indian monsoon zone changed from one to two. They were respectively in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. [Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for analyzing the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation.

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS ON THE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN JUNES

The impact of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on the precipitation of Guangdong in Junes and its physical mechanism are analyzed using 30-yr(1979 to 2008), 86-station observational daily precipitation of Guangdong and daily atmospheric data from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis. It is found that during the annually first rainy season(April to June),the modulating effect of the activity of intraseasonal oscillations propagating eastward along the equator(MJO) on the June precipitation in Guangdong is different from that in other months. The most indicative effect of MJO on positive(negative) anomalous precipitation over the whole or most of the province is phase 3(phase 6) of strong MJO events in Junes. A Northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3. Water vapor transporting along the edge of the subtropical high from Western Pacific enhances significantly the water vapor flux over Guangdong, resulting in the enhancement of the precipitation. The condition is reverse during phase 6. The mechanism for which the subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3 is related to the atmospheric response to the asymmetric heating over the eastern Indian Ocean. Analyses of two cases of sustained strong rainfall of Guangdong in June 2010 showed that both of them are closely linked with a MJO state which is both strong and in phase 3, besides the effect from a westerly trough. It is argued further that the MJO activity is indicative of strong rainfall of Guangdong in June. The results in the present work are helpful in developing strategies for forecasting severe rainfall in Guangdong and extending, combined with the outputs of dynamic forecast models, the period of forecasting validity.

中国东南部与川渝陕甘地区夏季降水30～60天CISO的反相现象

利用1979~2010年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和我国753站逐日降水资料,研究了中国东南部和川渝陕甘地区夏季降水30~60天气候季节内振荡(Climatological IntraSeasonal Oscillation,CISO)的反相现象。结果显示两个区域夏季降水CISO在7月中旬之前存在显著的反相关系,且在传播特征上有明显差异。川渝陕甘地区降水局地低频振荡显著,中国东南部降水CISO北传特征清晰。低频环流分析表明,对流层低层低频槽、脊的更替形成了川渝陕甘地区降水CISO的"驻相"振荡,低频气旋式、反气旋式环流位置的移动则产生了中国东南部降水CISO的北传。CISO垂直环流显示上升支与下沉支正好处于川渝陕甘地区与中国东南部,较好地反映了低频降水在两区域的相反变化。中国东南部、长江中下游与川渝陕甘地区三者之间存在动力学上的关联,这可部分地解释川渝陕甘地区和中国东南部之间降水CISO的反相关系。这种反相关系的形成还与气候态下的西太平洋副热带高压和贝加尔湖附近大陆高压脊的季节内变化有关。揭示中国东南部与川渝陕甘地区之间降水CISO的反相现象对于丰富人们对我国夏季风区低频振荡局地特征的认识和理解降水季节内振荡产生机制有重要意义。

热带季节内振荡对广东6月降水的影响

利用1979—2008年共30年广东省86个测站的地面观测逐日降水资料和NCEP-DOE第二套分析资料的大气多要素日平均资料,分析热带大气沿赤道东传的季节内振荡(MJO)对广东6月降水的影响及其物理过程。结果表明:6月MJO活动对广东降水的调制作用与前汛期(4—6月)期间其它月份不同,对6月广东省降水正(负)异常有指示意义的是强MJO事件的第3(第6)位相。当赤道MJO处于第3位相时,西太平洋副热带高压明显加强西伸,来源于西太平洋地区的水汽随副高边缘向广东输送明显加强,广东水汽通量明显增加,从而导致广东降水加强。而第6位相的情况基本相反。强MJO第3位相造成西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西的物理机制与大气对东印度洋非对称热源的响应有关。2010年6月广东两次持续性强降水过程与MJO强度较强且处于第3位相这种活动状态密切相关,进一步证明赤道MJO活动对广东6月强降水的重要指示作用。该结果有助于拓展广东强降水的预报思路,结合动力模式产品将有助于延长预报时效。

山东雨季季内降水分型及旱涝并存与急转——气候特征

采用1965—2007年山东省地面测站的逐日降水量和同期NCEP日平均再分析资料,运用统计学方法,探讨了季内降水分型、季节内振荡及旱涝突变的气候特征。结果表明,主要分为全省一致Ⅰ、东西反相Ⅱ、南北反相Ⅲ三种类型。他们的季内旱涝急转显示了典型的气候意义,Ⅰ型在6月下旬旱涝急转、8月中旬后期和9月初涝旱急转,与山东"夏季"雨季开始、结束时间的关键期是一致的。分型不仅限于山东,而是有着更广的旱涝区域。当Ⅰ型正相位时500 hPa高度场对应亚欧-北太平洋中高纬度为正距平,Ⅱ型表现出西北太平洋西岸的PJ波列,Ⅲ型对应着从西太沿岸-美洲西岸的类PNA型遥相关。

西北太平洋夏季风对中国长江流域夏季降水的影响

利用1979～2005年NCEP/NCAR的环流场再分析资料和降水资料,通过对季风期降水、大气环流、水汽输送及低频振荡等方面的分析,分别从时间和空间上分析了西北太平洋夏季风与中国长江流域夏季降水的联系。结果表明:(1)西北太平洋夏季风与中国长江流域夏季降水存在显著的负相关关系,在西北太平洋夏季风强盛时,副热带高压异常偏北,其西侧的偏南气流异常偏弱,使得我国长江流域形成低层异常环流及水汽输送的辐散区,从而造成长江流域夏季降水偏少;而在西北太平洋夏季风减弱的年份,西太平洋副高异常偏南偏西,在长江流域以南地区形成异常偏强的偏南风水汽输送,使得长江流域成为南、北距平风的汇合区,其上空对流活动异常活跃,非常有利于长江流域的降水。(2)东亚局地Hadley垂直环流在强、弱季风年也显著不同,在强季风年里,Hadley局地环流异常偏弱,长江流域上空出现的下沉运动距平,使得该地区降水减弱,而弱季风年则正好相反。(3)西北太平洋夏季风存在显著的气候平均的大气季节内振荡(CISO),在西北太平洋夏季风减弱时期,长江流域降水同时受到源自热带西北太平洋西传CISO和源自热带印度洋东传CISO的共同影响,可能造成了某种锁相关系,从而造成降水偏多;而在强季风年里长江流域只受由西太平洋西传的CISO的影响,不容易激发降水。

中国降水季节内振荡的气候特征分析

利用谐波分析、功率谱分析的方法，对全国730个站点自1951～2000年逐日降水资料进行气候平均分析，研究全国降水季节内振荡的分布特征。研究结果表明，中国大部分地区的降水主要以季节变化为主，而在长江中下游流域主要以季节内振荡为主。气候平均下降水的准双周振荡和Madden and Julian Oscillation（简称MJO）的振幅都在4月份开始加强，在11月份开始减弱，而MJO全年表现都很显著，准双周振荡主要在夏季显著；MJO主要分布在36°N以南的长江巾下游地区，准舣周振荡主要分布在115°E以西的内陆。

热带大气季节内振荡与对西北太平洋台风生成数的影响研究

用典型年合成方法分析研究了1979—2006年西北太平洋多台风年和少台风年热带大气ISO的影响。结果表明,热带大气ISO对西北太平洋台风的生成具有明显的调节作用。多台风年,菲律宾以西地区大气季节内振荡较弱,东传不明显;菲律宾以东地区积云对流较强,热带大气30～60 d低频振荡也偏强,与台风生成相关的传播特征为源自赤道140～160°E附近季节内振荡的西北方向传播。这种异常的30～60 d低频振荡对周围大气环流有正反馈的作用,从而导致积云对流的进一步加强,这种强的积云对流会引起赤道西风异常,产生异常Walker环流,在菲律宾附近形成风场的低层辐合、高层辐散,增强那里的上升气流,有利于台风生成。少台风年,菲律宾以西地区低频活动较强,东传明显,菲律宾以东的低频活动较弱。这种西强东弱的低频活动形式,使得大气低层在菲律宾以西地区为低频东风异常,菲律宾以东地区为低频西风异常,导致在菲律宾以东的西北太平洋大气产生低层低频风辐散、高层辐合的形势,增强下沉运动,不利于台风的生成。

中国雨季的气候学特征

利用中国740站气候平均逐候降雨量对中国的主雨季进行定义，并对雨季（包括主雨季，春雨和秋雨）的气候学特征进行了讨论。结果表明：全国主雨季最早爆发于华南中部，最晚结束于华西地区。主雨季能持续4到14候不等，雨量占年总降水的30％～60％。主雨季在中国东部为季风雨季，自南向北推进；在西部受西风带影响，北方略早于南方，且局地性强。中国雨季具有明显的区域性和阶段性特征。中国气候的夏季降水时间序列主要反映了季节循环特征，但气候季节内振荡（CISO）对东部雨季的持续和推进具有明显的调制作用，其中长江中下游及其以南地区以30-60天周期为主。

2007年南海夏季风季节内振荡的北传及影响因子

利用2007年全球降水气候计划GPCP(the Global Precipitation Climatology Project)卫星红外窗口导出的全球降水指数GPI(the Global Precipitation Index)的日降水资料及频率-波数分析方法,分析2007年南海夏季风季节内振荡(Intraseasonal Oscillation,ISO)的传播特征,并使用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)/美国大气研究中心(NCAR)再分析的逐日资料,探讨影响其传播的主要因子。结果表明,南海夏季风ISO有明显的北传趋势,并且明显比南传分量占优。影响南海夏季风ISO北传的主要因子是平均纬向风垂直切变和平均经向风对异常水汽的输送。之所以异常经向风对平均水汽的输送及海-气相互作用的影响在南海地区不重要,而在印度季风区有一定的贡献,是因为平均水汽和纬向风分布在两个地区的差异。

热带季节内振荡与南海热带气旋活动的关系

利用1949-2009年台风年鉴和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了热带季节内振荡（Iso）与南海热带气旋活动的关系.主要结论包括：（1）针对南海地区定义了纬向风指数,经验证该指数能较好描述南海大气ISO的具体特征；（2）CPC120指数反映的对流空间尺度相对于南海小尺度海域太大,且不能很好判明南海地区气旋活动归属于活跃与否两类,这从反面证明了纬向风指数对南海地区热带ISO活动的适用性；（3）利用纬向风指数把热带ISO活动划分了8个位相,发现其位相变化与南海热带气旋活动有较好的对应关系：不活跃期（第4～6位相）时,气旋在南海生成和登陆均明显减少,而在活跃期（第7～3位相）时情况相反；（4）合成分析表明,热带ISO东传时,伴随对流中心位置的东移,南海气旋活动表现也不同,其活跃期以第2位相特征最明显,此时南海地区对应强对流和气旋式切变,同时副高强度较弱位置偏东,这些均有利于南海气旋的生成和发展；不活跃期则情况相反,以第6位相特征最明显；（5）迸一步从能源供应角度来探讨发现,南海地区的水汽凝结加热中心、强对流中心及水汽通量散度均配合一致.此外,活跃位相时整层热源垂直剖面均反映南海上空为强上升运动和中层加热；不活跃位相则情况相反.因此,热带ISO东传也会影响南海上空加热配置,从而影响热带气旋活动.

热带夏季风场与对流场季节内振荡传播模比较

利用1979-2007年卫星观测日平均OLR资料以及NCEP/DOE第2套再分析资料中的风场资料,采用有限区域波一频分析、合成分析等方法,分析对比对流层高、低层风场与对流场所表征的热带北半球夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态谱分布气候特征及其年际异常。结果表明:各要素反映的BSISO各种模态的气候特征及其年际变化存在一定差异,总体而言对流层低层风(850hPa纬向风或经向风)与对流比较一致。850hPa经向风(纬向风)所反映的纬向(经向)传播BSISO谱分布气候特征与对流情况最相似。在ENSO发展年,850hPa经向风反映的赤道东传波加强趋势与对流较为一致;850hPa纬向风、经向风反映的北传波变化趋势都与对流相似。在ENSO衰减年,850hPa纬向风(经向风)反映的赤道东传波(赤道外西传波)减弱趋势与对流较为一致;对流以及850hPa经向风、200hPa纬向风和200hPa经向风4种要素都能体现南海及周边地区北传波明显减弱这一特征。对流和850hPa纬向风所反映的北传波与印度洋偶极子模态之间关系一致。

我国南方夏季低频降水与热带大气季节内振荡传播的关系研究

为综合考察我国南方夏季低频降水与热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)传播的关系,利用1981—2011年再分析资料系统性地研究了我国南方夏季五类大尺度低频雨型分别对应的前期和同期热带ISO信号的传播特征。结果表明,我国南方夏季各类低频降水型与热带ISO信号的经向传播关系极为密切。热带湿ISO信号主要来源于我国东南方向的热带海洋,并大体向西北方向传播,最终对我国南方各地区低频降水事件产生影响。其中,东南型低频降水前期湿ISO信号自赤道中太平洋地区向西北方向传播,到达我国东南沿海;长江型和江南型低频降水前期湿ISO信号均产生于南海北部,北传至长江地区后西传,并表现出湿ISO信号低纬度北传与中纬度南传相互配合影响降水的特征;华南型低频降水前期湿ISO信号产生于菲律宾群岛附近,西北向传播特征明显,并以北传为主;同时也发现,对于南方少雨型,总体而言我国南方为干ISO位相控制且无明显传播特征相对应。研究结果可为开展我国南方地区夏季延伸期降水预报提供参考和依据。

夏季风期间南海对流活动对西北太平洋热带气旋的影响分析

利用1979-2008年NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA的OLR逐日资料和西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）资料，分析了夏季风期间南海（105～120°E，5-20°N）对流活动的季节内振荡（ISO）特征及其对西北太平洋TC的生成及路径的影响，并采用TC路径模式从大尺度环境场角度初步探讨了ISO对TC运动的影响机制，结果表明，（1）夏季风期间的南海对流活动存在活跃期、不活跃期交替更迭的ISO现象，与之对应的季风环流型存在显著差异：南海对流活跃（不活跃）表示南海夏季风活跃（不活跃），南海．西北太平洋季风槽强（弱）且向东伸展（向西撤退），副热带高压偏东（西），季风环流强（弱）。（2）南海夏季风活跃（不活跃）期，TC生成频数多（少）且生成位置偏西（东）。（3）针对西行进入135°E以西，25°N以南的这类西北太平洋TC（WNP-TC），在活跃期，多以偏西或西北路径直行进入南海；而不活跃期时，多转向北上不进入南海。（4）路径模式模拟结果显示：南海季风活跃（不活跃）时，大尺度环境场的引导作用有利于WNP-TC直行进入南海（转向北上，不进入南海）。同时，WNP-TC的生成位置越偏西越有利于WNP-TC进入南海。

IMPACT OF CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING SUMMER MONSOON

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of the South China Sea(SCS, 105-120°E, 5-20°N) convection and its influences on the genesis and track of the western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclones(TCs) were explored, based on the daily average of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the OLR data and the western North Pacific tropical cyclone best-track data from 1979 to 2008. The mechanism of the influences of ISO on TC movement and the corresponding large-scale circulation were discussed by a trajectory model. It was found as follows.(1) During the SCS summer monsoon, the SCS convection exhibits the ISO features with active phases alternating with inactive phases. The monsoon circulation patterns are significantly different during these two phases. When the SCS convection is active(inactive), the SCS-WNP monsoon trough stretches eastward(retreats westward) due to the activity(inactivity) of SCS monsoon, and the WNP subtropical high retreats eastward(stretches westward), which enhances(suppresses) the monsoon circulation.(2) The amount of TC genesis in the active phase is much more than that in the inactive phase. A majority of TCs form west of 135 °E during the active phases but east of 135 °E in the inactive phases.(3) The TCs entering the area west of 135 °E and south of 25 °N would move straight into the SCS in the active phase, or recurve northward in the inactive phase.(4) Simulation results show that the steering flow associated with the active(inactive)phases is in favor of straight-moving(recurving) TCs. Meanwhile, the impacts of the locations of TC genesis on the characteristics of TC track cannot be ignored. TCs that occurred father westward are more likely to move straight into the SCS region.

Re-Discussion on East Asian Meiyu Rainy Season

In this paper,the synoptic-climatology of Meiyu in East Asia is discussed.It is proposed that the location of the rain band of Meiyu is stable from the viewpoint of climatology,even though the active(wet)and break(dry)Meiyu are influenced by synoptic systems.The duration and the onset and retreat dates of Meiyu exhibit tremendous interannual variabilities,and thus,they are almost unpredictable in seasonal climate prediction.The Meiyu has been used as a synoptic concept and applied to the operational forecast for many decades by meteorological agencies in East Asian countries.As a result,the prediction of the onset and retreat dates of Meiyu has become an important operational work for meteorological services.This has also misled the public’s and scientists’attention.The northward propagation of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)surge associated with the intraseasonal oscillation is closely related to the active and break Meiyu.The activities and propagation of the EASM surge modulate the active/break Meiyu that cause concentrative severe precipitation processes and floods or droughts;hence,the authors suggest changing the current forecasting methodology of Meiyu.It is more meaningful from the scientific as well as application viewpoints to establish the monitoring and forecasting of the EASM surge to replace the current operational forecast of Meiyu after the seasonal progress enters the climatological Meiyu period in a year.

中国华南地区冬季冷湿气候次季节模态（英文）

本文研究了中国冬季气温和降水的气候次季节(CISO)主模态特征,并讨论了华南地区冷湿模态与极地环流的次季节尺度变化关系。结果发现,在CISO正位相时,冬季的华北和华南分别表现为冷干和冷湿模态,在时间上表现为准30天周期振荡特征。其中,华南的气温次季节波动在冷湿模态起主导作用。在北极涛动负位相下,500-hPa位势高度的次季节尺度波动表现出向南传播特征,由此导致冷锋南下和降温。局地冷性气旋波活动增强了西伯利亚高压的不断南下,有利于大气的不稳定,进而造成华南地区的冷湿气候。因此,冷空气活动可以作用华南次季节降水预测的前兆因子。

大气季节内振荡对夏季登陆广东台风的影响

基于热带气旋最佳路径资料和向外长波辐射数据,结合高斯滤波、经验正交函数分解和合成分析等方法,探讨了20~90 d周期的MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)和10~20 d周期的QBWO(Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation)两类大气季节内振荡对夏季(5-9月)登陆广东台风的影响。结果表明:MJO和QBWO对登陆广东台风个数、强度、位置和运动方向均有显著影响:当MJO和QBWO的对流中心(抑制中心)靠近广东沿岸时,登陆广东的台风数量多(少)、强度大(小)、登陆位置偏东(西)、登陆后东向运动的台风数量偏多(少)。在此基础上,还进一步探讨了MJO和QBWO对生成于南海和西北太平洋的这两类登陆广东台风的影响及两者对登陆广东台风的共同影响。