Coseismic gravity and displacement changes of Japan Tohoku earthquake(Mw 9.0)

The greatest earthquake in the modern history of Japan and probably the fourth greatest in the last 100 years in the world occurred on March 11, 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku.Large tsunami and ground motions caused severe damage in wide areas, particularly many towns along the Pacific coast. So far, gravity change caused by such a great earthquake has been reported for the 1964 Alaska and the 2010 Maule events. However, the spatial-temporal resolution of the gravity data for these cases is insufficient to depict a co-seismic gravity field variation in a spatial scale of a plate subduction zone. Here, we report an unequivocal co-seismic gravity change over the Japanese Island, obtained from a hybrid gravity observation（combined absolute and relative gravity measurements）. The time interval of the observation before and after the earthquake is within 1 year at almost all the observed sites, including 13 absolute and 16 relative measurement sites, which deduced tectonic and environmental contributions to the gravity change. The observed gravity agrees well with the result calculated by a dislocation theory based on a self-gravitating and layered spherical earth model. In this computation, a co-seismic slip distribution is determined by an inversion of Global Positioning System（GPS） data. Of particular interest is that the observed gravity change in some area is negative where a remarkable subsidence is observed by GPS, which can not be explained by simple vertical movement of the crust. This indicated that the mass redistribution in the underground affects the gravity change. This result supports the result that Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） satellites detected a crustal dilatation due to the 2004 Sumatra earthquake by the terrestrial observation with a higher spatial and temporal resolution.

Co-seismic slip distribution of the 2011 Tohoku(MW 9.0)earthquake inverted from GPS and space-borne gravimetric data

Data obtained by GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) have been used to invert for the seismic source parameters of megathrust earthquakes under the assumption of either uniform slip over an entire fault or a point-like seismic source.Herein, we further extend the inversion of GRACE long-wavelength gravity changes to heterogeneous slip distributions during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake using three fault models:(Ⅰ) a constant-strike and constant-dip fault,(Ⅱ) a variable dip fault, and(Ⅲ) a realistically varying strike fault. By removing the post-seismic signal from the time series, and taking the effect of ocean water redistribution into account, we invert for slip models I, II, and III using co-seismic gravity changes measured by GRACE, de-striped by DDK3 decorrelation filter. The total seismic moments of our slip models, with respective values of 4.9×10^(22) Nm, 5.1×10^(22) Nm, and 5.0×10^(22) Nm, are smaller than those obtained by other studies relying on GRACE data. The resulting centroids are also located at greater depths(20 km, 19.8 km,and 17.4 km, respectively). By combining onshore GPS, GPS-Acoustic, and GRACE data, we obtain a jointly inverted slip model with a seismic moment of 4.8×10^(22) Nm, which is larger than the seismic moment obtained using only the GPS displacements. We show that the slip inverted from low degree space-borne gravimetric data, which contains information at the ocean region, is affected by the strike of the arcuate trench. The space-borne gravimetric data help us constrain the source parameters of a megathrust earthquake within the frame of heterogeneous slip models.

Gravity anomaly before the Leshan M5.0 earthquake?

The North-South Seismic Belt was analyzed using gravity observation data from 2011 to 2015, and the nontidal analysis results show that there was a nonlinear gravity change at both the Chengdu and Guza seismostations one month before the Leshan M5.0 earthquake.

Investigation of the Co-seismic Gravity Field Variations Caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Using Monthly GRACE Data

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） observations have been used to de-tect the co-seismic and post-seismic gravity field variations due to the Mw=9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that occurred on December 26,2004.This article focuses on investigating some gravita-tional effects caused by this huge earthquake.We computed the geoid height changes,the equivalent water height（EWH） changes,and the gravity changes using the GRACE Level-2 monthly spherical harmonic（SH） solutions released by University of Texas Center for Space Research（UTCSR）.The GRACE results agree well with the prediction by a dislocation model and are consistent with the results obtained by some previous scholars.In particular,we calculated the three components of the gravity gradient variations and found that they can recover the seismic-related signature more sensitively due to a certain degree of amplification of the signals.A positive-negative-positive mode predominates in the spatial distribution of the horizontal components of the gravity gradient variations,which is possibly attributed to the anomalies in the crustal density distribution caused by the uplift-subduction effect of the dip-slip earthquake.Moreover,the latitude components of the gravity gradient changes show strong suppression of the north-south stripes,which is due to the along-orbit measurements of the two GRACE satellites.We conclude that the posi-tive-negative-positive mode in latitude gravity gradient changes would be a more sensitive fea-ture to detect the deformations of some major dip-slip earthquakes by GRACE data.

新疆及邻近地区重力场变化特征研究

首次利用1998—2010年共6期全国地壳运动网、数字地震网和陆态网络重力观测数据，通过整理计算平差，分别绘制了新疆及周边部分地区（西藏、甘肃、青海和宁夏）2～3年尺度重力场差分变化和累计变化图像，并结合动力构造环境和强震活动，剖析该地区重力变化特征及与强震孕育之间的响应关系。分析表明：新疆及周边地区重力场变化较明显，重力异常变化值较大，2～3年为尺度的重力变化值最大达到-140×10^-8ms-2；地震发生在重力变化转折、高梯度带附近和主要控制构造交汇部位；新疆及周边地区重力变化具有明显的分区特征，重力变化机制的差异与构造环境密切相关。

智利M_W8.8地震同震重力梯度变化

利用GFZ Release 05卫星重力GRACE观测数据,计算2010年2月27日智利MW8.8逆冲型地震的同震重力和重力梯度变化,分析其分布特征,可知:由GRACE探测到的同震重力变化在断层俯冲区域可达-9.5μGal,断层隆升区域可达+3.5μGal,结果与利用SNREI地球模型的位错理论计算的同震重力变化较一致,说明利用GFZ Release05 DDK5滤波数据,更能精确的反映同震重力场变化;GRACE检测的智利地震同震径向重力梯度变化Trr最大可达-600μE,位于发震断层东侧俯冲区域;通过对同震重力梯度分布特征分析,初步判断发生同震物质迁移的区域范围在断层俯冲区域为(67°—72°W,33°—38°S),在断层隆升区域为(73°—77°W,35°—39°S)。

设定场源参数的区域重力微变化特征与模型实验

流动重力测量作为地震前兆监测手段之一,所得到的区域重力场微变化信号反映地壳内部密度变化、地壳变形、流体运移等信息。采用定量化和模型化方法研究与地震孕育相关的重力场变化信号时空特征,对于构建地震预报定量化指标体系具有重要意义。通过设定场源参数构建了数值模型,正演得到了多组不同场源条件下的重力场变化模型;通过模型对比,分析了重力变化与重力梯度变化对不同类型场源参数的关系。研究结果表明:重力垂直梯度变化对异常体边界比较敏感,特对浅部异常更为敏感,适用于圈定异常体范围。以此为基础提出了观测系统的优化测量方案,以及对观测精度的需求。研究结果对于构建地震预报指标参数,优化流动重力观测系统具有一定参考意义。

三亚M_(S)4.2地震前后海南岛重力场变化及其小波多尺度分解

利用海南岛流动重力测网2016~2022年共13期复测资料,分析研究区域差分重力场和累积重力场动态变化,并着重分析2019-08-20海南三亚M_(S)4.2地震前后海南岛西南地区重力场时空变化。结果表明,三亚M_(S)4.2地震震中附近地区在震前2 a和3 a出现重力场累积变化梯度带,梯度带的异常范围约60 km,重力场变化最大约为60μGal;三亚M_(S)4.2地震之后,震中附近地区重力场继续上升,至2020年下半年才开始协同下降,在下降过程中,发生以2021-08-08乐东MS3.2地震为最大地震的震群事件。对2016-09~2019-08海南岛累积重力场动态变化小波多尺度分解表明,海南岛西南地区重力场变化在3阶、4阶和5阶小波细节图中均出现异常。

基于GRACE数据的尼泊尔M_S8.1地震北向重力梯度变化

利用德克萨斯大学空间研究中心发布的GRACE RL05月重力场模型数据,采用300 km扇形滤波,得到2015年尼泊尔M_S8.1地震北向重力梯度的时空分布,之后利用最小二乘拟合方法分析尼泊尔及其邻近区域北向重力梯度的长期变化趋势及研究区内6个特征点的北向重力梯度月变化时间序列,并结合黏弹性分层位错理论对GRACE检测尼泊尔M_S8.1地震北向重力梯度同震变化的可能性进行分析.研究结果表明:在尼泊尔M_S8.1地震发生前北向重力梯度表现出比较明显的正负异常变化,而该地震即发生在北向重力梯度正负变化的零值线附近;研究区北向重力梯度年变率在印度板块边界及其垂直方向所形成的四象限呈正负相间分布,6个特征点的北向重力梯度在2012年4月出现比较明显的跳变.由此推断,北向重力梯度的动态变化过程反映了震前区域物质迁移和震后壳幔物质黏滞性调整等问题.

一种用于重力梯度动态测量的载体环境引力梯度补偿方法

重力梯度仪动态测量时,重力梯度敏感器一直稳定在地理坐标系下,载体姿态变化使载体质量分布相对敏感器的位置发生变化,形成载体环境引力梯度变化。为提高重力梯度仪动态测量精度,提出一种基于Tikhonov正则化的载体环境引力梯度补偿方法。首先,推导了载体环境引力梯度的解析模型,建立了引力梯度变化的回归方程。然后,针对回归算子病态性问题,提出了Tikhonov正则化方法,通过半物理仿真确定最优正则化参数,使补偿量的误差控制在2%以内。最后,利用该参数处理船载试验实测数据,结果表明:所提出的方法对载体环境梯度变化补偿具有明显的效果,可将两路重力梯度测量信号内符合中误差分别降低19 E和21 E,补偿后重力梯度测量精度达到10 E的精度水平。

2021年云南漾濞M_(S)6.4地震前重力变化

文中对云南省区域范围内的2015—2021年的相对重力数据进行了平差计算,结合区域地质构造环境和区域范围内已发生的地震震例,系统分析了区域重力场变化和地壳水平运动的时空分布特征,获得了区域重力场变化与漾濞M_(S)6.4地震之间的关系。结果表明:1)2018—2021年震中位置的重力变化较弱,以震中为中心,附近区域在短期及1a期、2a期和4a期基本呈四象限特征且重力变化较为剧烈;2)震前短期及多年期重力变化显示,重力场高梯度带集中在漾濞—下关区域,且零值线交替出现在该区域;3)震前多年期重力变化显示,发震断裂带南涧-巍山断层的西侧重力呈负变化、东侧重力呈正变化,该地震为包含走滑分量的正断型地震,与全球台网数据的计算结果一致;4)对临震1a期重力变化异常指标进行了分析,发现重力转折变化异常的量级为75×10^(-8)m·s^(-2),重力变化异常时变距约为130km。漾濞地震的实际震级M_(S)6.4稍大于重力异常指标公式的计算结果M_(S)6.2,且震后漾濞地区相继发生了42次MS>3.0地震,可判断出漾濞地区地下活动能量已完全释放,M_(S)6.4地震为此处地震序列的主震,主震后短期内无更大地震发生。

重力卫星观测俯冲带特大地震同震重力场变化

利用去相关的DDK3滤波器对得克萨斯空间中心(CSR)发布的GRACE RL06月重力场模型数据进行处理,采用多项式拟合时间序列分析方法成功提取了2004年苏门答腊M_(W)9.3、2010年智利M_(W)8.8和2011年日本东北M_(W)9.0三个地震事件的同震重力变化、大地水准面变化、垂线偏差变化及重力梯度变化。结果表明,3个震例的同震重力变化范围分别为-15.5~6.5μGal、-9.1~2.1μGal和-11.1~4.2μGal;同震大地水准面变化范围为-5.9~0.8 mm、-3.0~0.8 mm和-3.2~0.5 mm;垂线偏差NS向变化范围为-1.2~2.2 mas、-0.9~1.0 mas和-1.1~1.4 mas,EW向变化范围为-1.8~1.0 mas、-0.8~0.8 mas和-0.7~1.0 mas;重力梯度各分量数值中,rr分量同震变化最大,其次是rθ分量。3次地震的同震信号空间分布均表现为:同震大地水准面和重力变化信号呈非对称两极分布;垂线偏差呈负-正-负或正-负-正三极分布;重力梯度变化信号呈较复杂的多极分布。观测结果与现有的球体位错理论计算结果较一致,可作为重力卫星数据约束震源机制和地球粘度结构的可靠信号来源。