Numerical study on the influence of geometrical parameters on natural convection cooling effect of the crushed-rock revetment

The crushed-rock revetment, considered as a highly porous medium, is often applied to embankment slope to protect the underlying permafrost and ensure the thermal stability of roadway in permafrost regions. In this paper, in order to increase and optimize the cooling capacity of crushed-rock revetment in cold regions roadway engineering, based on the thermal convection theories, the practical geometry and the temperature characteristics of in-situ crushed-rock revetment, convective pattern and cooling effect of crushed-rock revetment are numerically studied, with a thickness of 1.0 m under different geometrical parameters, e.g. sloped angle and aspect ratio. The results indicate that, with a thickness of 1.0 m and a temperature difference of 10.0 ℃ between top and bottom boundaries, due to the existence of natural convection, the effective thermal conductivity of crushed-rock revetment can be increased and the thermal "semi-conductor" characteristics are endowed. However, the convective pattern changes with the variation of the sloped angle, namely, with the increase of the sloped angle, the convection cell number decreases; furthermore, when the flow changes from various cells to a single cell at a sloped angle, the Nu number is the smallest and the cooling effect is the worst, therefore, the corresponding sloped angle is considered as the worst cooling sloped angle. Besides, with the increase of the aspect ratio, the worst cooling sloped angle increases and tends to 32°, also approaching to the in-situ crushed-rock revetment angle 33.7°. Therefore, when the crushed-rock revetment em-bankment is too high, that is to say, the aspect ratio of the sloped crushed-rock revetment is too large, some measures should be taken to enhance its cooling effect, which have been researched and discussed in this paper. It is hoped that some scientific references can be supplied to the design and maintenance of the crushed-rock revetment embankment in cold regions.

封闭、开放边界条件下冻土抛石护坡路堤数值模拟比较研究

采用"块石模型"对青藏铁路抛石护坡路堤进行封闭边界条件和开放边界条件下的数值模拟计算,并对结果进行了比较分析.研究表明:在封闭边界条件下,冬季抛石层内部空气的运动趋势为冷空气下渗占据主导地位,夏季空气的主要运动方向为沿斜坡向上,其综合效果有利于路堤保冷.当采用开放边界条件时,抛石层内部的空气运动主要受到外界环境的影响,路堤内的温度场在很大程度上取决于环境温度的变化.因此,抛石层的铺设对于路堤的保冷效果没有封闭边界条件下明显和有效.

利用封闭式块石护坡调节通风管路基阴阳坡效应

为研究多年冻土区通风管路基和通风管-封闭碎石护坡路基在阴阳坡温度差异影响下,温度场的不对称特征和下部冻土上限间的差异,评价封闭块石护坡对通风管路基温度场的调节效果,利用北麓河通风管路基实测温度资料,并考虑气候变暖的影响,分别对这两种路基温度场进行数值模拟分析.分析结果表明,通风管路基具有一定的降温能力,但阴阳坡下冻土上限间差异显著,路基温度场呈现明显的不对称性;在通风管路基阳坡增加封闭块石护坡后,可以降低阳坡下土体温度,减小阴阳坡下冻土上限间差异,能有效调节路基阴阳坡效应.对第50年路基与天然地表交界处年平均热流密度的分析表明,增加封闭块石护坡后的路基结构优于通风管路基,且两种路基均处于吸热状态.

Thermal and deformational repairing effect of crushed rock revetment acting as reinforcement along Qinghai–Tibet railway in permafrost regions

Due to the particularity and complexity of permafrost subgrade,research on its long-term maintenance and reinforcement under climate warming and engineering activities is of great significance.To mitigate subgrade diseases caused by thermal disturbance during the engineering construction and operation in the initial stage,the crushed-rock revetment(CRR)was additionally paved with a thickness of 1.5 m and 1.0 m on some sunny and shady shoulders of the traditional embankments along the Qinghai-Tibet railway,respectively.The improving effects for thermal and deforming stability are evaluated based on observation data of ground temperatures and embankment deformations at two sites from 2002 to 2014.The results show that a larger uplifting magnitude in the artificial permafrost table(APT),greater ground temperature decreasing amplitudes and reduction ranges of settling rate appear under the shady embankment shoulder in warm permafrost region,and both sides in the cold permafrost region when reinforcing with CRR.However,in warm permafrost region,the laying of CRR on the sunny slope of subgrade may cause considerable thermal disturbance to the underlying permafrost foundation,combined with the resulting additional stress,induce the further expansion of differential settlement.Moreover,the thermal stability strengthening effect of the CRR is closely related to the variation of the APT thickness in the earlier stage,convection intensity inside the CRR,‘cold energy reserve’in the deeper permafrost,and amount of solar radiation received by the CRR.More effective reinforcements should be implemented to alleviate the potential threaten beneath sunny embankment slope in warm permafrost regions.

青藏铁路片石层表面开放与封闭的片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基降温效果试验研究

为了维持多年冻土区路基的稳定,青藏铁路部分路段采用片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基主动保护多年冻土。为考察片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基片石层表面被风沙和积雪等封闭后,其降温效果是否失效,基于青藏铁路清水河地区片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基2个测试断面、2个冻融循环的地温监测资料,研究片石层表面开放与封闭对片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基降温效果的影响。结果表明：片石层表面封闭的片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基及其基底平均地温比片石层表面开放的片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基低0.16-0.23℃,负积温值封闭比开放大115.32℃.天,最大融化深度抬升幅度封闭比开放大0-0.4 m。说明片石层表面封闭的片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基较开放的更有利于保护多年冻土,维持路基稳定;当片石气冷—碎石护坡组合路基片石层表面被风沙等封闭后仍具有良好的降温效果。