Vertical Axis Wind Turbines(VAWTs)offer several advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines(HAWTs),including quieter operation,ease of maintenance,and simplified construction.Surprisingly,despite the prevailing beli...Vertical Axis Wind Turbines(VAWTs)offer several advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines(HAWTs),including quieter operation,ease of maintenance,and simplified construction.Surprisingly,despite the prevailing belief that HAWTs outperform VAWTs as individual units,VAWTs demonstrate higher power density when arranged in clusters.This phenomenon arises from positive wake interactions downstream of VAWTs,potentially enhancing the overall wind farm performances.In contrast,wake interactions negatively impact HAWT farms,reducing their efficiency.This paper extensively reviews the potential of VAWT clusters to increase energy output and reduce wind energy costs.A precise terminology is introduced to clarify ambiguous terms researchers use to quantify cluster parameters.While examining commonly studied and proposed VAWT cluster configurations,several aspects are discussed such as aerodynamic interactions,wake characteristics,structural dynamics,and performance metrics.Additionally,the current state-of-the-art and research gaps are critically described.The review also covers computational modeling,optimization techniques,advanced control strategies,machine learning applications,economic considerations,and the influence of terrain and application locations.展开更多
The main purpose of the present work is to discuss whether or not the collective flows in heavy-ion collision at the Fermi energy can be taken as a tool to investigate the cluster configuration in light nuclei. In pra...The main purpose of the present work is to discuss whether or not the collective flows in heavy-ion collision at the Fermi energy can be taken as a tool to investigate the cluster configuration in light nuclei. In practice, within an extended quantum molecular dynamics model, four a-clustering （linear chain, kite, square and tetrahedron） configurations of 16O are employed in the initialization, 16O＋16O around the Fermi energy （40-60 MeV/nucleon） with impact parameter 1-3fro are simulated, and the directed and elliptic flows are analyzed. It is found that collective flows are influenced by the different a-clustering configurations, and the directed flow of free protons is more sensitive to the initial cluster configuration than the elliptic flow. Nuclear reaction at the Fermi energy can be taken as a useful way to study cluster configuration in light nuclei.展开更多
文摘Vertical Axis Wind Turbines(VAWTs)offer several advantages over horizontal axis wind turbines(HAWTs),including quieter operation,ease of maintenance,and simplified construction.Surprisingly,despite the prevailing belief that HAWTs outperform VAWTs as individual units,VAWTs demonstrate higher power density when arranged in clusters.This phenomenon arises from positive wake interactions downstream of VAWTs,potentially enhancing the overall wind farm performances.In contrast,wake interactions negatively impact HAWT farms,reducing their efficiency.This paper extensively reviews the potential of VAWT clusters to increase energy output and reduce wind energy costs.A precise terminology is introduced to clarify ambiguous terms researchers use to quantify cluster parameters.While examining commonly studied and proposed VAWT cluster configurations,several aspects are discussed such as aerodynamic interactions,wake characteristics,structural dynamics,and performance metrics.Additionally,the current state-of-the-art and research gaps are critically described.The review also covers computational modeling,optimization techniques,advanced control strategies,machine learning applications,economic considerations,and the influence of terrain and application locations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11421505,11220101005,11305239 and 11605270the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China under Grant No 2014CB845401+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No QYZDJ-SSW-SLH002the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No 2016M591730
文摘The main purpose of the present work is to discuss whether or not the collective flows in heavy-ion collision at the Fermi energy can be taken as a tool to investigate the cluster configuration in light nuclei. In practice, within an extended quantum molecular dynamics model, four a-clustering （linear chain, kite, square and tetrahedron） configurations of 16O are employed in the initialization, 16O＋16O around the Fermi energy （40-60 MeV/nucleon） with impact parameter 1-3fro are simulated, and the directed and elliptic flows are analyzed. It is found that collective flows are influenced by the different a-clustering configurations, and the directed flow of free protons is more sensitive to the initial cluster configuration than the elliptic flow. Nuclear reaction at the Fermi energy can be taken as a useful way to study cluster configuration in light nuclei.
