Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

Numerical analysis on coal-breaking process under high pressure water jet

Based on the theory of nonlinear dynamic finite element,the control equation ofcoal and water jet was acquired in the coal breaking process under a water jet.The calculationmodel of coal breaking under a water jet was established;the fluid-structure couplingof water jet and coal was implemented by penalty function and convection calculation.The dynamic process of coal breaking under a water jet was simulated and analyzed bycombining the united fracture criteria of the maximum tensile strain and the maximal shearstrain in the two cases of damage to coal and damage failure to coal.

Experimental study of water effects on gas desorption during highpressure water injection

For the question of applying high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency by increasing the permeability of water to drive gas action, an independently designed gas desorption experimental measuring device was used under the condition of external solution invasion. The law of water effect on gas desorption was obtained after water invasion through experiment for the first time. The results show that water＇s later invasion not only can make the quantity of gas dcsorp- tion greatly reduced, but also can make gas desorption end early. Therefore, when evaluating the applications of high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency, we should take water damaging effects on gas desorption into account.

Research of the electrical anisotropic characteristics of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams

Water flooding disasters are one of the five natural coal-mining disasters that threaten the lives of coal miners. The main causes of this flooding are water-conducting fractured zones within coal seams. However, when resistivity methods are used to detect water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams, incorrect conclusions can be drawn because of electrical anisotropy within the water-conducting fractured zones. We present, in this paper, a new geo-electrical model based on the geology of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams. Factors that influence electrical anisotropy were analyzed, including formation water resistivity, porosity, fracture density, and fracture surface roughness, pressure, and dip angle. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the proposed electrical method. The results demonstrate a closed relationship between the shape of apparent resistivity and the strike and dip of a fracture. Hence, the findings of this paper provide a practical resistivity method for coal-mining production.

Influence of Water Injection Fracturing on Crack Damage in Soft Coal and Application in Gas Extraction

In order to study the hypotonic and rheological particularity of “three soft” coal seam in west Henan, China, this paper explored the stress and damage characteristics of crack in coal under condition of water injection fracturing based on ABAQUS platform;The cohesive element in T-P damage evolution criterion was used to describe the approximately linear relationship between crack width and extending distance in soft coal. The simulation results show that stress evolution and crack damage in soft coal is a gradually developing process under condition of water injection fracturing. When the static pressure is 4 - 10 MPa, and the injection time is about 1 - 2 hours, the damage range of crack in soft coal can basically reach an ideal data of 80 - 100 m, and then greatly improve the hypotonic performance of “three soft” coal seam.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

重复注气压降法煤层渗透率模型与原位测试研究

煤层渗透率作为衡量瓦斯渗流与抽采难易程度的重要指标,对其进行准确测定具有重要意义。针对现有方法计算渗透率测试周期长、结果不稳定、模型不完善等问题,研究煤层渗透率的快速准确测定方法及相应的计算模型。基于煤层中气体径向不稳定流控制方程,结合不同压差下气体在煤层中的体积流量方程,建立可利用全区间压降数据测定煤层渗透率的注气压降计算模型。应用COMSOL数值模拟软件的达西渗流模块对模型进行求解,针对现场工程设计中可对压降曲线产生影响的测压气室长度进行单变量处理,根据模拟结果分析钻孔的测压气室长度可设计为2.0 m。根据数值模拟结果进行现场布置,搭建井下重复注气压降试验系统,结合煤层瓦斯赋存条件和巷道条件施工两组穿层钻孔,对2个测点分别注入两次高于煤层瓦斯压力的补偿气体进行渗透率原位测试,测试周期分别约为6 d和17 d,第2轮测试的注气压力高于第1轮。结合理论推导验证了注气压降过程中煤层瓦斯的雷诺数均处于线性达西渗流段,瓦斯在煤层中的渗流符合达西定律,满足计算模型的假设。与传统煤层渗透率计算方法进行了比较,结果表明:本方法和径向流量法的计算结果基本一致,可以满足实际工程需要。重复注气压降法的测试结果稳定可靠,具备快速测定的优点。

极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制方法研究

极近距离煤层传统长壁开采,受上层遗留煤柱和采空区垮落等因素的影响,下煤层开采过程中应力环境复杂、矿压显现剧烈,易诱发巷道围岩大变形。为解决上述问题,提出了极近距离条件下巷道定向切顶–约束高强支护无煤柱自成巷控制方法。通过顶板定向预裂切顶,主动改变顶板悬臂结构,切断采空区向巷道顶板的应力传递。充分利用矿山压力和岩体碎胀特性,取消煤柱留设,结合高强支护加强巷道顶板整体性,共同实现切顶自成巷。建立了极近距离煤层开采覆岩结构模型,计算了下煤层切顶自成巷巷旁支护阻力。以典型极近距离煤层为工程背景,开展了不同开采方法的数值试验对比研究,结果表明,提出的自成巷控制方法使巷道围岩应力降低59.8%,巷道顶板变形减少70.8%,并明确了极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制机理。在此基础上,开展了典型极近距离煤层工程设计及现场应用研究,结果表明该方法有效降低了矿压显现程度,保证了自成巷的安全稳定控制。

地面井分层卸压的煤系气合采原理及方式探讨

为了进一步认识制约煤系气合采的因素,提高煤系合层排采各产层的产气贡献,分别从动力、通道和气源条件出发,分析了煤系气合采的必备因素。基于改变地应力状态提高储层导流能力以及分层改变储层流体压力,满足多层合采动力条件的原理,提出了地面井分层卸压的煤系气合采方式。该方式通过在地面进行定向钻井,在目标储层中进行高压水射流作业,人工创造卸压空间(缝、槽、穴等),改变地应力状态,降低有效应力伤害,增加储层导流通道的数量和开度,提高目标储层压降传递速率。待储层压力降至符合煤系气合采动力条件时进行合层排采,从而提高煤系合采各产气层的产气贡献。相较于常规增产改造措施,此方式能够减少煤系气储层在有效应力作用下的储层伤害,且有助于提高储层压降传递效率,增强煤系气的解吸和扩散,降低多层煤系气合采过程中的层间干扰。在以上研究基础上,认为地面井分层卸压的合采方式主要适用于储层地应力大、产层间距小的煤系气储层,且有望在薄互层煤系气储层增产改造及层间干扰严重的叠合共生煤系储层开发领域进行应用推广。

注水站高压注水泵盘根盒压帽断裂分析

中原油田高压注水泵盘根盒压帽出现多起断裂事故,给安全生产带来较大风险隐患。通过现场基本情况、压帽化学成分、硬度和金相组织的分析,再加上断口的宏观形貌、微观形貌分析等方法,查找压帽发生断裂原因。结果表明,压帽断裂原因一是由于铸造材质疏松,且存在缺陷;二是由于注水泵高压波动对断裂起到了关键性破坏作用,属于“材质因素和力学因素”共同作用导致的断裂。

低透气性煤层高压脉冲射流割缝-压裂增透技术应用研究

针对盘州平关镇大坪煤矿18采区20号煤层复杂地质条件及瓦斯抽采难题,提出一种高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂增透技术。为验证该技术效果,分析了其增透技术机理,并设计了4种试验方案进行对比分析。结果表明,采用高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂方案在瓦斯抽采效果方面显著优于其他方法,与普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝、高压水力压裂抽采瓦斯相比,其平均每日抽采瓦斯浓度分别提高了3.01倍、1.41倍和1.67倍;平均每日抽采瓦斯纯流量也相应提升了2.86倍、1.42倍和1.62倍。经过90 d的抽采,该方案的抽采影响半径达到了5.06 m,分别为普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂抽采方案的2.56倍、1.25倍和1.29倍;在抽采效果相同的条件下,钻孔施工时间分别比普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂方案缩短了60%、32%和20%,瓦斯抽采达标所需时间分别比普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂方案缩短了70%、50%和62%。高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂技术对低透气性煤层瓦斯治理效果较为理想,可供类似矿井借鉴。

超临界CO_(2)作用下无烟煤结构响应特征及高压吸附机理

中国深部煤层气资源丰富,将CO_(2)注入深部煤层,在提高煤层气采收率同时,还可实现CO_(2)地质封存(CO_(2)-ECBM)。通常,深部煤层CO_(2)处于超临界态并显著影响煤体吸附能力,但对于超临界CO_(2)作用下煤体结构演化及吸附机理尚不清晰。为此,以山西晋城成庄矿二叠系山西组三号煤层为研究对象,开展了无烟煤对超临界CO_(2)的高压吸附实验,结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射光电子能谱(XPS)测试及比表面积(BET)测试,分析了超临界CO_(2)高压吸附引起的无烟煤化学结构与孔隙结构响应特征,最后揭示了无烟煤对超临界CO_(2)的高压吸附特性及吸附机理。研究结果表明:①超临界CO_(2)高压吸附存在突变点,35℃时突变点位于临界压力(8 MPa)附近,在突变点处的吸附能力最小;②超临界CO_(2)可使芳香环枝接官能团、醚氧键、羟基氢键断裂,脂肪结构甲基脱落,可为CO_(2)提供更多的吸附位点,增强了无烟煤表面吸附能力;③超临界CO_(2)改变无烟煤介孔的孔隙结构特征和分形特征,吸附后平均孔径、孔体积、比表面积、分形维数呈增大趋势,孔隙粗糙度增大,对孔隙结构改造作用表现为“增孔、扩孔、粗糙化”,可提供更多吸附空间,增强了无烟煤吸附能力;④在深部煤层中注入CO_(2),应优先选择高孔隙度、高渗透性储层,注入煤层环境应尽可能远离CO_(2)临界点区域,储层对CO_(2)才有最大吸附能力。结论认为,成果认识为深部煤层CO_(2)可注性及封存潜力评估提供了重要的理论依据,对煤层气高效开发具有重要现实意义。

瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿特性及其影响机制

煤层注水被广泛用于煤层瓦斯治理,其治理瓦斯的效果关键在于水分对含瓦斯煤体的润湿效果,然而高瓦斯煤层中瓦斯严重干扰着水分对煤体的润湿。为弄清瓦斯氛围下水分对煤体的润湿特性,采用自研的瓦斯氛围下煤-水接触角测试装备及自开发的瓦斯氛围下水的表面张力测试软件,研究了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿参数,阐释了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面的润湿特性,并揭示了其影响机制。研究结果表明:瓦斯氛围下随着瓦斯压力的增加,水的表面张力、煤的表面能及黏附功逐渐减小,煤-水接触角及煤-水界面能逐渐增加,水对煤的润湿效果变差;基于煤的工业分析、元素分析及微光谱图分析,建立了无烟煤的分子结构模型,分子式为C_(99)H_(54)N_(2)O_(3)S,煤分子模型的桥碳比为0.61,其与^(13)C-NMR谱图的桥碳比一致;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,煤水交界面以下,水分子的相对浓度随着瓦斯压力的增大而减小;煤水交界面以上,瓦斯压力越大,水分子相对浓度峰值越大;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,随着瓦斯压力的增加,水分子的吸附程度减弱,煤中瓦斯被置换的程度减小,甲烷分子的扩散系数减小,水分子分散程度增加,聚集程度减弱,水分子的扩散系数增加。

底板突水危险性评价研究进展

回顾了煤层底板突水危险性评价的发展历程,提出其危险性评价的体系:指标(指标体系的建立)—方法(评价方法的选取)—工具(处理工具的革新),并对3个环节进行总结。指出指标体系的发展不再是因素集的扩充,而是因素与因素之间非线性关系的处理以及对以开采条件及地质条件为两大基本要素集的化繁为简;将现有方法依据处理数据的逻辑分为3类:以数据的基础信息为基准,将原始数据对评价对象所产生的大小、高低、优劣性影响进行考量、排序及综合形成评价结果的第一类方法;对数据列进行人工评判、加工分析、拓展和延伸,挖掘数据的潜在信息,并形成最终评价结果的第2类方法;整理具有相同指标的数据集,通过数据信息处理技术发现数据间的共有信息,从而获得最终评价结果的第3类方法。指出未来评价方法的发展方向一方面是对突水系数法的传承,修正其在厚、巨厚、极薄隔水层的不良表现,另一方面是对机器学习新型方法的创新,对其本身及组合模型进行开发与应用。提出了处理工具所需实现的三大目标:矿井立体化模型的建立、评价结果的动态化演示、“定位、定量、定概率”三定指标的实现。分别探讨了三者面临的问题并阐述具体解决手段。在上述基础上,总体阐明了煤层底板突水危险性评价体系各环节的研究展望。

高瓦斯中硬煤层超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术及应用

为了提高高瓦斯中硬煤层卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果,研究了顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝技术,分析了其卸压增透机理,开展了超高压水力割缝现场试验,确定了等效割缝半径和有效瓦斯抽采半径,考察了超高压水力割缝技术的应用效果。研究结果表明:超高压水力割缝技术具有切割速度快、切割半径大等特点,相当于在钻孔周围煤体开采极薄保护层,平均单刀割缝时间9 min,单刀出煤量0.32~0.42 t,等效割缝半径为1.55~1.78 m;超高压水力割缝组单孔平均抽采浓度76.5%,单孔平均抽采纯量为0.089 m^(3)/min,分别是普通钻孔的4.58倍和4.05倍,是水力冲孔的1.2倍和1.43倍,可见该技术可以大幅度提高卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果。

基于UDF的煤层注水渗流演化规律的数值模拟研究

为了更好地揭示煤体高压注水渗流演化规律,提高煤层注水抑尘效果;基于三轴压缩和煤矿生产实际,通过煤岩渗透性试验得到煤岩变形与孔隙水压匹配关系;利用用户自定义函数UDF模块将其编译到Fluent中对钻孔注水过程中的流体压力场、速度场及水量分布情况进行模拟,分析不同注水压力下钻孔径向周围煤体内润湿范围以及渗流速度等因素。结果表明:渗流场压力随着孔隙水压的增大而增大,压力变化率随着时间段的增长逐渐降低并趋至稳定,渗流场速度变化展现出相似的变化规律;随着孔隙水压的不断增大,煤体孔隙率随之增大,煤体内部含水率逐渐升高,分布范围从钻孔周围逐渐向两侧扩大,煤层钻孔周围的润湿过程是一个快速增长后缓慢降低达到稳定的状态。

复合再生顶板条件下煤体固化与顶板强化技术研究及应用

为提升复合再生顶板工作面的安全性和回采效率,在平煤十二矿己16-17-31020复合再生顶板工作面开展了煤体注水固化、顶板注浆强化和管缝锚杆顶板强化试验,探索了复合再生顶板工作面矿压显现规律,评价了加固措施的支护效果。研究结果表明:加固措施实施后,工作面完整度大幅提升,降低了顶板冒落和压架等事故风险;平均来压步距由22.15 m增加至29.92 m,顶板压力由25~31 MPa降到19~26 MPa。顶板下沉量降低了50.4%,保证了工作面的正常安全回采,同时进尺速率提升了16.7%。煤体固化-顶板强化措施取得了良好的效益,可为同类型复合再生顶板工作面提供借鉴。

表面活性剂对无烟煤润湿性的影响实验研究

煤的润湿性对煤层注水及防尘有重要意义。为研究表面活性剂对煤尘表面润湿性的影响机理,以贵州矿区无烟煤为研究对象开展煤尘沉降实验,优选润湿实验煤样效果最佳的表面活性剂溶液,借助红外光谱实验及Zeta电位测定实验,探索表面活性剂作用下煤表面润湿性的变化规律。研究结果表明:实验所用4种表面活性剂均能大幅度提高煤尘润湿性;其中,质量分数为1%的APG润湿煤尘的效果最佳;改性后,实验煤样亲水基团和疏水基团均增加,但亲水基团增量明显大于疏水基团,说明表面活性剂改性对亲水基团的影响更显著,有利于提高煤尘表面的亲水性;改性后,实验煤样表面负电性增强约7.68倍,引起双电层中剪切面滑向液面,同时强化含氧官能团与水分子之间的偶极作用力,导致水化层增厚,煤样表面润湿性得以改善。

低渗透性煤层注水数值模拟与工程应用

基于Comsol Multiphysics 5.4模拟软件对不同煤体特征参数与注水工艺参数对低渗透性煤体的力学特性和湿润效果的影响规律进行模拟分析,并将模拟结果应用于工程实际。模拟结果显示,注水压力越大,距钻孔距离越小,孔隙压力就越大,三者之间存在一定数学关系,注水压力对湿润半径呈指数式增长趋势;注水孔长度对湿润效果基本无影响;而孔隙度越大,煤体孔隙压力越小,煤体钻孔水质量流量和湿润半径越大,一定范围内煤体更加湿润。应用结果表明,采用数值模拟对湿润半径进行预测可以对工程现场低渗透性煤层的注水工艺参数设计提供引导。现场应用发现煤体的湿润性及工作面的降尘效果显著,对粉尘的产生及控制均起到积极影响,有效改善了井下工作环境。

缝洞型油藏高压扩容注入动态模型及敏感性分析

高压扩容注水是缝洞型油藏提高采收率的有效方式之一。针对高压扩容注水注采过程认识不清的问题,提出了3类高压扩容注水模式,基于高压扩容注入动态模型,模拟不同敏感性参数对高压扩容注水和生产过程的影响,并结合哈拉哈塘缝洞型油藏矿场实例,分析了3类高压扩容注水模式。结果表明:高压扩容注水有远端低能型、渗流屏障型和近端小储集体型3类模式,3类高压扩容注水模式均可有效动用远端储集体,提高采出程度,渗流屏障型增油效果最优;近端储集体大小影响注水指示曲线拐点出现时间,远端储集体大小影响注水指示曲线出现拐点后的注水难易程度;注水过程的交换指数大于生产过程的交换指数,表明高压扩容注水有效;裂缝闭合压力越小,应力敏感系数越小,注水指示曲线出现拐点越早,累计产液量越高。