Falcon Optimization Algorithm-Based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-Based Vehicular Networks

Rapid development in Information Technology(IT)has allowed several novel application regions like large outdoor vehicular networks for Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)transmission.Vehicular networks give a safe and more effective driving experience by presenting time-sensitive and location-aware data.The communication occurs directly between V2V and Base Station(BS)units such as the Road Side Unit(RSU),named as a Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I).However,the frequent topology alterations in VANETs generate several problems with data transmission as the vehicle velocity differs with time.Therefore,the scheme of an effectual routing protocol for reliable and stable communications is significant.Current research demonstrates that clustering is an intelligent method for effectual routing in a mobile environment.Therefore,this article presents a Falcon Optimization Algorithm-based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-based Routing(FOA-EECPCR)technique in VANETS.The FOA-EECPCR technique intends to group the vehicles and determine the shortest route in the VANET.To accomplish this,the FOA-EECPCR technique initially clusters the vehicles using FOA with fitness functions comprising energy,distance,and trust level.For the routing process,the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA)is derived with a fitness function that encompasses two variables,namely,energy and distance.A series of experiments have been conducted to exhibit the enhanced performance of the FOA-EECPCR method.The experimental outcomes demonstrate the enhanced performance of the FOA-EECPCR approach over other current methods.

Blockchain Enabled Metaheuristic Cluster Based Routing Model for Wireless Networks

With recent advancements made in wireless communication techniques,wireless sensors have become an essential component in both data collection as well as tracking applications.Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is an integral part of Internet of Things(IoT)and it encounters different kinds of security issues.Blockchain is designed as a game changer for highly secure and effective digital society.So,the current research paper focuses on the design of Metaheuristic-based Clustering with Routing Protocol for Blockchain-enabled WSN abbreviated as MCRP-BWSN.The proposed MCRP-BWSN technique aims at deriving a shared memory scheme using blockchain technology and determine the optimal paths to reach the destination in clustered WSN.In MCRP-BWSN technique,Chimp Optimization Algorithm(COA)-based clustering technique is designed to elect a proper set of Cluster Heads(CHs)and organize the selected clusters.In addition,Horse Optimization Algorithm(HOA)-based routing technique is also presented to optimally select the routes based onfitness function.Besides,HOA-based routing technique utilizes blockchain technology to avail the shared mem-ory among nodes in the network.Sensor nodes are treated as coins whereas the ownership handles the sensor nodes and Base Station(BS).In order to validate the enhanced performance of the proposed MCRP-BWSN technique,a wide range of simulations was conducted and the results were examined under different measures.Based on the performance exhibited in simulation outcomes,the pro-posed MCRP-BWSN technique has been established as a promising candidate over other existing techniques.

EACR-LEACH:Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing Protocol for WSN Based IoT

Internet of Things(IoT)is a recent paradigm to improve human lifestyle.Nowadays,number devices are connected to the Internet drastically.Thus,the people can control and monitor the physical things in real-time without delay.The IoT plays a vital role in all kind of fields in our world such as agriculture,livestock,transport,and healthcare,grid system,connected home,elderly people carrying system,cypher physical system,retail,and intelligent systems.In IoT energy conservation is a challenging task,as the devices are made up of low-cost and low-power sensing devices and local processing.IoT networks have significant challenges in two areas:network lifespan and energy usage.Therefore,the clustering is a right choice to prolong the energy in the network.In LEACH clustering protocol,sometimes the same node acts as CH again and again probabilistically.To overcome these issues,this paper proposes the Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing(EACRLEACH)protocol in WSN based IoT.The Cluster Head(CH)selection is a crucial task in clustering protocol inWSN based IoT.In EACR-LEACH,the CH is selected by using the routing metrics,Residual Energy(RER),Number of Neighbors(NoN),Distance between Sensor Node and Sink(Distance)and Number of Time Node Act as CH(NTNACH).An extensive simulation is conducted on MATLAB 2019a.The accomplishment of EACR-LEACH is compared to LEACH and SE-LEACH.The proposed EACR-LEACH protocol extends the network’s lifetime by 4%-8%and boosts throughput by 16%–24%.

Practical network coding-aware routing protocol for multi-hop wireless networks

Network coding has been considered as one of the effective strategies that improve the throughput of multi- hop wireless networks. In order to effectively apply network coding techniques to the real multi-hop wireless networks, a practical network coding aware routing protocol is proposed in this paper, for unicast sessions in multi- hop wireless networks. The protocol is based on a novel routing metric design that captures the characteristics of network coding and unicast sessions. To ensure the novel routing mettle can operate with practical and widely available path calculation algorithms, a unique mapping process is used to map a real wireless network to a virtual network. The mapping process ensures that the paths with the biggest coding opportunities will be selected by commonly used path calculation algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol is effective to improve the network throughput.

A clustered routing protocol based on energy and link quality in WSNs

Influenced by the environment and nodes status,the quality of link is not always stable in actual wireless sensor networks( WSNs). Poor links result in retransmissions and more energy consumption. So link quality is an important issue in the design of routing protocol which is not considered in most traditional clustered routing protocols. A based on energy and link quality's routing protocol( EQRP) is proposed to optimize the clustering mechanism which takes into account energy balance and link quality factors. EQRP takes the advantage of high quality links to increase success rate of single communication and reduce the cost of communication. Simulation shows that,compared with traditional clustered protocol,EQRP can perform 40% better,in terms of life cycle of the whole network.

Two-Tier Clustering with Routing Protocol for IoT Assisted WSN

In recent times,Internet of Things(IoT)has become a hot research topic and it aims at interlinking several sensor-enabled devices mainly for data gathering and tracking applications.Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is an important component in IoT paradigm since its inception and has become the most preferred platform to deploy several smart city application areas like home automation,smart buildings,intelligent transportation,disaster management,and other such IoT-based applications.Clustering methods are widely-employed energy efficient techniques with a primary purpose i.e.,to balance the energy among sensor nodes.Clustering and routing processes are considered as Non-Polynomial(NP)hard problems whereas bio-inspired techniques have been employed for a known time to resolve such problems.The current research paper designs an Energy Efficient Two-Tier Clustering with Multi-hop Routing Protocol(EETTC-MRP)for IoT networks.The presented EETTC-MRP technique operates on different stages namely,tentative Cluster Head(CH)selection,final CH selection,and routing.In first stage of the proposed EETTC-MRP technique,a type II fuzzy logic-based tentative CH(T2FL-TCH)selection is used.Subsequently,Quantum Group Teaching Optimization Algorithm-based Final CH selection(QGTOA-FCH)technique is deployed to derive an optimum group of CHs in the network.Besides,Political Optimizer based Multihop Routing(PO-MHR)technique is also employed to derive an optimal selection of routes between CHs in the network.In order to validate the efficacy of EETTC-MRP method,a series of experiments was conducted and the outcomes were examined under distinct measures.The experimental analysis infers that the proposed EETTC-MRP technique is superior to other methods under different measures.

MILITARY MULTI-HOP ROUTING PROTOCOL

Military tactical network is one of the most important applications of ad hoc network. Currently the existing routing protocols are put forward based on the simple and universal network model which has the ability of multi-hop routing but cannot work efficiently in the special military applications. The narrow bandwidth and limited energy of the wireless network make general routing protocols seem to be more redundant. In order to satisfy military needs properly, this letter makes a detailed analysis of physical nodes and traffic distribution in military network, uses cross-layer design concept tbr reference, combines traffic characteristic of application layer with routing protocol design. It categorized routing problem as crucial routes and non-crucial routes which adopted separate maintenance methods. It not only realizes basic transmission function but also works efficiently. It is quite fit for military application.

Mathematical Model with Energy and Clustering Energy Based Routing Protocols as Remediation to the Directional Source Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a routing protocol for wireless sensor network, baptized energy based protocol (EBP) is proposed. Wireless sensor network presents many challenges and constraints, and one of the major constraints is the routing problem. Due to the limited energy of sensor nodes, routing in this type of network shall perform efficiently to maximize the network lifetime. One of the proposed algorithms is the directional source aware routing protocol (DSAP) which, after simulation, showed a lot of limitations and drawbacks. The modified directional source aware routing protocol (MDSAP) was proposed by the authors of this paper to address some of the DSAP’s limitations but remains limited to a fixed topology, fixed source and stationary nodes. So EBP is proposed and operated under different scenarios and showed, after its simulation using TinyOS, many advantages in terms of load balancing, free looping, minimizing packet error rate and maximizing network lifetime.

A Novel Energy Aware Clustering Technique for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster-based architectures are one of the most practical solutions in order to cope with the requirements of large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSN). Cluster-head election problem is one of the basic QoS requirements of WSNs, yet this problem has not been sufficiently explored in the context of cluster-based sensor networks. Specifically, it is not known how to select the best candidates for the cluster head roles. In this paper, we investigate the cluster head election problem, specifically concentrating on applications where the energy of full network is the main requirement, and we propose a new approach to exploit efficiently the network energy, by reducing the energy consumed for cluster forming.

A Novel Improved Artificial Bee Colony and Blockchain-Based Secure Clustering Routing Scheme for FANET

Flying Ad hoc Network(FANET)has drawn significant consideration due to its rapid advancements and extensive use in civil applications.However,the characteristics of FANET including high mobility,limited resources,and distributed nature,have posed a new challenge to develop a secure and ef-ficient routing scheme for FANET.To overcome these challenges,this paper proposes a novel cluster based secure routing scheme,which aims to solve the routing and data security problem of FANET.In this scheme,the optimal cluster head selection is based on residual energy,online time,reputation,blockchain transactions,mobility,and connectivity by using Improved Artificial Bee Colony Optimization(IABC).The proposed IABC utilizes two different search equations for employee bee and onlooker bee to enhance convergence rate and exploitation abilities.Further,a lightweight blockchain consensus algorithm,AI-Proof of Witness Consensus Algorithm(AI-PoWCA)is proposed,which utilizes the optimal cluster head for mining.In AI-PoWCA,the concept of the witness for block verification is also involved to make the proposed scheme resource efficient and highly resilient against 51%attack.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms its counterparts and achieves up to 90%packet delivery ratio,lowest end-to-end delay,highest throughput,resilience against security attacks,and superior in block processing time.

Multihop Deterministic Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks MDR

The inception of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has brought convenience into many lives with uninterrupted wireless network. The nodes that transmit data consist of heterogeneous and battery equipped sensor nodes (SNs) that are deployed randomly for network surveillance. To manage the random deployment of nodes, clustering algorithms are used with efficient routing protocols. This results in aggregation and dropping of redundant data packets that enables flawless data transmission from cluster nodes to Base Station (BS) via Cluster Heads (CHs). In this paper, a dynamic and multi-hop clustering and routing protocol for thorough behavior analysis is proposed, taking distance and energy into consideration. This forms a smooth routing path from the cluster nodes, CHs, Sub-CHs to the BS. On comparing proposed process with the existing system, experimental analysis shows a significant enhancement in the performance of network lifetime, with improved data aggregation, throughput, as the protocol showing deterministic behavior while traversing the network for data transmission, we name this protocol as Multi-hop Deterministic energy efficient Routing protocol (MDR).

Design of an Energy - saving Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper takes energy-saving into consideration, bases on typical clustering routing protocol,combines with the optimal cluster-head selection formula,the improved threshold formula and cluster radios formulas to choose cluster-heads, applying the proportionality principle to the forming stage of cluster to make the distribution of cluster more even and reasonable; during the stable stage of cluster,the member nodes in cluster use TDMA to communicate with the cluster-head node, and cluster-head nodes communicate with base station BS via multi-hop interrupt communication manner.

Performance analysis of QoS routing protocol for WiMedia networks

Though the WiMedia supports higher data rates than other WPAN technologies,a WiMedia device cannot reach other devices that are separated from it by more than 10 m,which is the typical limited transmission range of the WiMedia protocol.In this work,we propose a multi-hop QoS routing protocol to enable WiMedia devices to transmit real-time data to devices that are located out of the transmission range.The proposed routing protocol is a hybrid algorithm,which mixes the table-driven and on-demand routing algorithms,searching one or more routes according to the number of hops to a destination device.WiMedia MAC is potentially capable of learning the existence of neighbor devices by using a beacon frame.By utilizing the neighbors' information,all devices can create routing entries for devices within 2-hops periodically.For devices beyond the 2-hop range,the newly designed on-demand routing algorithm is applied to multi-hop routing.If a routing entry for a destination device is not listed in the routing table,the source device sends a request packet to 2-hop range devices which could be found in the routing table.Since every device maintains routing entries for 2-hop range devices in the routing table,the request packet is replied in advance before its arrival at the destination device.Also,to decide the optimal route for a destination device,the number of medium access slots(MASs),received signal strength indicator(RSSI)and hop count are utilized to establish a QoS-enabled routing table.We perform ns-2 simulation to investigate the performance of the proposed routing protocol with AODV and DSDV.The simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better throughput and lower overhead than other protocols.

Optimal Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network Using Genetic Fuzzy Logic System

The wireless sensor network(WSN)is a growing sector in the network domain.By implementing it many industries developed smart task for different purposes.Sensor nodes interact with each other and this interaction technique are handled by different routing protocol.Extending the life of the network in WSN is a challenging issue because energy in sensor nodes are quickly drained.So the overall performance of WSN are degraded by this limitation.To resolve this unreliable low power link,many researches have provided various routing protocols to make the network as dependable and sustainable as possible.While speeding up the data delivery is also considered to be an effective approach to save energy.To achieve this objective,we propose a new energy efficient routing protocol using genetic fuzzy logic system.Our primary objective is to save energy by sending data packets via the shortest path.Numerous studies have proved that the clustering protocol plays an important role in prolonging the life of the sensor node in theWSN.Keeping up with this our second objective is selection of head node from a cluster.This cluster head is selected based on the availability of maximum residual energy among the nodes,lifetime of head-to-head link,and its minimum distance to the base station.The genetic fitness approach is proposed for optimal routing and the selection of cluster head(CH)is employed with fuzzy logic system.As a result,the genetic fuzzy logic system(GFLS)can effectively accelerate the process to solve this problem.MATLAB is used to deploy nodes inWSN.The performance is calculated in terms of efficiency,delay,packet delivery rate and network throughput.The performance is compared with previous pertinent work.The proposed approach has elevated its performance around 8%in packet delivery and 6%in overall network throughput.

Adaptive Multi-Cost Routing Protocol to Enhance Lifetime for Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN)technologies are emerging with extensive applications in several domains.Health is a fascinating domain of WBAN for smart monitoring of a patient’s condition.An important factor to consider in WBAN is a node’s lifetime.Improving the lifetime of nodes is critical to address many issues,such as utility and reliability.Existing routing protocols have addressed the energy conservation problem but considered only a few parameters,thus affecting their performance.Moreover,most of the existing schemes did not consider traffic prioritization which is critical in WBANs.In this paper,an adaptive multi-cost routing protocol is proposed with a multi-objective cost function considering minimum distance from sink,temperature of sensor nodes,priority of sensed data,and maximum residual energy on sensor nodes.The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the existing schemes for the parameters:network lifetime,stability period,throughput,energy consumption,and path loss.It is evident from the obtained results that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and stability period by 30%and 15%,respectively,as well as outperforms the existing protocols in terms of throughput,energy consumption,and path loss.

LOA-RPL:Novel Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for the Internet of Things Using Lion Optimization Algorithm to Maximize Network Lifetime

Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a clustering protocol,the selection of a cluster head(CH)plays a key role in prolonging the lifetime of a network.However,most cluster-based protocols,including routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks(RPLs),have used fuzzy logic and probabilistic approaches to select the CH node.Consequently,early battery depletion is produced near the sink.To overcome this issue,a lion optimization algorithm(LOA)for selecting CH in RPL is proposed in this study.LOA-RPL comprises three processes:cluster formation,CH selection,and route establishment.A cluster is formed using the Euclidean distance.CH selection is performed using LOA.Route establishment is implemented using residual energy information.An extensive simulation is conducted in the network simulator ns-3 on various parameters,such as network lifetime,power consumption,packet delivery ratio(PDR),and throughput.The performance of LOA-RPL is also compared with those of RPL,fuzzy rule-based energyefficient clustering and immune-inspired routing(FEEC-IIR),and the routing scheme for IoT that uses shuffled frog-leaping optimization algorithm(RISARPL).The performance evaluation metrics used in this study are network lifetime,power consumption,PDR,and throughput.The proposed LOARPL increases network lifetime by 20%and PDR by 5%–10%compared with RPL,FEEC-IIR,and RISA-RPL.LOA-RPL is also highly energy-efficient compared with other similar routing protocols.

Optimized Algorithm for Clustering Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

LEACH protocol randomly selects cluster head nodes in a cyclic manner. It may cause network to be unstable, if the low energy node is elected as the cluster head. If the size of cluster is too large or too small, it will affect the survival time of the network. To address this issue, an improved solution was proposed. Firstly, the scheme considered the average and standard deviation of the nodes’ residual energy and the distance between the node and the base station, then considered the distance between the node and the cluster head and the energy of the cluster head to optimize the cluster head selection and clustering. The performance analysis results showed this scheme could reduce premature deaths of the cluster heads and too high energy consumption of some clusters. Thus, the proposed algorithm could prompt the stability and prolong the lifetime of the network.

A Load Balance Clustering Routing Algorism Based on SOM

In order to solve the uneven node load in the tradition clustering routing protocols, a new clustering algorism based on SOM is proposed. Firstly, the network radio model and the energy consumption model are defined. A new algorism using SOM to form the cluster and select the cluster head is defined. In the clustering node remain energy and the Euclidean distance from cluster head to the cluster member are considered. The experiment shows our method has the longer life cycle and less total energy consumption. It is an effective clustering protocol.

An Improved Energy Balanced Dissimilar Clustered Routing Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, clustering of nodes effectively conserves considerable amount of energy resulting in increased network life-time. Clustering protocols do not consider density of nodes in cluster formation, which increases the possibility of hotspots in areas where the density of nodes is very less. If the node density is very high, cluster-heads may expend high energy leading to their early death. Existing cluster protocols that concentrate on energy conservation have not exhibited their impact on packet delivery and delay. In this proposed protocol, clusters are constructed based on the range of nodes, distance between neighbouring nodes and density of nodes over a region resulting in the formation of dissimilar clusters. With this method, the entire sensing region is considered to be a large circular region with base station positioned at the centre. Initially, the nodes that can be able to reach base station in a single hop are considered for constructing inner smaller circular regions over the entire region. This method is iterated for n-hop nodes until n-concentric circular regions are formed. These circular boundaries are reconstructed based on a distance metric, density of nodes and a divergence factor. Using this architecture, network analysis is done by routing data to the base station from different sized clusters. Based on simulation results, this new protocol Dynamic Unequal Clustered Routing (D-UCR), despite being energy efficient, showed better data delivery ratio and minimized delay when compared with other traditional clustering algorithms such as Leach and Equal Clustered Routing.

An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for In-Vehicle Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, an advanced distributed energy-efficient clustering (ADEEC) protocol was proposed with the aim of balancing energy consumption across the nodes to achieve longer network lifetime for In-Vehicle Wireless Sensor Networks (IVWSNs). The algorithm changes the cluster head selection probability based on residual energy and location distribution of nodes. Then node associate with the cluster head with least communication cost and high residual energy. Simulation results show that ADEEC achieves longer stability period, network lifetime,and throughput than the other classical clustering algorithms.