Temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system for EOR in the Tahe Oilfield

A new temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant mixed surfactant system(referred to as the SS system)for enhancing oil recovery at the Tahe Oilfield(Xinjiang,China)was evaluated.Based on the analysis of the crude oil,the formation water and rock components in the Tahe Oilfield,the long-term thermal stability,salt tolerance and the ability to change the wettability,interfacial activity and oil washing efficiency of the mixed surfactant system were studied.The system contains the anionic surfactant SDB and another cationic surfactant SDY.When the total mass concentration of the SS solution is 0.15 wt%,m(SDB)/m(SDY)ratio is 1 to 1,and excellent efficiencies are achieved for oil washing for five kinds of Tahe Oilfield crude oils(more than 60%).In addition,after adding cationic surfactant,the adsorption capacity of the surfactant is further reduced,reaching 0.261 mg/g.The oil displacement experiments indicate that under a temperature of 150°C and a salinity of 24.6×104 mg/L,the SS system enhances the oil recovery by over 10%after water flooding.The SS anionic–cationic surfactant system is first presented in the open literature that can be successfully applied to obtain predictions of Tahe Oilfield carbonate reservoirs with a high temperature and high salinity.

Synthesis of temperature-resistant and salttolerant surfactant SDB-7 and its performance evaluation for Tahe Oilfield flooding (China)

In order to improve the enhanced oil recovery of high-temperature and high-salt oilfields, a novel temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant surfactant （denoted as SDB-7） was synthesized and evaluated for the Tahe Oilfield （Xinjiang, China）, which is representative of high-temperature and high-salt oilfields. It has a central reservoir temperature of 140 ℃ and salinity of 22.6× 10^4 mg/L. The temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant performance, interfacial activity, oil displacement efficiency, aging properties, and adsorption properties of the synthesized surfactant were evaluated for Tahe Oilfield flooding. The results showed that the SDB-7 was temperature-resistant and salt-tolerant capacity of 140 ℃ and 22.6×10^4 rag/ L, respectively, oil displacement efficiency under static condition of 84%, and adsorption loss of 0.4 mg/ g （less than 1 mg/g-oil sand）. In the heat aging experiment （under the temperature of 140 ℃ for 60 days）, the oil-water interracial tension and oil displacement efficiency of SDB-7 were almost unchanged. The oil displacement experiments showed that, under the temperature of 140 ℃ and the salinity of 22.6× 10^4 mg/L, the surfactant SDB-7 can enhance oil recovery by 14.5% after water flooding,suggesting that SDB-7 has a promising application in high temperature and high salinity （HT/HS） reservoir.

Liquid-liquid Extraction System Based on Non-ionic Surfactant-salt-H_2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

Extraction behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and procaine hydro- chloride (PCN) in the system described in the title was studied. Research shows that the extraction efficiency of CPZ can amount to 96% by twice extraction, while that of PCN is 77%. This system produces the distribution coefficients (KD) of 12.3 and 2.6 respectively for CPZ and PCN. Extraction mechanism is deduced according to ultraviolet and molecular fluorescence spectra variation of the drugs in the system studied.

Synergistic effect of salts on inducingobvious viscoelastic behavior of cationic trimeric surfactant solutions

A viscoelastic system formed by the solutions of di（2-hydroxyl-dimethylene ether）-α,ω, y-triple （ dimethyloctadecylammonium chlorine ） （ 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 ） is proposed to solve the problems of poor temperature and shear resistances of clean fracturing fluid. The apparent viscosity of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 solution affected by inorganic salt, hydrotropic salt and their mixtures is investigated using steady state measurements. Meanwhile, the temperature and shear resistances of systems of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 and several common single-chain surfactants are compared. The rheological experiments show that, the coexistence of NaSal and NaC1 makes it easier for the system to promote micellar growth yielding wormlike micelles than single NaSal or NaC1. The apparent vis- cosity of 18-4（OH） -18-4（OH） -18 solution maintains over 87. 5 mPa-s above 100 22. The results indi- cate that there exists a synergistic effect in solutions of 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 trimeric surfactant

Influence of Surfactant and Salt Concentration on the Rheological Properties of Three Different Microstructures of Associative Polyelectrolytes Obtained by Solution Polymerization

The rheological properties of three different microstructures of hydrophobically modified alkalisoluble polymers (telechelic, multisticker and combined) in the presence of various concentrations of anionic surfactant and salt (NaCl) were investigated. Associative polymers containing both ionic sites and small number of hydrophobic groups were obtained, and their thickening properties in aqueous solutions, were investigated. Solution polymerization was used for obtaining the different polymers. Relationships between hydrophobe, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and NaCl concentration are proposed. Owing to the competition between attractive hydrophobic interaction and repulsive electrostatic interactions, such hydrophobically modified polymers exhibit various rheological behaviors in aqueous solutions, depending on microstructure of polyelectrolyte, SDS and NaCl concentrations.

Interactions of Cationic Surfactant Cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide with Ammonium nitrate:Surface and Thermodynamic Studies

The study of interactions between surfactant and salt in aqueous solutions has attracted significant interest in recent years because of their widespread applications and relatively complex behavior.This work reports the systematic study of surface phenomenon and self-aggregation behavior of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)with ammonium nitrate(NH_(4)NO_(3))salt.Surface and thermodynamic properties of cationic surfactant CTAB with NH_(4)NO_(3)were investigated at different temperatures using different techniques such as conductometry and surface tensiometery.The surface tension measurement was carried out to find out the critical micelle concentration,free energy of adsorption,free energy of micellization,minimum area per molecule,and surface excess concentration.The study reveals that the process of micellization is spontaneous and exothermic in nature.Conductance measurement was carried out to determine critical micelle concentration,degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding.Addition of NH_(4)NO_(3)to the surfactant solutions increase the values of degree of ionization and degree of counter ion binding,although it lowers the values of critical micelle concentration showing that the process of micellization is more favorable and spontaneous.The study is very helpful to develop better understanding about interaction between electrolyte and surfactant,which are used in many applications and in different processes(e.g.,pharmaceutical,industrial foaming,drug solubilization,oil recovery,and medium for metal nanoparticle formation).

STUDY ON NEUTRAL DEINKING OF ONP WITH NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS

The ONP neutral deinking performances of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether with different EO value were investigated in this paper. Meanwhile, the synergistic effects of different non-ionic surfactants, the co-operation of non-ionic surfactants with anionic surfactants,and the effects of different salts added into the above two systems on deinkability were also studied. The results showed the deinking performance of A7 was good. But the synergistic effect of A7 and A4 was better. In addition, the accession of salt W2 could improve the deinking efficiency, and the brightness of the deinked pulp was 1.0%ISO higher than that of A7 and A4.

硬脂酸酯双子季铵盐的合成及性能研究

以硬脂酸、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料,制备了一种硬脂酸酯双子季铵盐表面活性剂(EG-18),并通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对其分子结构进行表征。对EG-18的静态表面张力和动态表面张力进行测定,发现EG-18的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为1.32×10^(-3)mol/L,平衡表面张力(γ_(cmc))为35.68 mN/m,具有较好的表面活性。通过动态接触角的测试数据,发现EG-18溶液随浓度增大,对石蜡膜的润湿性逐渐增强。对比了D1821、EG-18和酯基季铵盐3种物质在浊度、润湿性能、抗静电性能、柔软性能和织物白度方面的差异。浊度的对比发现,EG-18的溶解度高于D1821和酯基季铵盐;润湿性能方面:EG-18可将石蜡膜润湿,但润湿性能弱于D1821和酯基季铵盐;EG-18的抗静电性能优于D1821;3种物质的柔软性能相当,并且EG-18对棉白布的白度影响最小。

两性表面活性剂封堵性能研究

针对耐温耐盐两性表面活性剂的起泡性能和稳泡性能进行研究。通过起泡实验,筛选出了耐温耐盐的起泡剂(TTB、XXB、DSB)和稳泡剂(AEO);然后,对3种起泡剂和稳泡剂的复配体系进行研究,得到了起泡体积较大、稳定性较好的配方;最后,通过泡沫稳定性实验研究了温度以及Na Cl、Ca Cl_(2)在不同矿化度下对泡沫性能的影响。在各实验温度下(20℃、60℃、80℃、90℃),TTB、XXB与AEO系列非离子表面活性剂复配后,起泡体积均有一定程度的下降,随着EO系列表面活性剂浓度的增加,其泡沫稳定性则明显增加。此外,随着EO数的增加,其起泡体积增加,稳定性下降。随着温度的增加泡沫体积增加,稳定性逐渐降低。随Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)浓度的增大,泡沫体积逐渐减小,稳定性增加,但是Ca^(2+)比Na^(+)的效果更加明显。

污水中阴离子表面活性剂的影响及去除

文章系统研究了应用较为广泛的阴离子表面活性剂——十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对生物池中污染物(氨氮、总磷、硝态氮)的去除影响以及不同混凝剂[聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝(AS)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl_(3))]对SDBS去除效能和最佳投加位点的选择。试验结果表明,氨氮和总磷的去除率随着SDBS浓度的增加会明显降低,SDBS对以上两种污染物的去除有显著的抑制作用,而SDBS对硝态氮的去除基本无影响。通过进一步试验得出,FeCl_(3)作为混凝剂可以更有效去除SDBS,当FeCl_(3)与SDBS在最佳质量配比(3∶1)时,SDBS的去除率可达到78.3%。在提升泵站、初沉池出口、外回流液中投加FeCl_(3)对SDBS皆有明显的去除效果,但在初沉池出水中投加时SDBS的去除效果最佳。

Ca^(2+)介导的月桂酰甲基牛磺酸钠相行为研究

为探究高价无机盐对阴离子表面活性剂月桂酰甲基牛磺酸钠(SMLT)溶液的表面活性和相行为的影响,考察了Ca^(2+)浓度对SMLT溶液的表面张力和不同SMLT/Ca^(2+)摩尔比对SMLT/水二元体系的相行为影响。结果表明,加入适量的Ca^(2+)对其表面活性影响显著,当Ca^(2+)浓度从0增加至0.1 mol/L时,cmc从8.0×10^(-3)mol/L降至8.0×10^(-4)mol/L,γ_(cmc)从36.00 mN/m降至31.45 mN/m。同时,在SMLT溶液中加入Ca^(2+),SMLT/水体系的二元相图出现胶束溶液相区、蠕虫胶束相区、六角束液晶相区、层状液晶相区和胶束-晶体相区,原有的双水相区消失,胶束-晶体区变大。在考察Ca^(2+)浓度对SMLT溶液黏度的影响时,发现当SMLT/Ca^(2+)的摩尔比为1时,SMLT溶液增黏效果明显,摩尔比为0.6时溶液析出固体。选择质量分数为20%的SMLT溶液进行流变性能测定,根据样品流变曲线,发现其具有剪切变稀的现象,冷冻透射电镜显示有蠕虫胶束的形成。

一种乳化型按摩盐的配方研发及工艺探索

文章介绍了一种乳化型按摩盐的配方研发和关键工艺的探索,重点对乳化剂、油脂、表面活性剂进行实验选择,以合理交叉复配的方式,优选出最佳实验方案。所介绍的乳化型按摩盐通过人群测试,产品按摩时手感好、易于冲洗、舒适度佳,综合评价结果良好,具有广阔的市场前景。

钨冶炼废水深度除氟工艺研究

以某钨冶炼企业产生的含氟废水为研究对象,针对现有工艺除氟后废水中F-质量浓度无法达标问题,对比研究了氯化钙沉淀法、氯化钙-铝盐混凝沉淀法、离子交换树脂除氟法3种工艺的除氟效果。结果表明:单独采用氯化钙沉淀法除氟难以保证废水达标排放;氯化钙-铝盐混凝沉淀法除氟和离子交换树脂除氟均可使废水中F-质量浓度从58.45 mg/L降至10 mg/L以下,实现达标排放;相较而言,离子交换树脂除氟效果最好,除氟率可达99.64%,有望作为深度除氟工艺,与化学沉淀法联用。

无机金属混凝剂的应用与发展

首先介绍了传统铝盐混凝剂和传统铁盐混凝剂的作用机理及优缺点,对二者的优缺点进行对比;基于二者存在的问题介绍了无机高分子铝盐和铁盐混凝剂的应用及其优缺点;最后介绍了一些以聚合铝铁加入其他酸根混凝剂的优势和应用,还介绍了如钛盐等新型的金属混凝剂,并对混凝剂的发展前景进行展望。

AEO-3磷酸酯的可控制备及其钾盐在抗静电剂领域的应用

化学纤维由于本身吸湿性差,在纺丝过程中容易产生静电,需要添加纺丝油剂,抗静电剂作为纺丝油剂的重要组成成分,对于纺丝工艺和后道加工具有重要意义。以AEO-3为原料、P_(2)O_(5)为磷酸化试剂,经过酯化、水解和中和等步骤制备了AEO-3磷酸酯钾盐型抗静电剂,主要探究了对合成工艺影响最大的投料比、酯化时间和水解时间对产物中单酯、双酯、游离磷酸、电导率和表面张力等的影响规律,实验结果表明:当AEO-3和P_(2)O_(5)的投料比为3:1、酯化时间为4 h,水解时间为4 h时,所制备的AEO-3磷酸酯钾盐型抗静电剂的效果最好,此时单酯含量高达62.4%,双酯含量为31.5%,1%含固量水溶液的电导率高达1702 us/cm,表面张力为30.6 mN/m,具有良好的抗静电效果。另外,该抗静电剂与化纤油剂主要成分矿物油(10#和15#白油)、月桂醇油酸脂等的相溶性好,具有实际应用价值。

耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系研究及应用

针对高温高盐油藏采用常规聚合物和表面活性剂驱油效果较差的问题,将耐温抗盐型聚合物SPAM-1和阴-非离子复合型表面活性剂YANC-E进行复配,研制了一种适合高温高盐油藏的耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系,并通过室内实验评价了驱油体系的综合性能。结果表明:该二元复合驱油体系的耐温性能较强,在115℃下老化后,体系的黏度保留率仍能达到90%以上,界面张力仍能达到10^(-3)mN/m数量级;体系具有良好的抗盐性能,当矿化度大于100000 mg/L时,体系仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力;体系具有良好的长时间老化稳定性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下老化60 d后的黏度保留率在85%以上,界面张力始终维持在10^(-3)mN/m范围内;驱油体系与原油形成的乳状液稳定性较强,放置120 min后乳状液的分水率小于20%,具有较强的乳化性能;驱油体系在地层条件下吸附6次后仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力,具有良好的抗吸附性能。另外,岩心水驱结束后注入0.5 PV二元复合驱油体系,能使采收率继续提高25%以上,驱油效果较好。A区块内5口采油井在实施耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油措施后,日产油量显著提高,含水率明显降低,取得了良好的现场应用效果。

催化裂化装置烟气消白及盐雨净化技术应用总结

针对催化裂化(FCC)烟气钠碱洗涤湿法脱硫除尘装置存在的白烟及盐雨等问题,开发了湿烟气消白及盐雨净化技术,并将其应用于某企业2号FCC烟气处理装置。通过对原塔的水珠分离器段进行改造,拆除水珠分离器,更换为水洗涤喷淋段、高效递增除雾段和烟气再热模块,以达到烟气深度除尘、除雾及消白的目的。该技术不增加装置占地面积,对原烟气脱硫塔吸收和喷淋影响小,加热蒸汽冷凝得到的凝结水返回余热锅炉,实现了加热蒸汽100%回收,能耗增加量降至最低;与改造前相比,每年可溶性盐减排量约60.01 t,逃逸氨减排量约0.38 t,NO_(x)减排量约6.79 t,催化剂粉尘减排量约18.48 t,SO_(2)减排量约11.2 t,SO_(3)减排量约20.98 t。

适合高温高盐碳酸盐岩油藏的表面活性剂驱油剂制备及应用

针对常规表面活性剂驱油剂无法在高温高盐碳酸盐岩油藏中发挥高效驱油作用的问题,室内以长链烷基叔胺(碳链长度为10)、环氧氯丙烷以及氯磺酸等为主要合成原料,研制出了一种适合高温高盐碳酸盐油藏的新型两性离子型Gemini表面活性剂驱油剂(GFSS-3),采用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对其结构进行了表征,并对其综合性能进行了评价。结果表明:GFSS-3具有良好的界面活性、耐温抗盐性能、润湿反转性能和抗吸附性能;当其质量浓度为0.2%时,在温度为120℃,矿化度为25.35×10^(4)mg/L下老化30 d后,油水界面张力值仍能达到8.9×10^(-3)mN/m;可将碳酸盐岩石表面润湿性由亲油性转变为亲水性;在岩心粉末中吸附5次后,油水界面张力值仍能达到9.2×10^(-3)mN/m;GFSS-3还具有良好的驱油效果,能使水驱后的采收率继续提高15%以上。现场应用结果表明,目标区块2口井采取注GFSS-3驱油措施后,日产油量均提升一倍以上,含水率显著降低。说明新型两性离子型Gemini表面活性剂驱油剂GFSS-3能够满足高温高盐碳酸盐岩油藏提高采收率的需求。

环保型糖基-阴离子表面活性剂的合成及性能评价

以葡萄糖、3-氨基丙烷磺酸和溴代十二烷等为原料,合成了环保型糖基-阴离子表面活性剂。采用IR光谱对产物的结构进行了鉴定。研究了温度、反应时间和氢氧化钠的浓度对目标产物产率的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:反应温度65℃,反应时间为3 h,氢氧化钠的浓度为10%。目标产物易溶于水,微溶于乙醇,在丙酮、无水乙醇等有机溶剂中溶解性差;临界胶束浓度为2.51 mmol/L,HLB值为11.14,克拉夫特点较低,为4.3℃,具有较好的耐盐性。

聚合物-表面活性剂二元抗盐体系注入性能评价

针对M油田目的层油藏物性差、非均质强、矿化度高等问题,研究了新型双烷基甘油醚衍生表面活性剂(diGE-EO)的耐温抗盐性能,并利用霍尔曲线对比研究了聚合物和聚合物-表面活性剂二元抗盐体系的注入性能,分析了聚合物-表面活性剂二元抗盐体系提高M油田目的层原油采收率的可行性。研究结果表明:双烷基甘油醚衍生表面活性剂(diGE-EO)在质量浓度高于3500 mg/L时依然保持较好的抗盐性能,在85℃条件下放置超过45 d,仍能使油水界面张力降至5.73×10^(-3)mN/m,处于超低界面张力范围,可满足高矿化度油藏开发的要求。同时分析了聚合物-表面活性剂二元抗盐体系的注入性能。结果表明,当聚合物溶液质量浓度达到1500 mg/L、岩心渗透率低于200 mD时,单独注入聚合物难度增大;存在表面活性剂情况下,注入性能得到明显改善。该结果为M油田二元复合驱项目方案设计及现场实施提供了室内实验基础。