Surrounding Rock Control Technology of Strong Dynamic Pressure Roadway in Hudi Coal Industry

Aiming at the problems of large deformation and difficult maintenance of deep soft rock roadway under the influence of high ground stress and strong dynamic pressure, taking the surrounding rock control of 1105 lane in Hudi Coal Industry as an example, the deformation characteristics and surrounding rock control measures of deep soft rock roadway are analyzed and discussed by means of geological data analysis, roadway deformation monitoring, rock crack drilling and field test. The results show that the main causes of roadway deformation are high ground stress, synclinal tectonic stress, advance mining stress, roadway penetration and surrounding rock fissure development. Based on the deformation characteristics and mechanism of lane 1105, the supporting countermeasures of “roof synergic support, layered grouting, anchor cable beam support, closed hardening of roadway surface” are proposed, which can provide reference for the control of deep roadway surrounding rock under similar conditions.

Stability mechanism and control of the pumpable supports in longwall recovery room

The load-bearing performance(LBP)of pumpable supports(PPS)is crucial for the stability of longwall pre-driven recovery room(PRR)surrounding rock.However,the unbalanced bearing coefficient(UBC)of the PPS(undertaking unequal load along the mining direction)has not been investigated.A mechanical model of the PRR was established,considering the main roof cantilever beam structure,to derive an assessment formula for the load,the failure criteria,and the UBC of the PPS.Subsequently,the generation mechanisms,and influencing factors of the UBC were revealed.Global sensitivity analysis shows that the main roof hanging length(l_(2))and the spacing between the PPS(r)significantly impact the UBC.A novel design of the PPS and the coupling control technology were proposed and applied to reduce the UBC of the PPS in the adjacent longwall PRR.Monitor results showed no failure of the PPS at the test site,with the UBC(ζ)reduced to 1.1 consistent with the design value(1.15)basically,fully utilizing the collaborative LBP of the PPS.Finally,the maximum roof-to-floor convergence of the PRR was 234 mm,effectively controlling the stability of the surrounding rock of the PRR and ensuring the mining equipment recovery.

Study on creep deformation and energy development of underground surrounding rock under four‐dimensional support

There is an urgent need to develop optimal solutions for deformation control of deep high‐stress roadways,one of the critical problems in underground engineering.The previously proposed four‐dimensional support(hereinafter 4D support),as a new support technology,can set the roadway surrounding rock under three‐dimensional pressure in the new balanced structure,and prevent instability of surrounding rock in underground engineering.However,the influence of roadway depth and creep deformation on the surrounding rock supported by 4D support is still unknown.This study investigated the influence of roadway depth and creep deformation time on the instability of surrounding rock by analyzing the energy development.The elastic strain energy was analyzed using the program redeveloped in FLAC3D.The numerical simulation results indicate that the combined support mode of 4D roof supports and conventional side supports is highly applicable to the stability control of surrounding rock with a roadway depth exceeding 520 m.With the increase of roadway depth,4D support can effectively restrain the area and depth of plastic deformation in the surrounding rock.Further,4D support limits the accumulation range and rate of elastic strain energy as the creep deformation time increases.4D support can effectively reduce the plastic deformation of roadway surrounding rock and maintain the stability for a long deformation period of 6 months.As confirmed by in situ monitoring results,4D support is more effective for the long‐term stability control of surrounding rock than conventional support.

Stress distribution and surrounding rock control of mining near to the overlying coal pillar in the working face

The occurrence of overlying coal pillar(OCP)exerts a strong effect on the stress and strain distribution of the surrounding rock in the stope.In this paper,the stress distribution characteristics are analyzed via the numerical calculation with the account of OCP presence or absence.In addition,this study revealed the joint effect of side pressure relief area of the goaf and stress concentration in OCP on the final stress distribution.Furthermore,the rules of abutment stress distribution affected by three influencing factors,namely horizontal-vertical distances between OCP and working face and buried depth of OCP,are analyzed.The functional model linking the peak stress of surrounding rock with the above influencing factors is developed.The field application of the above results proved that the rib spalling and deformation of a 2.95 m-high and 5.66 m-wide roadway could be efficiently controlled by rationally adjusting working states of the support,and adopting the hydraulic prop coordinated with the p type metal beam and anchor cable to strengthen the surrounding rock of working face and roadway,respectively.The proposed measures are considered appropriate to satisfy the safe operation requirements.

Strength and damage evolution mechanism of rock mass with holes under cyclic loading

The damage and failure law of rock mass with holes is of great significance to the stability control of roadways. This study investigates the mechanical properties and failure modes of porous rock masses under cyclic loading, elucidates the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics and their spatial evolution, and establishes the interrelation among AE, stress, strain, time, and cumulative damage. The results reveal that the rock mass with holes and the intact rock mass show softening and hardening characteristics after cyclic loading. The plastic strain of the rock mass with holes is smaller than that of the intact rock mass, and the stress −strain curve shows hysteresis characteristics. Under uniaxial compression, the pore-bearing rock mass shows the characteristics of higher ringing count, AE energy, b-value peak, and more cumulative ringing count in the failure stage, while it shows lower characteristics under cyclic action. At the initial stage of loading, compared with the intact rock mass, the pore-containing rock mass shows the characteristics of a low b-value. The AE positioning and cumulative damage percentage are larger, and the AE positioning is denser around the hole. The specimen with holes is mainly shear failure, and the complete specimen is mainly tensile shear failure.

Macro/meso failure behavior of surrounding rock in deep roadway and its control technology

Engineering disasters occur frequently and violently with the increase in mining depth, which is mostly due to insufficient study on the failure mechanism of the deep rock mass. In this paper, theoretical and experimental researches on the failure behaviors and deformation control of deep surrounding rock in recent years were reviewed. Macro/meso failure mechanism of deep rock or coal-rock combined body under different loading conditions have been systematically investigated. Stress gradient failure theory of surrounding rock, uniform strength support in the deep roadway, and the analogous hyperbola movement model of overlying strata were preliminary established and a combined grouting control technology for surface and underground was proposed. Abovementioned achievements are expected to offer theoretical bases and technical supports for the exploitation of China's deep mineral resources in the future.

Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine

Gob-side entry driving can increase coal recovery ratio, and it is implied in many coal mines. Based on geological condition of 10416 working face tailentry in Yangliu Coal Mine, the surrounding rock deformation characteristics of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar is analysed, reasonable size of coal pillar and reasonable roadway excavation time after mining are achieved. Surrounding rock control technology and effective roadway side sealing technology are proposed and are taken into field practice. The results showed that a safer and more efficient mining of working face can be achieved. In addition, results of this paper also have important theoretical significance and valuable reference for surrounding rock control technology of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar under special geological condition.

Surrounding rock control theory and longwall mining technology innovation

To accommodate surrounding rock structure stability control problem in underground mining, we study the coupling effect principle between hydraulic support and surrounding rock, and develop a series of longwall mining technology and equipment, which solves four common technical problems that significantly undermine coal mining safety, efficiency, and high recovery and extraction rates. Based on the coupling characteristic between mining-induced stress field and supporting stress field of hydraulic support, we identify six controllable factors in the application of hydraulic support to surrounding rock, and further reveal the relationship between hydraulic support and surrounding rock in terms of the strength, the stiffness, and the stability coupling. Our findings provide a plausible solution to the longwall mining technical problem with 6-8 m mining height. By analyzing the dynamic disequilibrium characteristics between hydraulic support and surrounding rock, we propose the intelligent top coal caving control method and the high-coal-recovery-rate tech- nology for fully mechanized caving faces. With the invention of this technology, China is likely to lead the world in terms of the fully mechanized top coal caving mining technology. We are also the first to employ the intelligent coupling technology between hydraulic support and surrounding rock, and automated mining mode, and supporting system coop- erative control with automatic organization. We develop the comprehensive multi-index intelligence adjusting height decision-making mechanism and three-dimensional navigation automatic adjusting straightness technology based on shearer cutting height memory association, cutting power parameters, vibration, and video information, leading to the first set of intelligent longwall mining technology and equipment for thin seam. Our innovation makes a solid contribution to the revolution of intelligence mining technology. With the innovative use of three-dimensional coupling control principle for surrounding rock, we successfully resolve the technological difficulties of longwall mining equipment and surrounding rock control for steep dipping seam, making a breakthrough of longwall mining technology with steep dipping seam.

Analysis and application in controlling surrounding rock of support reinforced roadway in gob-side entry with fully mechanized mining

In order to optimize gob-side entry in fully-mechanized working face in moderate-thick-coal seams, we adopt a new attempt to pack roadside by pumping ordinary concrete, which is very important for the development of gob-side entry technology. The concrete has a long initial setting time and a low initial strength. So it is difficult to control the surrounding rock. In this paper, we analyze the effect of using roadside cable to reinforce supporting in gob-side entry surrounding rock controlling based on elas-tic-plastic and material mechanics knowledge. And then we propose a scheme that cable is used to reinforce roadside supporting and a single hydraulic prop is used as the temporary supporting in gob side. Using the numerical simulation software FLAC2D, we numerically simulated supporting scheme. Results of both the 2D modeling and the industrial test on No.3117 face in Jingang Mine prove that the scheme is feasible. The results show that the technology of protecting the roadway in gob-entry retained efficiently make up the deficiency of roadside packing with ordinary concrete, effectively control the roof strata and acquire a good result of retaining roadway.

System dynamics model of the support-surrounding rock system in fully mechanized mining with large mining height face and its application

Fully mechanized mining with large mining height(FMMLMH)is widely used in thick coal seam mining face for its higher recovery ratio,especially where the thickness is less than 7.0 m.However,because of the great mining height and intense rock pressure,the coal wall rib spalling,roof falling and the instability of support occur more likely in FMMLMH working face,and the above three types of disasters interact with each other with complicated relationships.In order to get the relationship between each two of coal wall,roof,floor and support,and reduce the occurrence probability of the three types of disasters,we established the system dynamics(SD)model of the support-surrounding rock system which is composed of"coal wall-roof-floor-support"(CW-R-F-S)in a FMMLMH working face based on the condition of No.15104 working face in Sijiazhuang coal mine.With the software of Vensim,we also simulated the interaction process between each two factors of roof,floor,coal wall and the support.The results show that the SD model of"CW-R-F-S"system can reveal the complicated and interactive relationship clearly between the support and surrounding rock in the FMMLMH working face.By increasing the advancing speed of working face,the support resistance or the length of support guard,or by decreasing the tipto-face distance,the stability of"CW-R-F-S"system will be higher and the happening probability of the disasters such as coal wall rib spalling,roof falling or the instability of support will be lower.These research findings have been testified in field application in No.15104 working face,which can provide a new approach for researching the interaction relationship of support and surrounding rock.

Surrounding rock deformation regularity of roadway under extremely complicated geological conditions in deep mine and its control

By combining the practices of deep mine mining in Changguang Mine field and using the Universal Distinct Element Code 3 0(UDEC3 0) numerical computing method, the distribution characteristics of deformation field and stress field as well as the surrounding rock deformation regularity of soft rock roadway are analyzed under extremely complicated geological conditions, a technical principle of bolting to control the surrounding rock of roadway is put forward. And also using a dynamic control for surrounding rocks designing method, the supporting parameters and implement plan are rationally determined. The experimental tests have obtained a good controlling result of surrounding rock.

Study on mechanism and practice of surrounding rock control of high stress coal roadway

The mechanical principle and surrounding rock deformation feature of highstress coal roadway was analyzed.The condition of stress balance of the kind of theroadway was put forward.The surrounding rock control principle and supporting techniqueof high stress coal roadway were discussed.It was very important to control early daysdeformation of coal sides.The supporting strength is should increased,so the strengthloss of coal sides is decreased.The range of plastic fluid zone is reduced.The abovemention-ned principle is applied in industrial test,and the new supporting technique is ap-plied successfully.

Tunnel Surrounding Rock Deformation Characteristics and Control in Deep Coal Mining

In order to study the failure characteristics and control method of deep tunnel surrounding rock, based on the stress test, the structure and stress state of the main transportation tunnel surrounding rock in Mine Zhaogezhuang level 14 was analyzed, and it shows that the surrounding rock is exposed to an interphase hard and soft disadvantageous structure state and complex high stress repeated addition area;Through the theoretical analysis and the statistical data, the relation between the tunnel stress transformation and the surrounding rock deformation was proposed;Through the numerical simulation of the tunnel surrounding rock failure process with the help of RFPA procedure, the results show that the damage of the transportation tunnel level 14 mainly occurs in the bottom and the two coal ribs, and the failure process is spreading from the bottom to the two coal ribs, and the effect of the surrounding rock deformation control is obvious by using the way of 2.5 m anchor with 1.0 m grouting strengthening.

Combined blasting for protection of gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof

The deformation control of surrounding rock in gobside roadway with thick and hard roof poses a significant challenge to the safety and efficiency of coal mining.To address this issue,a novel approach combining directional and non-directional blasting techniques,known as combined blasting,was proposed.This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the proposed method in the 122108 working face in Caojiatan Coal Mine as the engineering background.The initial phase of the study involves physical model experiments to reveal the underlying mechanisms of combined blasting for protecting gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof.The results demonstrate that this approach effectively accelerates the collapse of thick and hard roofs,enhances the fragmentation and expansion coefficient of gangue,facilitates the filling of the goaf with gangue,and provides support to the overlying strata,thus reducing the subsidence of the overlying strata above the goaf.Additionally,the method involves cutting the main roof into shorter beams to decrease the stress and disrupt stress transmission pathways.Subsequent numerical simulations were conducted to corroborate the findings of the physical model experiments,thus validating the accuracy of the experimental results.Furthermore,field engineering experiments were performed,affirming the efficacy of the combined blasting method in mitigating the deformation of surrounding rock and achieving the desired protection of the gob-side roadway.

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars,we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability,using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.The results show that,under a coal pillar,vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases.We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars.Based on this,we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar,such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support,cable reinforcement support single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock,which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.

Stability of coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata and its coupling support control technique

Considering the situation that it is difficult to control the stability of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata, the finite difference numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the inner stress distribution and its evolution regularity, as well as the deformation characteristics of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving, in the whole process from entry driving of last working face to the present working face mining. A new method of narrow coal pillar control based on the triune coupling support technique (TCST), which includes that high-strength prestressed thread steel bolt is used to strain the coal on the goaf side, and that short bolt to control the integrity of global displacement zone in coal pillar on the entry side, and that long grouting cable to fix anchor point to constrain the bed separation between global displacement zone and fixed zone, is thereby generated and applied to the field production. The result indicates that after entry excavating along the gob under unstable overlying strata, the supporting structure left on the gob side of narrow coal pillar is basically invalid to maintain the coal-pillar stability, and the large deformation of the pillar on the gob side is evident. Except for the significant dynamic pressure appearing in the coal mining of last working face and overlying strata stabilizing process, the stress variation inside the coal pillar in other stages are rather steady, however, the stress expansion is obvious and the coal pillar continues to deform. Once the gob-side entry driving is completed, a global displacement zone on the entry side appears in the shallow part of the pillar, whereas, a relatively steady fixed zone staying almost still in gob-side entry driving and present working face mining is found in the deep part of the pillar. The application of TCST can not only avoid the failure of pillar supporting structure, but exert the supporting capacity of the bolting structure left in the pillar of last sublevel entry, thus to jointly maintain the stability of coal pillar.

Research on the "three shells" cooperative support technology of large-section chambers in deep mines

The"three shells"cooperative support technology was proposed herein according to both the large deformation of the rock surrounding large-section chambers in deep mines and the precarious stability of the support structures therein.The development range of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock was controlled by a stress shell to reduce the difficulty of controlling the surrounding rock.Additionally,the residual strength of the rock mass in the plastic zone and the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock were improved by a reinforced load-bearing shell.Furthermore,a passive load-bearing shell could restore the triaxial stress state of the surrounding rock on the free surface,reduce the influence of the external environment on the surrounding rock,and reinforce the surrounding rock with the strength of the shell.Reasonable layouts of large-section chambers were determined by analyzing the control effect of the stress shell on the surrounding rock under three kinds of in situ stress fields.The orthogonal test method was applied to reveal the influences of different support parameters in the reinforced loadbearing shell and passive load-bearing shell on the surrounding rock stability.The surrounding rock control effect of the"three shells"collaborative support technology was analyzed through numerical simulation and field monitoring.The results show that the maximum displacement between the roof and floor of the coal preparation chamber in the Xinjulong coal mine was approximately 48 mm,and the maximum displacement between its two sides was approximately 65 mm,indicating that the technology proposed herein could meet the long-term control requirements of the surrounding rock stability for large-section chambers in deep mines.

深部采矿岩石力学进展

随着煤炭开采日益向深部发展,深部采矿引发的围岩大变形破坏和强冲击动力灾害日益严峻。在深部高地应力、高地温、高渗透压、强采动、强流变及多场耦合的复杂地质力学环境下,深部采场的应力场特征、煤岩体破碎性质、岩层移动及能量的积聚释放规律等均发生了显著变化。针对深部采矿中的岩石力学问题,论述了笔者及团队在深部采煤方法、深部巷道破坏机理与围岩控制、深井热害与地热利用三大方向取得的进展,主要包括:(1)提出了平衡开采理论和实现平衡开采的110/N00工法,进行了千米深井现场工程应用;(2)构建了深部“非均压建井”模式,研发了实现深井稳定提升的SAP系统,形成了可大幅简化井巷工程量和提高矿井采出率的建井方法;(3)研发了多套适用于研究深部岩体在水、高温、高压、结构效应及多场耦合作用下发生宏观破坏的实验系统和可进行微观层面演算的超算系统,揭示了深部软岩大变形破坏机理及多尺度力学特性;(4)研制了深部岩体冲击型和应变型岩爆实验系统,阐述了深部岩体冲击能量沿开挖临空面瞬间释放的非线性动力学行为;(5)提出了深部巷道开挖补偿支护理论,进一步发展了具有高恒阻、高延伸率、强吸能和耐冲击超常力学特性的NPR支护材料和技术;(6)研发了模拟深部高温、高湿和高压环境下的岩体热力学实验系统,提出了热害治理和热能资源化利用方法,建立了深部热害治理与热能综合利用系统(HEMS)。相关研究成果已在深部开采领域得以应用,可为深部采矿面临的复杂岩石力学问题提供借鉴。

深井松软围岩煤巷采动增跨效应及防控技术

针对深井松软煤巷围岩变形严重、巷道支护困难等问题,以城郊煤矿LW21106工作面沿空巷道为工程背景,建立了采动巷道增跨模型,揭示了采动增跨效应演化机理。通过构建巷道顶板横纵弯曲梁模型,指出顶板横向受力、巷道等效跨度、煤岩强度是巷道围岩损伤破坏的主控因素,提出了采动增跨效应防控对策并进行工业性试验。研究结果表明:受采动影响,巷道经历“初始围岩稳定—围岩裂隙发育扩展—围岩剪切破坏加剧—等效跨度增加”过程;巷道顶板最大正应力与应力集中系数、顶板等效跨度、巷道断面尺寸及埋深成正相关关系;巷道顶板在高应力环境下易发生拉剪破坏,增加顶板锚索数量以及锚索预紧力有利于增强顶板初期完整性。基于巷道变形破坏主控因素,提出“围岩加固–卸压–强化支护”协同防控策略;针对现场条件,采用煤柱侧向切顶+注浆加固并对破碎区域补充锚索强化支护的防控技术。现场监测结果表明,煤柱帮最大移近量为18.89cm,顶板下沉量为25.86cm,两帮移近量为29.65 cm,有效控制了煤巷围岩变形,为深井松软围岩巷道变形控制提供了参考。

松软厚煤层区段煤柱剪切滑块运动机理及协同控制技术

松软厚煤层区段煤柱高、煤壁暴露面积大,加之煤质松软、裂隙发育,强采动作用下极易造成煤柱失稳,巷道维护难度极大。以山西伏岩煤业3号煤层开采为工程背景,基于剪切滑块理论,探究采掘扰动下煤柱变形破坏机理,求解煤柱剪切滑块运动范围及应力分布规律,揭示煤柱侧帮剪切滑块运动机理,提出煤柱稳定性协同控制对策并在现场进行工程实践验证。结果表明:①采用极限平衡理论与叠加理论,确定了煤柱剪切滑块运动范围及煤柱垂直应力分布规律,阐明煤柱剪切滑块安全系数分布规律:0~1.26 m深度,煤柱上部安全系数较小;在1.26~3.95 m处,煤柱中线部分大面积安全系数较小,易受顶板来压破坏。②提出了1种以“注浆加固—锚索强化—切顶卸压”为主体的区段煤柱协同控制技术,煤柱侧裂隙较无支护条件及原支护条件分别减少62.89%和46.26%,巷道围岩完整性大幅提高,形成了强承载结构,有效控制了煤柱变形及底臌。③根据松软厚煤层区段煤柱条件,合理确定了协同控制设计参数,并对煤柱防控效果进行试验监测评估。现场试验结果表明,煤柱裂隙得到充分填充,注浆后煤体强度提高63%以上;巷道位移、锚杆索受力、离层等均在可控范围,表明协同控制技术明显提高了煤柱承载力,回采巷道围岩变形得到有效控制,为工作面安全高效开采提供了空间保障。