Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.

Cash gifts,perception of social sphere and distribution of water resources for rural farmers in a typical oasis area in Northwest China

Face-to-face interviews(n=860) were conducted to determine cash-gift behavior, cognition and complexity of social relations, and family water consumption for agricultural production in a typical oasis area in Northwest China. The survey results revealed cash gifts to be the second-largest expenditure(1,330 Yuan) for rural households, far beyond the average spending on health(854.1 Yuan) or education(890.8 Yuan). The amount of cash-gift expenditures indirectly reflects a family's social relations level, and our developed Social Relations Extent Coefficient—based on cash-gift and food expenditures—can directly reflect the extent or level of these relationships. Different types of farmers or farming families have different coefficients. The coefficient also shows how social station affects a family's water resource utilization, and how water is distributed among different types of farmers. Despite the current inequities, however, promotion of better agricultural techniques and large-scale cultivation in this area could help distribute water resources more equitably and effectively.

Simulation analysis of ammonia distribution in methanol production from coal water slurry gasification

Aspen plus software was employed to simulate process. The system concludes gasification scrubbing system the opposed multi-burner gasifier （OMB） methanol production and purification shift system. The distributions of ammonia con- centration in streams were obtained. The study demonstrates that ammonium crystallization problem caused by ammonia ac- cumulation, and if the process has ammonia exports its concentration will greatly reduced and the ammonia salt problem will effectively alleviate. Aspen plus simulation is a useful tool strengthening the ammonia recycling use and reducing pollutant for improving water quality, maintaining stable production, emissions.

Conjunctive Utilization of Water Resources at the Yulin Coal-Mine Base in China

Shortages in water resources and the fragile ecosystem by coal-mine water affect the Yulin coal-mine base in northwest China, so taking coal-mine water into account is an important issue for the sustainable management of water resources. This paper aims to explore how the Yulin coal-mine base can improve its conjunctive utilization of water resources. Integrated utilization is proposed by establishing a multi-objective, multi-water-source, optimal-allocation model;setting up an integrated information platform;and giving very useful measures and policy suggestions to the local government. Finally, this research can also serve as an example of integrated water utilization for other energy bases.

Distributed versus Lumped Optimization of Cropping Pattern and Water Resources Utilization

Several whole-farm agro-economic optimization models have been developed to deal with lumped planning issues in the agriculture sector. However, these models cannot be used to devise appropriate management strategies at land parcel level, because of the differences between farm characteristics, and the increased complexity of the hydrological processes. Based on Spatial Farm Database (SFD) which is consisted of a number of farm-level spatial data, including location, paddock properties, owner specifications and budgets, it is possible to provide the farm manager with some suggestions regarding the optimal choice of crops and the area to be allocated for each one. To this end, genetic algorithm is used in order to cope with model nonlinearity and a large number of decision variables. In order to test the proposed model, the Mobarakabad district is modeled with 126 agriculture fields, and the optimization model is run for this area. Results showed that the optimization procedure can find more realistic farm-level optimal solutions due to its advantage in adequate modeling of field characteristics, common groundwater resources, and the associated constraints. The results of lumped optimizations could also be used as benchmarks for the purposes of comparison and interpretation.

Atomization parameters of coal water paste measured by PIV technique

The particle image velocity (PIV) technique is introduced to measure theatomization angle, particle size and size distribution of the atomization coal water paste (CWP) ina cold state model. Due to high-density atomization spray, wide size distribution and large-scaleexperimental setup in CWP experiments, a commercial PIV system is updated with a 600-mm-long focallength camera and a convex lens used with a laser beam. This long focal length camera makes the PIVsystem capable of taking the images of micro particles. The measured minimum diameter is about 15μm. The convex lens has the benefit of centralising the sector laser beam of the PIV system, sothat the measurement window of the high density CWP field sectored by the laser beam is brighter andthe images taken by the camera are clearer. The experimental results show that it is a useful andefficient tool for the PIV technique to measure the atomization prosperities of CWP.

桂西岩溶区云水分布和移动特征

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的第五代全球大气再分析资料(ERA5)和中国气象局人工影响天气中心发布的云水资源监测评估方法,研究广西西部岩溶地貌区2002—2021年云水资源总量、时空分布及移动特征。结果表明:桂西年均水凝物总量约22.5×10^(13)kg,水凝物降水效率约为65.5%,年均云水资源总量约7.8×10^(13)kg。水平分布上,云水在冬、春和夏季主要呈东北和西南高、西北和南部低的鞍形场分布特征,秋季呈自西北向东南逐步降低的阶梯型分布特征;垂直分布上,秋、冬和春季主要是分布在925~600 hPa低层的暖云云水,夏季主要是分布在600~400 hPa中层的冷云云水。中层云水主要以向东移动为主,低层云水有2个主要移动方向,分别为向北到东北方向移动和向西到南偏西方向移动。云水的水平输送通量呈冬春季较大、夏秋季较小的特点。

Combination of drainage, water supply and environmental protection as well as rational distribution of water resource in Zhengzhou mining district

The geological condition of coalfield is much complex in China. With increasing in mining depth and drainage amount, the contradiction of drainage, water supply and environ-mental protection is becoming more and more serious. However, the contradiction can be solved by the scientific management of optimizing combination of drainage, water supply and environ-mental protection. The Philip multiple objectives simplex method used in this article has searched for a possible solution at the first step, and then it goes on searching to find out whether there is a weight number that can lead the solution to the biggest. It can reduce the randomness and diffi-culty of traditional weight method which determine the weight number artificially. Some beneficial coefficients are vague and the number is larger in the model of water resource dispatch. So the vague layer analysis method can consider these vague factors fully, combining the qualitative and quantitative analysis together. Especially, this method can quantify the experiential judge-ment of policy decider, and it will turn to be more suitable if the structure of objective factors is complex or the necessary data are absent. In the paper, the two methods above are used to solve the plans of drainage, water supply and optimizing distribution of water resource in the Zhengzhou mining district.

零散区块煤炭资源开采对周边水库水资源的影响——以幸福水库为例

为了有序推进零散煤炭资源整合,切实缓解煤炭供求矛盾,促进煤炭资源节约集约利用,在实际工作中会遇到不少问题,如开采对周边水资源的影响等。通过对普安县青山镇歹苏村长冲至野鹿寨一带零散煤炭资源区块开采活动对地质结构、地表径流、地下水系、水源补给河流影响程度等进行科学调查和评估,就煤炭开采是否会对普安县青山镇幸福水库大坝安全造成影响、是否会造成水库渗漏以及是否影响煤矿生产生活(包括矿井涌水)等重点内容进行充分论证,采用的地层、煤层、水文工程等相关参数均取于相邻正常生产矿井,其相关参数可信度较高,确保为幸福水库运行安全提供依据,对研究零散煤炭资源开采对水库水资源影响提出措施及建议。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式

近十几年来,鄂尔多斯盆地北部煤矿开采频频受到了直罗组地下水的威胁,甚至出现了突水事故。区内以直罗组地下水为充水水源的大水矿井连片分布,且与直罗组古河道砂体关系密切。为阐释神府南区直罗组古河道砂体分布区矿井涌水模式,在直罗组古河道砂体空间分布及其对地下水赋存控制作用研究的基础上,从研究区尺度、井田尺度和工作面尺度,分析了直罗组古河道砂体与矿井涌水的关系,提出了直罗组古河道砂体下矿井涌水模式。结果表明:神府南区直罗组古河道冲刷带沿红碱淖—尔林兔—锦界一线发育,冲刷带内延安组第5段几乎被冲刷剥蚀殆尽,在局部地区延安组第4段也遭受了冲刷。根据砂分散体系分析和隔水岩组发育特征,将冲刷带内充填沉积的古河道砂体分为3级。直罗组古河道砂体富水性的强弱主要受控于砂体规模、物性特征和风化作用,一级砂体(主河道)区域富水性强于二级砂体(分支河道)及三级砂体(三角洲间湾、分流间湾)区域,当砂体遭受风化后,其富水性将进一步增强。基于不同尺度下砂体分级、风化砂体厚度与矿井涌水关系的分析,提出了研究区东部现阶段古河道砂体下生产矿井的3种涌水模式。强涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体分布区,风化砂体厚度一般≥30 m。中等涌水模式,主要位于一级砂体的边缘或二级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般10~30 m。弱涌水模式,主要位于三级砂体区域,风化砂体厚度一般<10 m。

基于供水量的两级渠系优化配水模型

【目的】基于灌区实际供水量构建两级渠系优化配水模型,提供各用水单元的配水量、配水流量、配水时间。【方法】本文分2种情形构建模型,情形1:非充分灌溉,作物某生育时期内供水无法满足需水,模型首先通过水资源配置确定每个用水户的分配水量,再通过渠系优化配水模型确定每条渠道的配水流量和配水时间;情形2:充分灌溉,供水能够满足需水,根据配置系数确定各渠道配水的优先次序,再确定配水流量和配水时间。【结果】将模型运用到山东省簸箕李灌区,验证模型的适用性,结果表明本模型能够根据灌区的供水量提供水资源配置方案和渠系配水方案。供水充足时,模型根据配置系数确定配水次序;供水不足时,模型根据分配系数确定水资源分配量。情形1和情形2支渠的配水流量分别在流量上限的0.8倍与0.75倍以上,做到了大流量配水;2种情形的配水周期分别为10.90、17.84 d,缩短了灌溉周期。【结论】本文建立的模型能够依据供水量首先提供水资源分配方案或配置次序,再以此为基础,提供配水方案,即配水流量、配水开始时间、配水结束时间,从而指导灌区的配水工作。

煤矿取用水智慧水务管理系统建设实践

为提高煤矿的取用水效率,建立了煤矿取用水智慧水务管理系统,该系统采用MLP神经网络模型,通过深度学习不同煤矿各用水环节的用水指标,并与相关用水定额进行综合对比,确定适合于系统应用煤矿各环节的合理用水区间,通过实时计算分析用水数据,及时预报预警不合理的用水环节,并将该系统应用于内蒙古鄂尔多斯市某煤矿中。结果表明,系统应用后该煤矿年取水量由117.75×10~4m~3降至86.87×10~4m~3,节水率达到26.23%,节水效果明显。可为后续煤矿类智慧水务管理系统的建设提供参考。

基于代谢理论的城市群水资源承载力综合评价

【目的】随着中国城市群的可持续发展,水资源短缺和时空分布不均等问题日益突出,水资源承载力对城市群的可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义【方法】基于区域水资源代谢理论,构建综合考虑区域水资源特征、社会经济系统特征和可持续发展原则的评价指标体系,采用TOPSIS计算了2019年京津冀城市群(BTHUA)的水资源承载力(WRCC)指数。在综合分析区域水资源现状的基础上,提出了提高区域水资源承载力的建议。【结果】结果显示:2019年BTHUA的整体承载能力指数并不高,北京市(0.5612)、天津市(0.5306)和唐山市(0.4075)评分较高,WRCC处于中等水平,仍有进一步发展的潜力。石家庄市(0.3843)、秦皇岛市(0.3165)、衡水市(0.2952)、承德市(0.2935)和邢台市(0.2674)评分中等,WRCC达到了临界值,并且发展潜力有限。而廊坊市(0.2214)、邯郸市(0.2188)、张家口市(0.2115)、保定市(0.2086)、沧州市(0.2026)评分偏低,WRCC达到上限,进一步发展的潜力非常有限。【结论】根据物质流分析,(1)水资源系统上,京津冀地区整体水资源生产能力不容乐观,水资源开发潜力不足;(2)社会经济上,BTHUA社会规模已经超过了水资源的承载能力,未来还将继续扩大;(3)生态系统上,除北京、天津、秦皇岛市,其余城市生态用水占比皆达不到标准。该研究考虑整个用水系统,可以得到比其他方法更全面、更准确的水资源承载力状况,可以为制定科学、可持续的水资源发展战略提供参考,并提供水资源利用政策和未来社会经济发展的建议。

高吸水树脂改良煤矸石基质水分特性

【目的】探究不同质量分数的高吸水树脂(SAP)对矿区煤矸石基质容重、孔隙度、毛管水运移规律和保水性等方面的改善状况,阐明SAP最佳使用量下煤矸石基质的水分运移规律,为无土矿区煤矸石基质水分条件改善提供依据,实现矿区煤矸石固废资源化利用,为植被生长提供适宜条件。【方法】通过室内土柱试验模拟质量分数0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%的SAP对煤矸石基质水分运移规律的影响。【结果】(1)SAP可以改善煤矸石基质物理性质,随SAP使用量的增加,煤矸石基质容重呈下降趋势,总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度呈上升趋势;(2)SAP会极显著抑制煤矸石毛管水上升高度,且质量分数在0%~0.4%范围内,随SAP使用量的增加抑制效果逐渐增强,但当SAP质量分数为0.4%时,对煤矸石毛管水抑制程度较0.3%差异不显著;(3)最小显著差异法拟合分析得到:煤矸石毛管水上升高度随时间变化呈幂函数增加趋势(P<0.01),上升速率与时间变化呈对数函数下降趋势;(4)在室内通风条件下,72 h内不同SAP质量分数的煤矸石基质含水率持续降低,纯煤矸石(SAP质量分数0%)基质含水率下降趋势最大,水分损失率为15.96%,SAP质量分数为0.3%与0.4%下降趋势较小,水分损失率分别为3.90%和3.52%,差异不显著,且作用时间越长,SAP的保水性能表现越突出。【结论】SAP可以改善煤矸石基质水分条件,且在一定范围内,含量越高改善效果越显著。因此从经济和效果两方面考虑,首选质量分数为0.3%的SAP应用于无土矿区煤矸石基质中,为植被生长提供适宜的水气条件。

基于UDF的煤层注水渗流演化规律的数值模拟研究

为了更好地揭示煤体高压注水渗流演化规律,提高煤层注水抑尘效果;基于三轴压缩和煤矿生产实际,通过煤岩渗透性试验得到煤岩变形与孔隙水压匹配关系;利用用户自定义函数UDF模块将其编译到Fluent中对钻孔注水过程中的流体压力场、速度场及水量分布情况进行模拟,分析不同注水压力下钻孔径向周围煤体内润湿范围以及渗流速度等因素。结果表明:渗流场压力随着孔隙水压的增大而增大,压力变化率随着时间段的增长逐渐降低并趋至稳定,渗流场速度变化展现出相似的变化规律;随着孔隙水压的不断增大,煤体孔隙率随之增大,煤体内部含水率逐渐升高,分布范围从钻孔周围逐渐向两侧扩大,煤层钻孔周围的润湿过程是一个快速增长后缓慢降低达到稳定的状态。

深圳大鹏半岛附近海域春季渔业资源空间分布及群落结构分析

为了解大鹏半岛附近海域的渔业资源的空间分布和群落结构特征,2020年春季对深圳大鹏半岛附近海域开展渔业资源调查。该调查对渔业资源密度空间分布情况进行分析,并利用多元统计方法对该海域春季渔业资源群落进行了划分,比较了各群落的生物多样性、均匀度及优势种等结构特征。研究发现,大鹏半岛西侧海域渔业资源密度略高于大鹏半岛东侧海域,大鹏半岛东南侧海域为东西侧海域春季渔业资源密度变化的过渡带,呈现出由西南向东北逐渐减小的趋势。大鹏半岛附近海域渔业资源量历年来呈现下降趋势,2020年春季的调查结果显示,其中位于西侧和南侧海域的群落(Group1)资源密度最高,为553.59 kg·km^(-2);位于东侧(Group 2)和东北侧(Group 3)的群落资源密度相近,分别为278.61 kg·km^(-2)和273.33 kg·km^(-2);均较低。总体看来,大鹏半岛海域渔业资源逐渐衰退,优势种演替,应针对各群落特点及受人类活动影响程度进行生态修复。该研究结果可为大鹏半岛渔业资源的保护和管理提供参考。

深井高应力浸水孤立煤体蠕变失稳型冲击地压机理研究

以赵楼煤矿七采区南部水仓联络巷冲击显现为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场实测等方法,研究了高应力浸水孤立煤体蠕变失稳型冲击地压机理。浸水孤立煤体承载应力主要呈现从“双峰”形到“马鞍”形再到“平台”形最后到“单峰”形的蠕变演化规律;基于burgers模型,引入了含水损伤变量,建立了孤立煤体弹性区集中应力估算力学模型,揭示了高应力浸水孤立煤体蠕变失稳型冲击机理:孤立煤体在水仓积水的不断弱化作用下,强度逐渐降低直至残余强度,其承载能力也随之下降,导致应力集中由塑性区向弹性区转移,当弹性区承载集中应力超过其失稳阈值时,容易诱发冲击地压;提出了高应力浸水孤立煤体蠕变失稳型冲击的防治对策:降低孤立煤体平均承载应力,增加孤立煤体综合抗压强度,必要时针对孤立煤体附近的巷道进行充填处理。

高原高寒矿区生态修复中的煤炭资源保护技术

【目的】木里煤田地处青藏高原东部高寒地区,长期的煤炭开采对当地生态环境造成了一系列问题,其中主要问题之一是露天采区存在大量已扰动的煤炭资源,因此需研究生态修复与资源保护的协同,探索如何在矿区生态恢复过程中实现煤炭资源的科学、有效保护方法。【方法】以木里煤田聚乎更矿区为例,在分析露天采区煤炭资源破坏特征的基础上,从地质机理分析的角度出发,按照生态地质层构建方法,采用人工方式构建残留煤层顶板及上部保护层,并充分利用矿区地质环境条件,兼顾资源集约利用、经济性、与景观协调性的原则,因地制宜,分区分类施策,将煤炭资源保护有机融合于矿区生态修复过程中,建立了两种煤系矿产资源保护技术,分别为:人造冻土层煤层顶板生态地质层构建技术和“以水代填”煤炭资源保护技术,其中人造冻土层煤层顶板生态地质层构建技术可进一步分为边帮煤层保护技术、采坑底部煤层顶板模拟冻土层技术和自燃煤层治理保护技术。【结果和结论】通过探坑实地测量验证,治理完成18个月后,人工构建的煤炭资源保护层已逐步恢复并初步形成冻土层,热融季消融深度为1.8~2.3 m,形成了新的煤层保护层。“以水代填”兼顾了经济性的同时,实现了煤层保护与景观协调性的统一,取得了良好的应用效果。探索形成了高寒矿区煤炭资源保护与生态修复协同的新思路,为类似地区露天煤矿生态修复治理提供参考。

煤化工污泥的微生物种群结构与水分分布特征

现代煤化工产业是实现煤炭资源清洁化利用的重要途径,煤化工生产过程会产生大量含水率高、脱水性差的煤化工污泥,是制约煤化工产业发展的典型难处理固废。煤化工污泥的脱水性受污泥中微生物种群结构及水分分布特征的影响,对其解析将有助于揭示煤化工污泥的束水结构并可为煤化工污泥高效脱水方法的研发提供一定的理论指导。本研究以煤制烯烃污泥及煤制油污泥为研究对象,采用16s rRNA基因测序解析其微生物种群结构,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC,differential scanning calorimetry)和低场核磁共振法(LF-NMR,low-field nuclear magnetic resonance)表征污泥的水分分布特征。结果表明:两种煤化工产业选取的污水处理工艺不同,导致煤化工污泥的微生物种群结构存在一定差异,但变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是两种污泥中的主要菌种;LF-NMR法测得水分分布更为准确,根据污泥中水的结合能可将其划分为结合水、机械结合水以及自由水,污泥中大部分水分(90%以上)为机械结合水;采用能够破坏污泥絮体及微生物群落结构的脱水方法,可以进一步实现煤化工污泥的高效、深度脱水。

采煤沉陷区水土资源评价及生态修复技术实践研究

为进一步探究采煤沉陷区的有效治理路径,以某地采煤沉陷区现存问题为研究案例,首先对该区域水土资源进行全面评价,明确存在的水污染和土壤污染问题。而后针对两类污染问题,以湿地净化池和底泥干化技术为生态修复方法,针对该采煤沉陷区进行针对性的生态修复。从实际结果来看,本次生态修复技术模式在经济效益和生态效益上均有较优表现,因此其具有一定的参考价值。