Temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system for EOR in the Tahe Oilfield

A new temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system(referred to as the SS system)for enhancing oil recovery at the Tahe Oilfield(Xinjiang,China)was evaluated.Based on the analysis of the crude oil,the formation water and rock components in the Tahe Oilfield,the long-term thermal stability,salt tolerance and the ability to change the wettability,interfacial activity and oil washing efficiency of the mixed surfactant system were studied.The system contains the anionic surfactant SDB and another cationic surfactant SDY.When the total mass concentration of the SS solution is 0.15 wt%,m(SDB)/m(SDY)ratio is 1 to 1,and excellent efficiencies are achieved for oil washing for five kinds of Tahe Oilfield crude oils(more than 60%).In addition,after adding cationic surfactant,the adsorption capacity of the surfactant is further reduced,reaching 0.261 mg/g.The oil displacement experiments indicate that under a temperature of 150°C and a salinity of 24.6×104 mg/L,the SS system enhances the oil recovery by over 10%after water flooding.The SS anionic–cationic surfactant system is first presented in the open literature that can be successfully applied to obtain predictions of Tahe Oilfield carbonate reservoirs with a high temperature and high salinity.

Synthesis of temperature-resistant and salttolerant surfactant SDB-7 and its performance evaluation for Tahe Oilfield flooding (China)

In order to improve the enhanced oil recovery of high-temperature and high-salt oilfields, a novel temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant surfactant （denoted as SDB-7） was synthesized and evaluated for the Tahe Oilfield （Xinjiang, China）, which is representative of high-temperature and high-salt oilfields. It has a central reservoir temperature of 140 ℃ and salinity of 22.6× 10^4 mg/L. The temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant performance, interfacial activity, oil displacement efficiency, aging properties, and adsorption properties of the synthesized surfactant were evaluated for Tahe Oilfield flooding. The results showed that the SDB-7 was temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant capacity of 140 ℃ and 22.6×10^4 rag/ L, respectively, oil displacement efficiency under static condition of 84%, and adsorption loss of 0.4 mg/ g （less than 1 mg/g-oil sand）. In the heat aging experiment （under the temperature of 140 ℃ for 60 days）, the oil-water interracial tension and oil displacement efficiency of SDB-7 were almost unchanged. The oil displacement experiments showed that, under the temperature of 140 ℃ and the salinity of 22.6× 10^4 mg/L, the surfactant SDB-7 can enhance oil recovery by 14.5% after water flooding,suggesting that SDB-7 has a promising application in high temperature and high salinity （HT/HS） reservoir.

Liquid-liquid Extraction System Based on Non-ionic Surfactant-salt-H_2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

Extraction behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and procaine hydro- chloride (PCN) in the system described in the title was studied. Research shows that the extraction efficiency of CPZ can amount to 96% by twice extraction, while that of PCN is 77%. This system produces the distribution coefficients (KD) of 12.3 and 2.6 respectively for CPZ and PCN. Extraction mechanism is deduced according to ultraviolet and molecular fluorescence spectra variation of the drugs in the system studied.

Synergistic effect of salts on inducingobvious viscoelastic behavior of cationic trimeric surfactant solutions

A viscoelastic system formed by the solutions of di（2-hydroxyl-dimethylene ether）-α,ω, y-triple （ dimethyloctadecylammonium chlorine ） （ 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 ） is proposed to solve the problems of poor temperature and shear resistances of clean fracturing fluid. The apparent viscosity of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 solution affected by inorganic salt, hydrotropic salt and their mixtures is investigated using steady state measurements. Meanwhile, the temperature and shear resistances of systems of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 and several common single-chain surfactants are compared. The rheological experiments show that, the coexistence of NaSal and NaC1 makes it easier for the system to promote micellar growth yielding wormlike micelles than single NaSal or NaC1. The apparent vis- cosity of 18-4（OH） -18-4（OH） -18 solution maintains over 87. 5 mPa-s above 100 22. The results indi- cate that there exists a synergistic effect in solutions of 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 trimeric surfactant

Influence of Surfactant and Salt Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Three Different Microstructures of Associative Polyelectrolytes Obtained by Solution Polymerization

The rheological properties of three different microstructures of hydrophobically modified alkalisoluble polymers (telechelic, multisticker and combined) in the presence of various concentrations of anionic surfactant and salt (NaCl) were investigated. Associative polymers containing both ionic sites and small number of hydrophobic groups were obtained, and their thickening properties in aqueous solutions, were investigated. Solution polymerization was used for obtaining the different polymers. Relationships between hydrophobe, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and NaCl concentration are proposed. Owing to the competition between attractive hydrophobic interaction and repulsive electrostatic interactions, such hydrophobically modified polymers exhibit various rheological behaviors in aqueous solutions, depending on microstructure of polyelectrolyte, SDS and NaCl concentrations.

Interactions of Cationic Surfactant Cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide with Ammonium nitrate:Surface and Thermodynamic Studies

The study of interactions between surfactant and salt in aqueous solutions has attracted significant interest in recent years because of their widespread applications and relatively complex behavior.This work reports the systematic study of surface phenomenon and self-aggregation behavior of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)with ammonium nitrate(NH_(4)NO_(3))salt.Surface and thermodynamic properties of cationic surfactant CTAB with NH_(4)NO_(3)were investigated at different temperatures using different techniques such as conductometry and surface tensiometery.The surface tension measurement was carried out to find out the critical micelle concentration,free energy of adsorption,free energy of micellization,minimum area per molecule,and surface excess concentration.The study reveals that the process of micellization is spontaneous and exothermic in nature.Conductance measurement was carried out to determine critical micelle concentration,degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding.Addition of NH_(4)NO_(3)to the surfactant solutions increase the values of degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding,although it lowers the values of critical micelle concentration showing that the process of micellization is more favorable and spontaneous.The study is very helpful to develop better understanding about interaction between electrolyte and surfactant,which are used in many applications and in different processes(e.g.,pharmaceutical,industrial foaming,drug solubilization,oil recovery,and medium for metal nanoparticle formation).

STUDY ON NEUTRAL DEINKING OF ONP WITH NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS

The ONP neutral deinking performances of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether with different EO value were investigated in this paper. Meanwhile, the synergistic effects of different non-ionic surfactants, the co-operation of non-ionic surfactants with anionic surfactants,and the effects of different salts added into the above two systems on deinkability were also studied. The results showed the deinking performance of A7 was good. But the synergistic effect of A7 and A4 was better. In addition, the accession of salt W2 could improve the deinking efficiency, and the brightness of the deinked pulp was 1.0%ISO higher than that of A7 and A4.

硬脂酸酯双子季铵盐的合成及性能研究

以硬脂酸、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料,制备了一种硬脂酸酯双子季铵盐表面活性剂(EG-18),并通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对其分子结构进行表征。对EG-18的静态表面张力和动态表面张力进行测定,发现EG-18的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为1.32×10^(-3)mol/L,平衡表面张力(γ_(cmc))为35.68 mN/m,具有较好的表面活性。通过动态接触角的测试数据,发现EG-18溶液随浓度增大,对石蜡膜的润湿性逐渐增强。对比了D1821、EG-18和酯基季铵盐3种物质在浊度、润湿性能、抗静电性能、柔软性能和织物白度方面的差异。浊度的对比发现,EG-18的溶解度高于D1821和酯基季铵盐;润湿性能方面:EG-18可将石蜡膜润湿,但润湿性能弱于D1821和酯基季铵盐;EG-18的抗静电性能优于D1821;3种物质的柔软性能相当,并且EG-18对棉白布的白度影响最小。

新型磺酸盐双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

本文以三亚乙基四胺和长链溴代烷烃(含碳数分别为12、14和16)为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂合成中间体,再将其与3-氯-2-羟基丙烷磺酸钠反应,合成系列不同疏水链长的新型磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂C_(n)-N_(4)-C_(n)(n=12,14,16)。采用红外光谱与核磁共振氢谱对中间体和目标产物结构进行分析,判定本文所合成的最终产物符合预期。通过表面张力的测定,发现C_(12)-N_(4)-C_(12)具有较强的降低表面张力的能力,可以将其降至21.45 mN/m;此外,它的抗盐性能也是最强的,当w(C_(n)-N_(4)-C_(n))=0.1%~0.5%可以抵抗48000 mg/L的矿化度,而且溶液始终呈澄清状态。随着疏水碳链数量的增加,抗盐性能下降,即C_(16)-N_(4)-C_(16)<C_(14)-N_(4)-C_(14)<C_(12)-N_(4)-C_(12);C_(14)-N_(4)-C_(14)的乳化力最佳,达77.5%,即3种表面活性剂的乳化性能强弱顺序:C_(14)-N_(4)-C_(14)>C_(16)-N_(4)-C_(16)>C_(12)-N_(4)-C_(12)。

污水中阴离子表面活性剂的影响及去除

文章系统研究了应用较为广泛的阴离子表面活性剂——十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对生物池中污染物(氨氮、总磷、硝态氮)的去除影响以及不同混凝剂[聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝(AS)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl_(3))]对SDBS去除效能和最佳投加位点的选择。试验结果表明,氨氮和总磷的去除率随着SDBS浓度的增加会明显降低,SDBS对以上两种污染物的去除有显著的抑制作用,而SDBS对硝态氮的去除基本无影响。通过进一步试验得出,FeCl_(3)作为混凝剂可以更有效去除SDBS,当FeCl_(3)与SDBS在最佳质量配比(3∶1)时,SDBS的去除率可达到78.3%。在提升泵站、初沉池出口、外回流液中投加FeCl_(3)对SDBS皆有明显的去除效果,但在初沉池出水中投加时SDBS的去除效果最佳。

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate （alum） sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal efficiency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids （TSS）, total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD）, total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal efficiencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal efficiencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal efficiency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.

钨冶炼废水深度除氟工艺研究

以某钨冶炼企业产生的含氟废水为研究对象,针对现有工艺除氟后废水中F-质量浓度无法达标问题,对比研究了氯化钙沉淀法、氯化钙-铝盐混凝沉淀法、离子交换树脂除氟法3种工艺的除氟效果。结果表明:单独采用氯化钙沉淀法除氟难以保证废水达标排放;氯化钙-铝盐混凝沉淀法除氟和离子交换树脂除氟均可使废水中F-质量浓度从58.45 mg/L降至10 mg/L以下,实现达标排放;相较而言,离子交换树脂除氟效果最好,除氟率可达99.64%,有望作为深度除氟工艺,与化学沉淀法联用。

耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系研究及应用

针对高温高盐油藏采用常规聚合物和表面活性剂驱油效果较差的问题,将耐温抗盐型聚合物SPAM-1和阴-非离子复合型表面活性剂YANC-E进行复配,研制了一种适合高温高盐油藏的耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系,并通过室内实验评价了驱油体系的综合性能。结果表明:该二元复合驱油体系的耐温性能较强,在115℃下老化后,体系的黏度保留率仍能达到90%以上,界面张力仍能达到10^(-3)mN/m数量级;体系具有良好的抗盐性能,当矿化度大于100000 mg/L时,体系仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力;体系具有良好的长时间老化稳定性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下老化60 d后的黏度保留率在85%以上,界面张力始终维持在10^(-3)mN/m范围内;驱油体系与原油形成的乳状液稳定性较强,放置120 min后乳状液的分水率小于20%,具有较强的乳化性能;驱油体系在地层条件下吸附6次后仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力,具有良好的抗吸附性能。另外,岩心水驱结束后注入0.5 PV二元复合驱油体系,能使采收率继续提高25%以上,驱油效果较好。A区块内5口采油井在实施耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油措施后,日产油量显著提高,含水率明显降低,取得了良好的现场应用效果。

腰果酚阳离子表面活性剂的合成及其表面性能

以腰果酚缩水甘油醚(CGE)为原料,通过两条季铵化路线合成得到了四个腰果酚基季铵盐表面活性剂,采用单因素实验法对两条路线进行工艺优化,通过核磁、IR与ESI-Mass鉴定了化合物结构;测定了表面活性剂溶液的表面张力γ、乳化性能、泡沫性能等表面性能。结果表明:合成的四种季铵盐阳离子化合物具有良好的表面活性,与市售表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)相比,其具有更低的CMC值、更好的乳化性能、增溶性能和较低的起泡高度。

两性表面活性剂封堵性能研究

针对耐温耐盐两性表面活性剂的起泡性能和稳泡性能进行研究。通过起泡实验,筛选出了耐温耐盐的起泡剂(TTB、XXB、DSB)和稳泡剂(AEO);然后,对3种起泡剂和稳泡剂的复配体系进行研究,得到了起泡体积较大、稳定性较好的配方;最后,通过泡沫稳定性实验研究了温度以及Na Cl、Ca Cl_(2)在不同矿化度下对泡沫性能的影响。在各实验温度下(20℃、60℃、80℃、90℃),TTB、XXB与AEO系列非离子表面活性剂复配后,起泡体积均有一定程度的下降,随着EO系列表面活性剂浓度的增加,其泡沫稳定性则明显增加。此外,随着EO数的增加,其起泡体积增加,稳定性下降。随着温度的增加泡沫体积增加,稳定性逐渐降低。随Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)浓度的增大,泡沫体积逐渐减小,稳定性增加,但是Ca^(2+)比Na^(+)的效果更加明显。

混凝预处理农村灰水中LAS的试验研究

试验以农村灰水为研究对象,采用混凝预处理的方式降解农村灰水中的阴离子表面活性剂(LAS),选择无机混凝剂降解LAS,从聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铁(PFS)两者中筛选出PAC作为试验混凝剂。采用单因素影响试验,讨论混凝剂PAC投加量、助凝剂PAM投加量、灰水pH和静沉时间对灰水中LAS去除率的影响。当PAC投加量为40~55 mg/L、PAM投加量为2.5 mg/L、灰水pH为7~8、静沉时间为15 min时,出水LAS浓度最低可达4.86 mg/L,满足回用要求。

水处理混凝除钼研究进展与展望

随着工业的高速发展,钢铁、石油化工、电子等行业对金属钼的需求量日益增大,钼矿的大规模开采带来了严重的水污染问题。钼污染水体对人类健康和生态系统稳定造成了很大的威胁。在被钼污染的地下水、地表水和含钼废水处理中,经济且高效的混凝处理技术应用最为广泛。在分析钼的水污染现状和治理技术的基础上,全面综述了水处理混凝除钼技术中混凝剂、影响混凝除钼的主要因素、混凝除钼工艺及除钼机制的研究进展。铁盐是除钼应用最为广泛的混凝剂,在优化pH为4.0~5.0时,能够在复杂水基质条件下稳定去除钼污染物。水中碱度、硬度及磷酸盐、有机污染物对除钼的影响应该受到更多关注。多级混凝工艺在实际含钼水处理中效果显著。静电吸附、表面络合与网捕卷扫是混凝除钼的主要机制。此外,进一步对混凝除钼技术的科学研究和工程应用进行了总结和展望,可为钼的水污染控制提供有益参考。

催化裂化装置烟气消白及盐雨净化技术应用总结

针对催化裂化(FCC)烟气钠碱洗涤湿法脱硫除尘装置存在的白烟及盐雨等问题,开发了湿烟气消白及盐雨净化技术,并将其应用于某企业2号FCC烟气处理装置。通过对原塔的水珠分离器段进行改造,拆除水珠分离器,更换为水洗涤喷淋段、高效递增除雾段和烟气再热模块,以达到烟气深度除尘、除雾及消白的目的。该技术不增加装置占地面积,对原烟气脱硫塔吸收和喷淋影响小,加热蒸汽冷凝得到的凝结水返回余热锅炉,实现了加热蒸汽100%回收,能耗增加量降至最低;与改造前相比,每年可溶性盐减排量约60.01 t,逃逸氨减排量约0.38 t,NO_(x)减排量约6.79 t,催化剂粉尘减排量约18.48 t,SO_(2)减排量约11.2 t,SO_(3)减排量约20.98 t。

无机混凝剂的研究及应用进展

介绍了无机混凝剂的发展历程,其中主要包括铁盐混凝剂、铝盐混凝剂、钛盐混凝剂,重点论述了一种新型混凝剂(锆盐混凝剂)的作用机理以及研究进展,并在此基础上对锆盐混凝剂在未来研究及应用的方向做出了总结与展望。

Ca^(2+)介导的月桂酰甲基牛磺酸钠相行为研究

为探究高价无机盐对阴离子表面活性剂月桂酰甲基牛磺酸钠(SMLT)溶液的表面活性和相行为的影响,考察了Ca^(2+)浓度对SMLT溶液的表面张力和不同SMLT/Ca^(2+)摩尔比对SMLT/水二元体系的相行为影响。结果表明,加入适量的Ca^(2+)对其表面活性影响显著,当Ca^(2+)浓度从0增加至0.1 mol/L时,cmc从8.0×10^(-3)mol/L降至8.0×10^(-4)mol/L,γ_(cmc)从36.00 mN/m降至31.45 mN/m。同时,在SMLT溶液中加入Ca^(2+),SMLT/水体系的二元相图出现胶束溶液相区、蠕虫胶束相区、六角束液晶相区、层状液晶相区和胶束-晶体相区,原有的双水相区消失,胶束-晶体区变大。在考察Ca^(2+)浓度对SMLT溶液黏度的影响时,发现当SMLT/Ca^(2+)的摩尔比为1时,SMLT溶液增黏效果明显,摩尔比为0.6时溶液析出固体。选择质量分数为20%的SMLT溶液进行流变性能测定,根据样品流变曲线,发现其具有剪切变稀的现象,冷冻透射电镜显示有蠕虫胶束的形成。