A continuous and high-efficiency process to separate coal bed methane with porous ZIF-8 slurry:Experimental study and mathematical modelling

Coal bed methane has been considered as an important energy resource.One major difficulty of purifying coal bed methane comes from the similar physical properties of CH_4 and N_2.The ZIF-8/water-glycol slurry was used as a medium to separate coal bed methane by fluidifying the solid adsorbent material.The sorption equilibrium experiment of binary mixture(CH_4/N_2)and slurry was conducted.The selectivity of CH_4 to N_2 is within the range of 2-6,which proved the feasibility of the slurry separation method.The modified Langmuir equation was used to describe the gas-slurry phase equilibrium behavior,and the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental data.A continuous absorption-adsorption and desorption process on the separation of CH_4/N_2 in slurry is proposed and its mathematical model is also developed.Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the operation conditions and the energy performance of the proposed process was also evaluated.Feed gas contains 30 mol%of methane and the methane concentration in product gas is 95.46 mol%with the methane recovery ratio of 90.74%.The total energy consumption for per unit volume of product gas is determined as 1.846 kWh Nm^(-3).Experimental results and process simulation provide basic data for the design and operation of pilot and industrial plant.

Upper Paleozoic coal measures and unconventional natural gas systems of the Ordos Basin,China

Upper Paleozoic coal measures in the Ordos Basin consist of dark mudstone and coal beds and are important source rocks for gas generation. Gas accumulations include coal-bed methane （CBM）, tight gas and conventional gas in different structural areas. CBM accumulations are mainly distributed in the marginal area of the Ordos Basin, and are estimated at 3.5 × 1012 m3. Tight gas accumulations exist in the middle part of the Yishan Slope area, previously regarded as the basin-centered gas system and now considered as stratigraphic lithologic gas reservoirs. This paper reviews the characteristics of tight gas accumulations： poor physical properties （porosity 〈 8%, permeability 〈 0.85 × 10 3 μm2）, abnormal pressure and the absence of well-defined gas water contacts. CBM is a self-generation and self- reservoir, while gas derived from coal measures migrates only for a short distance to accumulate in a tight reservoir and is termed near-generation and near-reservoir. Both CBM and tight gas systems require source rocks with a strong gas generation ability that extends together over wide area. However, the producing area of the two systems may be significantly different.

Optimization strategy and procedure for coal bed methane separation

Coal bed methane （CBM） has a huge potential to be purified to relieve the shortage of natural gas meanwhile to weaken the greenhouse effect. This paper proposed an optimal design strategy for CBM to obtain an integrated process configuration consisting of three each single separation units, membrane, pressure swing absorption, and cryogenics. A superstructure model was established including all possible network configurations which were solved by MINLP. The design strategy optimized the separation unit configuration and operating conditions to satisfy the target of minimum total annual process cost. An example was presented for the separation of CH4/N2 mixtures in coal bed methane （CBM） treatment. The key operation parameters were also studied and they showed the influence to process configurations.

Advances of nanotechnologies for hydraulic fracturing of coal seam gas reservoirs:potential applications and some limitations in Australia

Some of the most promising potential applications of nanotechnology to hydraulic fracturing of coal seam gas(CSG)are reviewed with a focus on Australian CSG wells.Three propitious applications were identifed:(1)Nanoparticle enhanced viscoelastic surfactants(VES)fracturing fuids to prevent fuid loss by up to 30%,made possible by the formation of pseudo-flter cakes and reducing the viscosity of the VES fuids.Besides,there is no requirement of clay control additives or biocides.(2)Nano-proppants to extend fracture networks and reduce proppant embedment by introducing them prior to the emplacement of larger proppants.Fly Ash nanoparticles can be particularly efective because of their high sphericity and mechanical strength.(3)Nanoparticle-coated proppants,to mitigate the migration of particle fnes by restricting them close to their source by adsorption,with MgO being the most efective.The use of nanotechnology in hydraulic fracturing applications is currently hindered due to a discordant regulatory environment compounded by the cost of the nanoparticles themselves,as well as,a lack of feld data to validate the technology under real downhole conditions.Although the necessary feld tests are unlikely to be conducted for as long as abundant natural gas is available,exploratory studies could pave the way for future applications.

Investigation of thermochemical process of coal particle packed bed reactions for the development of UCG

In this study,a packed bed reactor was developed to investigate the gasification process of coal particles.The effects of coal particle size and heater temperature of reactor were examined to identify the thermochemical processes through the packed bed.Three different coal samples with varying size,named as A,B,and C,are used,and the experimental results show that the packed bed with smaller coal size has higher temperature,reaching 624°C,582°C,and 569°C for coal A,B,and C,respectively.In the case of CO formation,the smaller particle size has greater products in the unit of mole fraction over the area of generation.However,the variation in the porosity of the packed bed due to different coal particle sizes affects the reactions through the oxygen access.Consequently,the CO formation is least from the coal packed bed formed by the smallest particle size A.A second test with the temperature variations shows that the higher heater temperature promotes the chemical reactions,resulting in the increased gas products.The findings indicate the important role of coal seam porosity in underground coal gasification application,as well as temperature to promote the syngas productions.

Importance of Well Spacing and Orientation for Multi-Lateral Pads on Production: Learnings from Production Analysis and Numerical Modelling of the Mannville Coal Measures, South Central Alberta

The modelling results from numerical simulations of the Early Cretaceous, Mannville coal measures with anisotropic permeability provide insights into development strategies not readily visualized or otherwise intuitive. The complex relationships between water and gas production, the contribution from multiple coal seams as well as from organic rich shales, and the impact of well interference combined with anisotropic fracture permeability are investigated through a series of numerical simulations of four well-pads (on the corners of a square mile of land with decreasing well spacing from 1, 3, to 4 laterals per pad). After 25 years of production, the two pads with optimally-oriented laterals with respect to the fracture permeability anisotropy produce 61% of the recovered gas for the 1 lateral/pad model, 52% for the 3 laterals/pad model, and 50% for the 4 laterals/pad model. Downspacing has a greater impact on increasing the gas production from pads with the poorly-oriented main laterals than from the pads with the optimally-oriented main laterals. The cumulative gas production at the end of the 25 year history is 4.2% higher for an optimally-oriented pad (pad1) and 1.1× higher for a poorly-oriented pad (pad3) for a model with 4 laterals/pad than 3 laterals/pad and an optimally-oriented pad is 1.1% higher for an optimally-oriented pad and 1.5× higher for a poorly-oriented pad for a model with 3 laterals/pad than 1 lateral/pad. Although downspacing from 3 to 4 laterals/pad has a greater impact on increasing the cumulative gas production from optimally-oriented pads than downspacing from 1 to 3 laterals/pad, the lower impact on poorly-oriented pads results in a lower total increase the cumulative gas production from the four pads. At the end of the 25-year production history, 9.0% more gas is recovered for the 4 lateral/pad model than the 3 lateral/pad model, which predicts 1.2× more gas than the 1 lateral/pad model. The recovered shale gas exceeds the recovered coal gas after ~7 years of production. The higher contribution of produced coal gas predicted due to downspacing results from a higher contribution of recovered gas from the main coal seam, while the contribution from the minor coal seams is lower. Downspacing has a minimal impact on the cumulative water production;after 25 years of production a difference of 1.0% is predicted between models with 4 and 3 laterals/pad and 1.7% between models with 1 and 3 laterals/pad. While downspacing increases the cumulative water production for the poorly-oriented pads (1.1× for 3 to 4 laterals/pad and 1.3× for 3 to 1 lateral/pad after 25 years), the cumulative water production for the optimally-oriented pads is lower over the majority of the production history (after ~4 years and 3.2% lower after 25 years for 3 to 4 laterals/pad and after ~6 months and 1.1× lower after 25 years for 1 to 3 laterals/pad).

Recovery of greenhouse gas as cleaner fossil fuel contributes to carbon neutrality

Under the context of carbon neutrality of China,it is urgent to shift our energy supply towards cleaner fuels as well as to reduce the greenhouse gas emission.Currently,coal is the main fossil fuel energy source of China.The country is striving hard to replace it with methane,a cleaner fossil fuel.Although China has rich geological resources of methane as coal bed methane(CBM)reserves,it is quite challenging to utilize them due to low concentration.The CBM is however mainly emitted directly to atmosphere during coal mining,causing waste of the resource and huge contribution to greenhouse effect.The recent work by Yang et al.demonstrated a potential solution to extract low concentration methane selectively from CBM through using MOF materials as sorbents.Such kind of materials and associated separation technology are promising to reduce greenhouse gas emission and promote the methane production capability,which would contribute to carbon neutrality in dual pathways.

裂解气相色谱-质谱法分离鉴定聚氨酯防水涂料中的煤焦油

建立了采用闪蒸裂解气相色谱-质谱测定固化后的聚氨酯防水涂料中的煤焦油的新方法。该方法方便快捷,无需对样品进行前处理,而且测定结果不受聚氨酯组分的干扰。该方法在建筑材料中有毒有害组分的分析检测方面有一定的应用价值。

Impact of Reservoir Properties on the Production of the Mannville Coal Measures, South Central Alberta from a Numerical Modelling Parametric Analysis

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic reservoir properties on the production from coal and organic rich lithologies in the Lower Cretaceous Mannville coal measures of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The coal measures are complex reservoirs in which production is from horizontal wells drilled and completed in the thickest coal seam in the succession (1 m versus 3 m), which has production and pressure support from thinner coals in the adjacent stratigraphy and from organic-rich shales interbedded and over and underlying the coal seams. Numerical models provide insight as to the relative importance of the myriad of parameters that may impact production that are not self-evident or intuitive in complex coal measures.

Molecular simulation studies of hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide adsorption on coal

Sorption isotherms of hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide （CO2） provide crucial information for designing processes to sequester CO2 and recover natural gas from unmineable coal beds. Methane （CH4）, ethane （C2H6）, and CO2 adsorption isotherms on dry coal and the temperature effect on their maximum sorption capacity have been studied by performing combined Monte Carlo （MC） and molecular dynamics （MD） simulations at temperatures of 308 and 370 K （35 and 97 ~C） and at pressures up to 10 MPa. Simulation results demonstrate that absolute sorption （expressed as a mass basis） divided by bulk gas density has negligible temperature effect on CH4, C2H6, and CO2 sorption on dry coal when pressure is over 6 MPa. CO2 is more closely packed due to stronger interaction with coal and the stronger interaction between CO2 mole- cules compared, respectively, with the interactions between hydrocarbons and coal and between hydrocarbons. The results of this work suggest that the ＂a＂ constant （pro- portional to TcPc） in the Peng-Robinson equation of state is an important factor affecting the sorption behavior of hydrocarbons. CO2 injection pressures of lower than 8 MPa may be desirable for CH4 recovery and CO2 sequestration. This study provides a quantitative under- standing of the effects of temperature on coal sorptioncapacity for CH4, C2H6, and CO2 from a microscopic perspective.

Decomposition of carbon dioxide hydrate in the samples of natural coal with different degrees of metamorphism

Methane and carbon dioxide hydrates are one of the possible forms in which these gases exist in natural coal(for more detailed discussion see Refs [1,2]). In this work, the decomposition of carbon dioxide hydrate in five samples of natural coal differing from each other in metamorphism degree was investigated experimentally. Carbon dioxide hydrate dispersed in coals was synthesized from water adsorbed in these coals. During a linear temperature rise in an autoclave with the coal + hydrate sample the hydrate decomposition manifests itself as a step of increase in gas pressure, accompanied by a decrease/stabilization of the temperature of coal sample. The dependencies of the amount of hydrate formed on initial coal humidity and on gas pressure during hydrate formation were studied. It was demonstrated that each coal sample is characterized by its own humidity threshold below which hydrate formation in natural coal is impossible. With an increase in gas pressure, the amount of water transformed into hydrate increases. For the studied coal samples, the decomposition of carbon dioxide hydrates proceeds within a definite temperature and pressure range, and this range is close to the curve of phase equilibrium for bulk hydrate.

Motion characteristics and density separation of fine coal in an inflatable-inclined liquid-solid fluidized bed

To improve the adaptability of fluidized beds for fine coal separation,a new type of liquid-solid fluidized bed was constructed,i.e.,the inflatable-inclined liquid-solid fluidized bed(IILSFB).A combination of simulation analysis and separation experiments was used to analyze the fluidization characteristics and separation performance of the IILSFB.The results showed that there was upflow and downflow in the fluidized bed.The upflow was mainly composed of water flow,followed by light and heavy particles;on the other hand,the downflow was caused by the backflow of heavy particles that settled at the inclined section.In addition,the light particles that settled at the inclined section could return to the rising water flow under the action of secondary airflow.As the water velocity,separation time,and secondary gas velocity increased,the comprehensive separation efficiency of fine coal in the fluidized bed improved,while the value decreased as the feed quantity increased.This also indicated the order of importance for these four factors,i.e.,water velocity,separation time,feed quantity,and secondary gas velocity,on fluidisation.Furthermore,the comprehensive separation efficiency of 0.1-1 mm fine coal varied significantly with various factors,while that of∼0.1 mm and 1-3 mm fine coal was always at a low value.In the latter case,the classification process of the size fraction was significantly better than the separation process in the fluidized bed.Under optimal working conditions,an IILSFB was used to separate the fine coal(0.1-1 mm).The yield of clean coal was 37.95% with an ash content of 12.11%,and the possible error was 0.085 g/cm^(3),indicating that the IILSFB had good separation performance for 0.1-1 mm fine coal.

CLEAN PRODUCTION AND SMELTING REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Clean Production is the best method for iron-steel making industry to eliminate pollution thoroughly. In order to achieve this object, smelting reduction technology should play the key role. Furthermore, process integration method can be used to solve the problem of residual gas utilization by integrating smelting reduction process with direct reduced iron unit, gasoline, methanol or dimethyl ether synthesis unit, etc. A new smelting reduction process has been proposed which can be constructed on the present plant site. Since this process can directly treat the lump coal and iron ore fines, it reduces st6ps necessary in traditional blast furnace process and Corex smelting reduction process.

Seed-aided green synthesis of metal-organic frameworks in water

Green synthesis of metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)in water with alleviated environmental influence and reduced cost is an essential step to transfer laboratory MOFs research to industrial application.Switching from the commonly used organic solvents to pure water encounters challenges of the poor solubility of organic linkers,slow reaction kinetics,and the formation of polymorphic products.So far,a universal MOFs synthetic strategy in water system has yet to be developed.This study reports the seed-aided synthesis of eleven MOFs with diverse compositions and structures while pure water serving as solvent.The corresponding reaction temperature and time of using this new strategy were reduced compared with original synthetic approaches,while the products maintain porous structure and high crystallinity.The success of this strategy relies on the addition of parent MOFs as seeds which could promote crystallization process by skipping the time-consuming induction period and avoiding the formation of polymorphic impurities.