Prediction method for risks of coal and gas outbursts based on spatial chaos theory using gas desorption index of drill cuttings

Based on the evolution of geological dynamics and spatial chaos theory, we proposed the advanced prediction an advanced prediction method of a gas desorption index of drill cuttings to predict coal and gas outbursts. We investigated and verified the prediction method by a spatial series data of a gas desorption index of drill cuttings obtained from the 113112 coal roadway at the Shitai Mine. Our experimental results show that the spatial distribution of the gas desorption index of drill cuttings has some chaotic charac- teristics, which implies that the risk of coal and gas outbursts can be predicted by spatial chaos theory. We also found that a proper amount of sample data needs to be chosen in order to ensure the accuracy and practical maneuverability of prediction. The relative prediction error is small when the prediction pace is chosen carefully. In our experiments, it turned out that the optimum number of sample points is 80 and the optimum prediction pace 30. The corresponding advanced prediction pace basically meets the requirements of engineering applications.

Constructing an assessment index system for strategic risk management in coal science and technology enterprises

Coal occupies a dominant position in China＇s national economy and is an essential energy source for future industrial development. To inform the efficient and sustainable development of the coal industry, this paper analyzes the sources of strategic risk for coal science and technology enterprises using 3 first-class indicators, 10 second-level indicators, and 37 observation points established through the existing research literature and experience. Moreover, in accordance to the obtained initial index data, the selected indicators have been tested and screened using reliability and membership degree analyses to remove redundant variables, avoid juxtaposition of risk factors at different levels, and reduce the influ- ence of some tiny risk factors for enterprise strategic risk. Then, factor analysis of external environment factor sub-scale was carried out. Factors are extracted according to a standard characteristic value greater than 1. Variables with high coefficients are classified into one factor category; and finally, 3 first-class indicators. 8 second-level indicators, and 37 observation noints are reconstructed.

国兴煤矿9#煤层工作面立体空间自然发火标志气体及其分级指标值研究

煤氧化热灾害严重影响煤矿安全生产。以国兴煤矿9#煤层591107回采工作面为研究对象,采用煤自然发火气体产物试验装置对其标志性气体进行了实验研究,分析了煤氧热燃烧气体含量与温度的对应关系,优选并提出了自然发火标志气体的临界温度值,揭示了工作面立体空间内标志气体的分级指标值。结果表明,该煤层标志气体的临界温度值为Ts-CO为50℃,Ts-C_(2)H_(4)为100℃,Ts_C2H2大于243.9℃;CO产生率的预警值与临界值分别为0.98 cm^(3)(m^(3)·min)^(-1)、2.24 cm^(3)(m^(3)·min)^(-1)。工作面回风隅角CO体积分数的预警值与临界值分别为27.39×10^(-4)%、67.98×10^(-4)%;回风流CO体积分数的预警值与临界值分别为4.38×10^(-4)%、10.88×10^(-4)%;散热带的预警值与临界值分别为32.03×10^(-4)%、79.51×10^(-4)%,氧化带CO体积分数的预警值与临界值分别为35.11×10^(-4)%、87.15×10^(-4)%。该研究结论对预防煤自燃具有指导意义。

Presenting an engineering classification system for coal spontaneous combustion potential

The phenomenon of coal spontaneous combustion is one of the common hazards in coal mines and also one of the important reasons for the loss of coal in piles and mines. Based on previous researches, different types of coals have different spontaneous combustion characteristics. For coal loss prevention, a measure is necessary for prediction of coal spontaneous combustion. In this study, a new engineering classification system called ＂Coal Spontaneous Combustion Potential Index （CSCPI）＂ is presented based on the Fuzzy Delphi Analytic Hierarchy Process （FDAHP） approach. CSCPI classifies coals based on their spontaneous combustion capability. After recognition of the roles of the effective parameters influencing the initiation of a spontaneous combustion, a series of intrinsic, geological, and mining characteristics of coal seams are investigated. Then, the main stages of the implementation of the FDAHP method are studied and the weight of each parameter involved is calculated. A classification list of each parameter is formed, the CSCPI system is described, and the engineering classifying system is subsequently presented. In the CSCPI system, each coal seam can be rated by a number from 0 to 100; a higher number implies a greater ease for the coal spontaneous combustion capability. Based on the CSCPI system, the propensity of spontaneous combustion of coal can be classified into three potential levels： low, medium, and high. Finally, using the events of coal spontaneous combustion occurring in one of the Iranian coal mines, Eastern Alborz Coal Mines, an initial validation of the mentioned systematic approach is conducted. Comparison of the results obtained in this study illustrate a relatively good agreement.

Washability Characteristics of Low Volatile Pakistani Coking Coal by Crushing

Through washability study, a couple of parameters were investigated for a low volatile Pakistani Coal (coking). The aim was to find out the effect of the action of reducing material release characteristics for low volatile Pakistani coal. The “Index of washability” (IW) and “Near gravity material Index” (NGMI) were used as parameters to express the ease of washability. Run of Mine coal is crushed to four different sizes as mentioned 80 mm, 30 mm, 18 mm and 11 mm in a pestle and mortar. Calculations of IW show that it is inversely proportional to top size of feed, indicating that washability increases with the decrease of size. From NGMI calculations it was concluded that gravity method is not recommended for separation at this specific gravity range. So study divulges that the critical specific gravity for crushing to 30 mm is 1.67 and for 11 mm is 1.56.

The shortest period of coal spontaneous combustion on the basis of oxidative heat release intensity

It’s necessary to forecast the shortest spontaneous combustion period for preventing and controlling the coal spontaneous combustion.During the experimental process,a calculating model of the SSCP is established on the basis of the oxidative heat release intensity and thermal capacity at different temperatures.According to the basic parameters of spontaneous combustion,heat of water evaporation and gas desorption,the SSCPs of different coals are further predicted.Finally,this study analyzed the relationships of the SSCP and the judging indexes of the self-ignite tendency.The result shows that the SSCP non-linearly increases with the decrease of dynamic oxygen adsorption and increase of activation energy.Compared with the practical fire situation of mine,this reliable method can meet the actual requirement of mine production.

Applicable conditions for a classification system of aquifer-protective mining in hallow coal seams

Based on the conclusions of domestic and foreign research, we have analyzed the collapse-fall characteristics of overlying strata and the mechanism of aquifer-protective mining in shallow coal seam working faces at the Shendong Mine. We have selected the height of the water-conducting fracture zone in overlying strata as a composite index and established the applicable conditions of aquifer-protective mining in shallow coal seams with a multi-factor synthetic-index classification method. From our calculations and analyses of variance, we used factors such as the overlying strata strength, mining disturbing factors and rock integrity as related factors of the composite index. We have classified the applicable conditions of aquifer-protective mining in shallow coal seams into seven types by comparing the result of the height of water-conducting fractured zones of long-wall and short-wall working faces with the thickness of the bedrock, the thickness of the weathered zone and the size of safety coal-rock pillars. As a result, we propose the preliminary classification system of aquifer-protective mining in shallow coal seams. It can provide a theoretical guidance for safe applications of aquifer-protective mining technology in shallow coal seams under similar conditions.

Spontaneous combustion of coals and coal-shales

Spontaneous combustion of coal is a well-known phenomena around the globe. Apart from the coal itself,burning coal-shales is becoming a problem in the South African coal mines. Serious incidents of spontaneous combustion have been reported as a result of self-heating of reactive coal-shales. The intrinsic properties and spontaneous combustion tests of 28 selected coal and coal-shale samples were conducted and a relationship between the two has been established. Intrinsic properties were obtained by using the proximate and ultimate analysis, and spontaneous combustion liability tests results were obtained by using the Wits-Ehac and Wits-CT indices. The experimental results show that intrinsic properties of these materials complement to the spontaneous combustion liability tests results. Comparative analyses of intrinsic properties and spontaneous combustion characteristics indicate similarities between the mechanism of coal oxidation and that of the oxidative processes undergone by coal-shales. For the tested samples, coal samples have a higher intrinsic spontaneous combustion reactivity rating than the coal-shales.Furthermore, an increase in carbon, moisture, hydrogen, volatile matter, nitrogen and a decrease in ash content indicate an increased proneness to self-heating. The concentration of pyrite found in the coal-shales accelerates self-heating. The event of spontaneous combustion can occur if coal-shales absorb sufficient oxygen when subjected to atmospheric conditions.

烟煤黏结指数测定实验技术分析及实验教学优化

为准确测定烟煤黏结指数,优化本科实验教学过程,基于国家标准分析测试步骤,从煤样制备、煤样混合与压块、焦化与转鼓实验等方面对实验误差进行全面评价,为精准高效测试烟煤黏结指数提供理论依据。从工程背景实际出发,探索将传统验证性实验教学变更为开放性实验,激发学生主观能动性,提升实验教学质量。

煤岩组合体冲击倾向性对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制

为揭示煤岩组合体冲击倾向性程度对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制,以不同冲击倾向性煤岩组合体为研究对象,在对煤岩组合试件进行冲击倾向性测定的基础上,采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以发生超低摩擦效应时的水平位移、动能、摩擦力为指标,探究煤岩组合体冲击倾向性与垂直应力波扰动频率、扰动振幅之间的关系特征。研究结果表明:(1)受扰动频率影响,弱、强冲击倾向煤岩组合体易发生超低摩擦效应的频率显著影响区分别为2.0~3.0,2.5~3.5 Hz,且随着冲击倾向性程度的增强,频率显著影响区逐渐右移。(2)相比于弱冲击倾向性煤岩组合体,强冲击倾向性煤岩组合体发生超低摩擦效应时水平位移、动能和摩擦力降幅较大,煤块易发生超低摩擦滑动。(3)随着煤岩组合体剩余能量指数的增大,冲击倾向性程度逐渐增强,动能呈指数规律增大,煤块越易发生超低摩擦滑动。研究结果可为超低摩擦型冲击地压的预测和防治提供参考。

煤的气化反应性与其组成的关系研究

为探究不同变质程度煤的气化反应性,采用下落式固定床反应器,以CO_(2)为气化剂,对11种不同变质程度煤的气化反应性进行了实验研究,考察了煤的气化反应性与挥发分、固定碳、碳含量及灰组成的相互关系。研究结果表明,在1 400℃下,11种不同变质程度煤的气化反应性仍有较为明显的差异,低变质程度煤的气化反应性远高于中/高变质程度煤的气化反应性,其完全气化反应所需时间和气化反应指数最大有7倍之差;从工业分析和元素分析看,挥发分、固定碳和碳含量与煤气化反应性均具有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.88以上;从灰组成分析看,碱性指数与煤气化反应性相关性较差。为此,可根据煤的挥发分、固定碳和碳含量等组成信息预测煤气化反应性的优劣,为煤气化应用提供参考。

单轴压缩下松软煤体波速演化与裂隙分布特征

为研究松软煤体超声波传播规律与破坏特征,选用型煤代替原煤,设定3条波速传播路径,运用MTS岩石力学实验机、PCI-Ⅱ声发射仪开展单轴压缩条件下煤体多路径波速同步监测试验,引入各向异性指数分析波速演化规律;选定3个横、纵向切面,采用CT扫描设备开展破坏特征观测试验,重构破坏后煤体细观几何结构,对比研究二维横纵切面裂隙分布差异性;探讨波速和三维裂隙体积的关系。结果表明:①随轴向应变的增加,平行、垂直加载方向及煤体平均波速均表现出先平稳后降低再平稳的基本规律,波速各向异性指数具有先平稳后增大再平稳的变化趋势;垂直加载方向波速最先下降,且降幅最大。②与纵向切面相比,破坏后煤体横向切面裂隙谱峰占比和裂隙分形维数均较大,裂隙密度较高,裂隙形态也较为复杂。③随裂隙体积的增大,破坏后煤体平均波速大致呈线性降低,单轴荷载作用下煤体内部裂隙扩展以平行加载方向为主,裂隙竖向线状扩展是造成各方向波速和横纵切面破坏特征差异性的主要原因。④与平行加载方向相比,采用垂直加载方向波速求得的损伤变量较大、评价煤体损伤破坏状态也更为可靠。现场采用声波评价煤体破坏状态时,将声波传播路径设置为垂直煤体受载(最大主应力)方向,有利于提高预测失稳事故的合理性。

陕北煤矿区采动地裂缝对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律研究

采动地裂缝作为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区最突出且典型的采动损害问题,引发的水土流失效应已经不容忽视。为了研究采动地裂缝发育对周边土壤抗蚀性的影响,以陕北煤矿区内宽度分别为0~10,10~20,20~30 cm的采动地裂缝为研究对象,采集周边水平距离80 cm以内,垂直深度40 cm以浅的土壤,测定了土壤水稳性团聚体、微团聚体、无机黏粒、有机黏粒、物理性质类等14个国内外学者普遍关注的用于量化表征土壤抗蚀性的指标,采用层次分析法、敏感性分析和因子分析相结合的方法甄选出陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性的重要量化指标,构建了陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性综合指数模型。结果表明:①综合层次分析法、敏感性分析和因子分析,甄选确定>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径、<0.001 mm细黏粒含量、土壤团聚度、土壤有机质含量5个指标作为量化表征陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性的重要指标;②采动地裂缝会降低周围土壤的5个土壤抗蚀性重要指标,其中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量变化最为明显;③根据土壤抗蚀性重要指标,基于因子分析原理构建了陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性综合指数模型;④采动地裂缝会降低周围土壤的抗侵蚀综合能力,且该效应随着裂缝宽度的增大和水平距离的减小而增强,当距采动地裂缝的水平距离超过170 cm时,采动地裂缝对周围土壤抗侵蚀综合能力的负效应基本消失,其可作为陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤侵蚀防控的关键区域。研究结果可为黄河中游陕北矿区水土流失的精准防控提供科学依据。

矿井水酸碱度对遗煤氧化的影响及微观作用特性

为研究矿井水酸碱度(pH值)对采空区遗煤自燃特性的影响,采用平顶山煤矿的长焰煤,通过C600高精度微量热仪和气相色谱仪联用,分析低温氧化阶段衍生气体产气规律和热流曲线,并基于实验结果讨论其中的微观机理。研究结果表明:酸性水溶液浸泡显著促进了煤的氧化性能,且酸性越强,影响越大;碱性水溶液浸泡抑制了煤样的氧化性能;根据推断,认为可能是酸性溶液与煤中的矿物质反应,造成煤的孔隙率增大,促进了煤自燃反应的进程;而碱性溶液与煤样反应产生了沉积物,在一定程度上抑制了煤自燃反应。

Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Abandoned Land in Coal Mining Areas in Xingren County

Total contents of heavy metals （ Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni） in 68 soil samples were determined to evaluate the contamination level of soil from five coal mine areas in Xingren County, Guizhou province. The pollution levels of heavy metals were characterized by anthro- pogenic influence multiple, and the pollution of heavy metal in soil was evaluated using geo-accumulation index. Based on the health risk models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （ US EPA）, the health risks of heavy metals in the soils were assessed. The results showed that the abandoned land in the five coal mining areas were contaminated by heavy metals, and the order of pollution levels of eight heavy metals was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. The soils suffered moderate-heavy pollution from As and Pb, and the contents of As and Pb in the soils were 13.16 and 4.76 times higher than the background values of Guizhou Province, followed by Cu, Hg and Ni , while soil pollution from Cr, Cd and Zn was mild. The order of non-caminogenic risks of the heavy metals in the soils was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Cd 〉 Zn, and the non-carcinogenic dsk value of As was higher than that its threshold value 1, which indicated that As had a high potential health risk to adults and children. The order of carcinogen risks of the four heavy metals was As 〉 Cd 〉 Cr 〉 Ni, and the carcinogenic risk value of As was higher than its threshold value, indicating that As had a high carcinogenic risk to adults and children. The carcinogenic risk values of other three heavy metals （ Cd, Cr and Ni） were lower than the threshold value, so they had no carcinogenic risk to human health. Moreover, children were more sensitively affect- ed by heavy metals from the abandoned land. Therefore, the health of children in such areas should be paid more attention to. The HI value of the eight heavy metals to children was seven times higher than that to adults. The contribution rate of HQAs to HI was about 88%, and the contribution rate of CRA, to TCR was about 98%, so As was the most crucial factor influencing non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic dsk in the abandoned soils.

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Parameters Relating to the Impact Tendency of Coal Sample

Coal burst remains one of the gravest safety risks that will be encountered in mining in the future, because the stress conditions will become more complex as mining depths increase. Various influencing elements exist, and varied geological and mining circumstances might result in diverse coal burst phenomena. The impact propensity of coal has variations as a result of the distinct physical and mechanical qualities of each. To identify the impact propensity of coal and then understand the rules of coal burst occurrence, laboratory tests can be conducted to identify the physical and mechanical parameters affecting coal samples. The mechanical properties, energy absorption, and energy dissipation characteristics of coal samples were examined experimentally in this paper using coal samples that were taken from the mine. On the basis of the evaluation of the impact inclination parameters for four fundamental coal samples, novel impact inclination indicators and the relationship between the fractures in the coal sample and the impact inclination parameters were discussed. The following are the key conclusions: 1) On-site samples of No. 15 coal from the Qi yuan Coal Mine were taken (15 s) and processed in accordance with the guidelines for the coal specimen impact inclination test. The accuracy of the specimen was sufficient for the test. 2) Analysis is done on the mechanical relevance and calculation techniques of the four fundamental coal sample impact tendency characteristics, dynamic failure time (DT), elastic strain energy index (WET), impact energy index (KE), as well as uniaxial compressive strength (RC). 3) Regarding the rock burst danger of rock samples, the potential use of the ratio of pre-peak and post- peak deformation modulus to Kλ and the residual elastic strain energy index CEF as the impact propensity indices of coal samples are discussed. It is possible to utilize two new impact propensity indices to evaluate the impact propensity of coal samples, according to test results that reveal a linear correlation between two new impact inclination indexes and four fundamental impact tendency indexes. 4) The statistical analysis of the crack ratio with the four impact propensity indicators after coal specimen failure, and the correlation among the crack ratio with the indicators, are both done. The findings indicate that the four impact propensity indicators have a linear relationship with the crack ratio of the coal sample surface cracks.

An Evaluation Method for Combustion Characteristics of Coal in Cement Industry

As the coal combustion behaviors are rather complex in the cement industry, the traditional assessment method cannot be directly applied to evaluate the quality of coal. Based on the thermal analysis tests of more than 80 kinds of anthracite and bituminous coal, three evaluation parameters, namely, burning intensity （I）, average capacity of heat release （Q）, and general burning index （S） are presented, combining with the consideration of application and calciner types in the cement industry. Taking these three parameters into consideration together is necessary. Experimental results show that the coal with higher S, lower I and higher Q can be rated as the best for the calciner in the cement industry. The quantitative indexes are given to evaluate the bituminous coal and anthracite in this paper. This new assessment method has implications for the design of calciner in the cement industry.

安徽省煤炭资源开发利用水平调查 及问题分析

为了掌握安徽省煤炭资源“三率”情况和综合利用水平,协助管理部门建立合理的矿产资源开发利用评价体系,以2023年度安徽省煤炭资源开发利用水平调查试点工作为基础,梳理了工作方法和工作成果,并对当前煤矿开发利用及管理中存在的主要问题进行了分析,得出以下结论:一是“三率”考核指标存在局限性,不能全面真实反映资源开发利用现状;二是煤炭采出率较低,存在资源浪费问题;三是煤矿资源储量不够明确,管理存在欠缺;四是管理部门和煤矿企业技术力量有待加强;五是煤矿综合利用率指标有待进一步优化。此外,根据存在的问题,提出了具有针对性的管理建议。