Experiment study on the law of effective stress of coal masses during methane drainage

The methane drainage can not only make coal seams deformation, but also effect its stress distribution. Based on lab experiment on methane drainage with a cubic coal sample of 500 mm×500 mm×500 mm, mutative law of coal of pore pressure （p） and effective stress （σef）i were investigated during methane drainage with the coal sample of China Lu＇an coal field No.3 coal seam. The experiment results indicate： during methane drainage pore pressure （p） follows exponential attenuation law： p=aexp（-bt）; effective stress （σef）i of coal masses follows logarithm incremental law： （σef）,=aln t＋b, （i=x, y, z）; effective stress coefficient（a） follows logarithm attenuation law： a=a-bln t; effective stress coefficient, volume stress （Θef） and pore pressure （p） follow bilinear law.

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIVERSITY COAL MASS STRUCTURE AND LITHOTYPE OF COAL IN MULTI-COAL SEAM MINE

Through site observation and indoor measurements in XieJiaji No.2 Coal Mine in Huainan and Luling Coal Mine in Huaibei, it is discovered that the fragmentation degree are different in different coal seams in same mining district and even in sublevels of the are coal seam,tbe coal mass structures exist much difference. By analyzing the relationship between the constitution of coal matters and the epigenesis breakage of coal. This paper points out that the internal factor which causes the diversity of the coal mass structure are from the diversity in the contents of telocollinite and desmocollinite in the vitrinite. The contenet of desmocollinite is higher than that of telocollinite in intact coal seam (sublevel) but the former is less than the later in breaking sublevel, the diversity of constituent content more affects the epigenetic fragmtation degree of coal seam. The content of desmocollinite proves lower than that of telocollinite in the broken coal seam. The new understanding has directing, and reference for the study of coal perology, coal mine gas geology and coal methane.

Mechanics analysis on the conditions of rock burst occurrence in the coal mass of roadway rib

According to the rock burst features occurred in the coal mass of roadway rib in one mine,the mechanics model of coal mass and roof structure system along the edge of goaf was founded to analyze the stress of roof rock layer,so the subside curve of roof rock layer was deduced.Furthermore,the stability of coal and rock system were analyzed,the critical load and critical resistance zone were used to judge the danger degree of rock burst occurrence.The influence of coal mass strength,brittleness degree,coal seam thickness,roof thickness,suspending length,equivalent shear module on the critical load, critical resistance zone was confirmed.So the rock burst occurrence conditions of coal mass in roadway rib mainly depend on mining depth,coal seam thickness and hard roof and floor,which are decided by the above studies,and successfully applied in prediction and prevention of rock burst in this mine.

ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISTURBED COAL MASS

Coal and gas outbursts are a mechanical dislocation process of a gas-logged and porous medium.The existence of the disturbed coal is a precondition of the outbursts. The study showed that the disturbedcoal and normal coal are greatly different in mechanical and physical properties which decided the speeds of ultrasonic wave travelling in them. This paper presents a set of experimental measuring system and method.The resultal of measurements conducted in 60 min areas revealed quite different ultrasonic characteristics indifferent types of coal mass textures. Measuring the disturbed coal is a new way for predicting the outbursts.

Computing the damage and fracture energy in a coal mass based on joint density

Coal joints and cleats are geological discontinuities that are the most important factors that affect the mechanical responses of a coal mass under stress. The joint and coal mass interaction and the mode of failure dominate the mechanical behaviour of jointed coal masses, and therefore the stability of coal excavations. The shear or mixed shear/tensile failure changes to tensile failure by increasing the confining pressure, discontinuity length and angle. This paper extends a thermodynamic approach to constitutive modelling of the coal mass by developing local and non-local damage models based on the joint and cleat density and the dip angle. A consistent and rigorous statistical framework is constructed, which incorporates both local and non-local features into the constitutive modelling. This is an important consideration in developing damage constitutive models based on the trajectory of the failure surfaces in a coal mass.An equation is derived to calculate the fracture energy which is a function of the joint density either in a single direction or crossed conditions.

Deformation analysis of transversely isotropic coal-rock mass with porous and cracks

Coal-rock as a typical sedimentary rock has obvious stratification,namely it has transversely isotropic feature.Meanwhile,deformation leads to coal-rock mass having the characteristics of different porous and crack structures as well as local anisotropy.Equivalent axial and circumferential strain' formulas of the pure coal-rock mass specimen with a single crack were derived through the establishment of equivalent mechanical model of standard cylindrical coal-rock specimen,and have been widely used to a variety of media combined different structures containing multiple cracks.The complete stress strain curve of a real coal-rock specimen was obtained by the CTC test.Additionally,according to the comparison with the theoretical value,the theoretical mechanical model could well explain the deformation characteristics of coal-rock mass and verify its validity.Further,following features were analyzed:strain normalized coefficient and elastic modulus(Poisson's ratio) in vertical and parallel direction to the stratification,stratification angle,porosity,pore radius,normal and tangential stiffness of crack,and the relationship of different crack width with different tangential stiffness of crack.Through the analysis above,it substantiate this claim that the theoretical model with better reliability reflects the transversely isotropic nature of the coal-rock and the local anisotropy caused by the porous and cracks.

Similarity model tests of movement and deformation of coal-rock mass below stopes

For a study of the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass and low protected seams below a stope,as well as for fracture developments and rules of evolution of permeability,we designed a plane strain model test stand to carry out model tests of similar materials in order to improve the effect of gas drainage from low protected seams and to measure the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass using a method of non-contact close-range photogrammetry.Our results show that 1) using paraffin melting to take the place of coal seam mining can satisfy the mining conditions of a protective seam;2) coal-rock mass under goafs has an upward movement after the protective seam has been mined,causing floor heaving;3) low protected seams become swollen and deformed,providing a good pressure-relief effect and causing the coal-rock mass under both sides of coal pillars to become deformed by compression and 4) the evolution of permeability of low protected seams follows the way of initial values→a slight decrease→a great increase→stability→final decrease.Simultaneously,the coefficient of air permeability increased at a decreasing rate with an increase in interlayer spacing.

Dynamic Failure Model of Thin Coal and Rock Mass under Uniform Impact Load

During the excavation of deep coal and rock mass, the radial stress of the free face changes from three-dimensional compression state to two-dimensional stress, bearing the combined action of dynamic disturbance and static load at the same time. With that, many mines suffer from dynamic disasters, such as coal and gas outburst, rock burst and rock caving during deep mining excavation, which is often accompanied by plate crack, spalling and other disasters, seriously affecting the stability of stope and roadway. Taking thin rectangular coal and rock mass as the research object, the dual equation of the free vibration was derived and the exact solution model of the free vibration was established with the use of Hamilton dual system. Based on the action characteristics of the uniform impact load, the effective mode of the forced vibration was obtained by using the Duhamel integral principle and the orthogonality of the mode function. Based on the third strength theory and the numerical simulation results, the dynamic damage process and development trend of coal and rock mass were analyzed under uniform impact load. It was concluded that the starting position of dynamic damage can be judged by the first order main mode, and the development direction and trend of the damage can be judged by the fifth and sixth order main modes. It was concluded that the vibration mode functions of coal and rock mass with four side fixed (C-C-C-C), the two sides fixed and simply supported on the other (S-C-S-C) are mainly composed of three modes that are the first order (dominant frequency), the fifth order and the sixth order, from which the dynamic damage mechanism is preliminarily studied.

Characterization of Tars from the Thermal Processing of Baganuur and Tavan Tolgoi Coals from Mongolia, Using SEC, UV-F, IR and Mass Spectrometry

Tars from two Mongolian coals (Tavan Tolgoi and Baganuur) produced by simple distillation have been characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with elution in both 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and a mixed solvent (NMP and chloroform), UV-fluorescence in chloroform and NMP, gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (GC-MS, probe-MS and LD-MS with thin layer chromatography) and infra-red spectroscopy. The SEC chromatograms using NMP and the solvent mixture NMP: chloroform indicates that similar conclusions can be drawn from using either eluent. The synchronous UV-fluorescence spectra were shifted to longer wavelengths in chloroform solution than in NMP and chloroform may be the better solvent for these tars prepared without extensive secondary thermal treatment. Infra-red spectra indicated differences between the two coal tars that reflected their different ranks, with more oxygenate groups in the lower rank Baganuur coal. Mass spectrometry (GC-MS and probe-MS) of both coal tars confirmed the presence of aliphatic components as well as aromatics and the relatively extensive alkylation of aromatics. Molecular mass ranges indicated for Baganuur tar by SEC compared well with the mass range by LD-MS although the LD-MS extended to higher mass values. The high mass fractions of the tars were revealed by fractionation by thin layer chromatography with the relevant sections of the developed plates inserted directly into the mass spectrometer;laser desorption was directly from the surface of the plate. LD-MS of the unfractionated samples failed to detect the high mass components because of mass discrimination effects. The high mass components were carried over in the distillation by mass transfer of vapours into the condenser.

基于数字图像相关方法的煤岩表面应变场及裂纹演化特征

基于数字图像相关方法,开展了煤岩体试样单轴压缩破坏的裂纹演化特征及破坏过程研究,分析了试样破坏过程的表面应变场、变形局部化带的拉伸位移演化和错动位移演化特征,精细化分析煤岩体变形破坏过程。研究结果表明:(1)根据试样的应力-应变曲线特征,将试样分为缓慢破坏型和瞬间破坏型。缓慢破坏型试样的破坏过程较为平稳,裂纹宽度较小。瞬间破坏型试样破坏过程较为剧烈,表面裂纹宽度增加,表现出明显的岩爆现象。(2)加载过程中,缓慢破坏型试样先产生应变集中后,裂纹沿变形局部化带扩展延伸并逐渐贯通;瞬间破坏型试样在应力峰值后试样表面瞬间产生宏观裂纹。(3)试样表面应变演化特征与加载过程中应力变化特征对应,反映了裂纹扩展规律。缓慢破坏型试样在加载过程中表面应变变化过程较为缓慢,并在后期呈现波动状态;瞬间破坏型试样在应力峰值点处,拉伸应变瞬间突增达到峰值,导致试样破坏。

基于能量原理不同含水率下煤岩体变形破坏能量损伤演化机制

为探究不同含水率下煤岩体在变形破坏过程中的能量演化规律与损伤演化特征,对双马一矿煤岩体开展了在不同含水率条件下单轴压缩试验,基于能量计算及最小耗能原理,分析不同含水率下煤岩体能量耗散特征及损伤演化机制,结果表明:不同含水率下煤岩体力学性质不同,峰值应变与含水率呈正相关,抗压强度、弹性模量与含水率呈负相关;煤岩体含水率越高,其在峰值处弹性应变能及破坏吸收总应变能越小,耗散能占总应变能比例越高;基于最小耗能原理建立的损伤本构模型表明:随着煤岩体含水率增加,损伤门槛值逐渐降低;干燥状态下,煤岩体在应力峰值处损伤变量分别为0.36、0.28,当含水率增至自然状态时,煤岩体在应力峰值处损伤变量值分别下降0.09、0.18,但当含水率增至饱水状态时,煤岩体在应力峰值处损伤变量值反而分别大幅度上升0.102、0.49,总体呈先减后增的发展趋势;进一步建立了不同含水率煤岩损伤应变能释放率演化模型,低含水率煤岩较干燥煤岩的最大损伤应变能释放率大幅度下降,降幅分别为45.61%、31.29%,而随着含水率增加至饱水状态,其最大损伤应变能释放率增大幅度较平缓,分别为3.08%、8.80%,表明煤岩破坏剧烈程度并未大幅度增加。研究成果对煤岩矿柱水害预测评价与岩石损伤评估具有一定参考意义。

原生层理结构影响下煤岩组合体超声波及CT扫描分析

为研究原生层理结构对煤岩组合体波速及力学性质的影响,并提升室内获取煤岩波速及力学参数的精确性、快速性及便捷性,在室内对不同原生层理倾角的煤岩组合体开展了多层位多方位的超声波及CT扫描测试。基于超声波测试数据,获取了原生层理结构影响下煤岩组合体不同层位的波速及波速比变化特征;结合CT扫描及三维重构技术,应用煤岩灰度分布频数数据,提出了不同层位CT灰度均值的计算方法,获得了不同原生层理倾角下煤岩组合体不同层位灰度及煤岩含量的变化规律,建立了煤岩CT灰度均值与波速、力学参数的关系;构建了考虑层理倾角与煤岩含量效应的煤岩组合体纵波波速计算模型,并应用测试数据进行了对比验证。结果表明:①含原生层理的煤岩组合体波速及波速比与层理倾角线性相关,随层理倾角增加,组合体的纵波波速近似线性减小,而波速比的分布范围增大;②不同层理倾角下组合体的CT灰度均值与波速线性相关,随CT灰度均值增高,煤岩组合体波速线性增加;③煤岩组合体的密度随CT灰度均值增加线性增高,其动态弹性模量及剪切模量则与CT灰度均值均呈三阶多项式关系,并随CT灰度均值增高趋于增大;④层理倾角与煤岩含量相比,组合体波速对煤岩含量的敏感性更高,煤岩含量相近则波速受层理倾角响变化最大。

黏结性富油煤热解油气析出规律及物性演变特征

黏结性富油煤受热产生的软化、熔融现象可能导致井筒堵塞和地层扰动,这是原位热解需考虑的重要因素。在300~700℃下对黏结性富油煤热解,考察油气析出规律和组成性质,分析半焦的物性演变特征及其对原位热解的指示意义。结果表明,焦油产率在500℃取得最大值7.75%,此时<300℃轻质组分含量最高(32.2%),且焦油成分在400~500℃变化显著,酚类和芳烃含量分别呈现增大和降低趋势。煤样的软化温度和固化温度分别为389和455℃,使半焦的宏观孔率度在≥400℃时由不足10%增至约50%,而微观孔隙结构仅在600~700℃高温脱气阶段更发达;半焦导热系数随温度先减小后增大,并在400℃达到最小值0.06 W/(m·℃)。黏结性富油煤原位热解面临通道堵塞、挥发分析出受阻和煤层导热速率偏慢等潜在问题,可尝试采用具有破黏效应的压裂支撑剂或近临界水原位转化技术加以解决。

酸腐蚀对煤动态拉伸强度及能量耗散影响的试验研究

地下煤层经常受到酸性水腐蚀作用和开采爆破等动荷载扰动作用,为了研究酸腐蚀对煤动力学行为的影响,利用分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)实验技术,对经过pH=2和pH=4的酸溶液处理的煤样进行动态拉伸试验,并基于X射线衍射技术(XRD)测试结果,探究酸对煤的损伤机理与力学性能之间的相关性。结果表明:煤的动态拉伸强度表现出显著的速率依赖性,而酸腐蚀会削弱这种速率效应,酸性越强,削弱作用越显著。加载速率相同时,不同煤样的拉伸强度大小关系为原煤>pH=4>pH=2。经酸腐蚀后的煤耗散能与耗散能增长率都有明显降低。XRD测试表明,酸对煤的损伤表现在其对煤中无机矿物及小分子有机物的去除作用,这将导致煤力学性能下降。

动静荷载下煤岩体应力波传播与衰减特征

首先,采用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统对短试样(长度为50 mm)和长试样(长度为300 mm)煤岩开展多种应变率和不同传播距离的冲击试验,并将应变片粘贴在长试件的不同位置;其次,结合自主研发的干耦合式超声波测试系统开展多应力水平和多频率的超声波测试试验;最后,揭示应力波在煤岩传播过程中的能量损失规律以及高频波与低频波的衰减规律。研究结果表明:在冲击试验中,入射、反射及透射应力波峰值均随应变率增加而增大,但由于应变率增加时波频率增加,高频波在穿越微观结构面时更易衰减,透射系数随应变率增加而呈线性减小;透射波在传播距离300 mm以内衰减较快,衰减量达30%,透射波随距离增加大致而呈现指数形式的衰减规律;超声波由于振动幅值小且频率高,在传播过程中距离达到75 mm时迅速衰减,之后的衰减幅度逐渐趋于平缓。高频率更易与煤体的细观结构发生相互作用而被吸收,致使高频波随传播距离衰减更快,频率与波幅值衰减呈线性关系。

安顺煤矿煤岩电磁辐射测试技术研究

随安顺煤矿开采深度的加深,工作面回采时异常动力灾害发生的危险性显著提高。为防范灾害事故,可基于煤岩受载破坏过程电磁辐射强度与煤岩破坏的相关性,采用电磁辐射仪测试煤岩体的损伤破坏状态,对煤岩体动力灾害事故危险性进行预测,通过设置三采区轨道下山、四采区轨道风门0~300 m处为对照组,对四采区轨道、回风、胶带三条下山掘进巷道进行煤岩电磁辐射测试,并对其监测数据进行规律分析。研究结果表明:掘进作业严重影响巷道内应力分布与煤岩破坏状态,靠近掘进点的部位所受应力扰动更为明显,掘进较深、支护稳定的巷道所受影响较小;巷道危险区的煤岩电磁辐射强度相对较高;存在断层时,断层周围电磁辐射信号较强;掘进煤巷的应力受扰动情况比岩巷更加稳定,且所受应力普遍较小。

不同加载速率下煤体强度与破碎特征实验研究

通过AG-Ⅰ250 kN万能实验机对滇东矿区煤体试件进行单轴压缩实验,探讨了突出危险煤体在不同荷载速率环境下的强度特性与破碎特征。结果表明:煤体应力—应变曲线经历线弹性、塑性、峰后破坏3个阶段,弹性特征随加载速率的增加愈发明显;随着加载速率的增加,煤体峰值应变增大,弹性模量与加载速率呈线性关系;煤体在单轴压缩条件下的破坏形式多表现为脆性破坏,随着加载速率的增加,破碎煤样的折算直径减小,新增表面积增大,整体破碎程度随加载速率的增加而增大,与宏观煤体破坏剧烈程度吻合;不同加载速率下煤体强度特征符合Coulomb准则,峰值强度与达到破坏时间与加载速率呈线性关系。

光电离质谱法在典型固体燃料热解研究中的应用进展

通过热解将固体燃料在热化学上转化为运输燃料和增值化学品是实现固体燃料高效利用的最为切实可行和兼顾经济性的途径之一。由于热解反应产物的复杂性,对固体燃料热解的中间产物和最终产物在分子水平上进行全面阐明对于理解热解反应机理至关重要,同时对提高热解过程的可持续性具有积极意义。光电离质谱(PIMS)技术被普遍认为是一种高度通用的过程分析技术,通过对热解气相产物中的离子进行实时检测和分析,为热解提供了实时的信息。为此,本工作综述了近年来PIMS技术在固体燃料(包括煤、生物质和固体推进剂)热解领域的应用,并对不同实验和模型的进展进行了概述。这些进展相互促进,有助于学者加深对热解固体燃料复杂过程的理解,并为未来深入研究热解机理提供有力支持。

渗透剂对含瓦斯煤体置换效应实验研究

为研究渗透剂对含瓦斯煤体置换效应的变化规律,自主研制了一套高压吸附状态下解吸测试装置。选用聚乙二醇-4000和吐温-80两种非离子试剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠两种阴离子试剂,及前者非离子与阴离子的混合试剂作为渗透剂。研究瓦斯煤体置换的全过程,分析渗透剂对瓦斯的置换量的影响,并在此基础上研究置换增幅规律。结果表明,在质量分数某一范围内,渗透剂的质量分数越高,置换瓦斯量随之增多。混合溶液的置换瓦斯能力强于阴离子溶液,阴离子溶液强于非离子溶液。

管道作用下急倾斜煤层稳定性分析

近地表荷载与急倾斜煤层老采空区的“活化”有着紧密的关联,采空区覆岩中裂隙带底部的岩块在荷载作用下极易发生回转失稳和滑落失稳,这些岩块对采空区的稳定性起到至关重要的作用,被称为关键岩块,当荷载作用使得关键岩块失稳时,采空区将发生“活化”。基于采空区覆岩“砌体梁”结构力学模型对关键岩块进行力学分析,构建荷载作用下采空区上覆岩土体失稳判断依据,进而对荷载作用下急倾斜煤层上覆岩体稳定性进行定量分析,研究发现:当作用于土体截面处最大摩擦力大于该土体所受最大剪切力时,该块体不会发生滑落失稳;只有关键岩块与岩块之间的平均挤压应力小于岩块在边角处的挤压强度,关键岩块才不会发生回转失稳。将推导结果应用于广东省某急倾斜煤矿,计算结果表明:在茶山煤矿4煤和6煤采空区上方铺设输气管道并不会引起采空区的“活化”;荷载作用下的关键岩块力学分析在急倾斜煤层上覆岩体稳定性中应用效果较好,对实际工程有一定指导作用。