Spontaneous combustion of coals and coal-shales

Spontaneous combustion of coal is a well-known phenomena around the globe. Apart from the coal itself,burning coal-shales is becoming a problem in the South African coal mines. Serious incidents of spontaneous combustion have been reported as a result of self-heating of reactive coal-shales. The intrinsic properties and spontaneous combustion tests of 28 selected coal and coal-shale samples were conducted and a relationship between the two has been established. Intrinsic properties were obtained by using the proximate and ultimate analysis, and spontaneous combustion liability tests results were obtained by using the Wits-Ehac and Wits-CT indices. The experimental results show that intrinsic properties of these materials complement to the spontaneous combustion liability tests results. Comparative analyses of intrinsic properties and spontaneous combustion characteristics indicate similarities between the mechanism of coal oxidation and that of the oxidative processes undergone by coal-shales. For the tested samples, coal samples have a higher intrinsic spontaneous combustion reactivity rating than the coal-shales.Furthermore, an increase in carbon, moisture, hydrogen, volatile matter, nitrogen and a decrease in ash content indicate an increased proneness to self-heating. The concentration of pyrite found in the coal-shales accelerates self-heating. The event of spontaneous combustion can occur if coal-shales absorb sufficient oxygen when subjected to atmospheric conditions.

A new apparatus to establish the spontaneous combustion propensity of coals and coal-shales

Coal and coal-shale both tend to undergo spontaneous combustion under favourable atmospheric conditions. The Wits-Ehac index has been developed in South Africa since the late 1980's to test the spontaneous combustion liability of coal. However, in some cases, the Wits-Ehac index fails to produce tangible results when testing coal-shales. To overcome this problem, a new apparatus has been developed to test carbonaceous materials such as coal and coal-shale under chemical reactions with oxygen and an index has been obtained. This index is called the Wits-CT index. The equipment emulates the influence of oxygen adsorption on carbonaceous material for a period of 24 h without a heating system.The Wits-CT index uses the total carbon content of the sample and the temperature variations obtained from the samples during reaction with oxygen to predict the spontaneous combustion liability. Eighteen samples have been analyzed using both indices and the results are in-line. It was found that coals and coal-shales with higher values of the Wits-CT index are more liable to spontaneous combustion.Further research on different coal-shales is underway in order to establish an extensive database for coal and coal-shales, together with known incidences of self-heating.

The genetic environmental transformation mechanism of coal and oil shale deposits in eastern China’s continental fault basins and the developmental characteristics of the area’s symbiotic assemblages——taking Huangxian Basin as an example

Coal and oil shale are two common sedimentary energy sources which are often symbiotically developed in M esozoic- Cenozoic continental fault basins. However, the mechanisms and characteristics of the symbiotic development are not yet clearly known. In this research study, the typical continental fault basins of eastern China were chosen as examples for the purpose of conducting an examination of the coal and oil shale symbiotic assemblage types, genetic environmental differences, and transformation mechanisms, as well as the development and occurrence characteristics o f different assemblage types. Through a large number of investigations, systematic experimental testing, and sequence stratigraphy studies, the following conclusions were obtained:(1) There were five types of coal and oil shale symbiotic assemblages observed in the continental fault basins,(2) The development of coal and oil shale deposits requires a warm and humid climate, stable structure, abundant organic matter supply, a certain water depth, and a lower terrestrial source debris supply. The observed differences were that the water depth conditions were diversified in the study area, as well as the sources, types, and content of the organic matter.(3) The rapid transformations of the coal and oil shale genetic environments were mainly controlled by the tectonic settings and climatic conditions, which were determined to control the changes in the water depths, salinity,redox conditions, and lake productivity of the genetic environments. Also, in the symbiotic assemblages, genetic environment changes had induced the development of oil shale deposits, which gradually evolved into coal genetic environments.(4) In the isochronous sequence stratigraphic framework of the coal and oil shale symbiotic assemblages, the lake expansion system tracts (EST) were determined to be the most beneficial to the growth o f all the types of assemblages and were characterized by more assemblage development phases and smaller bed thicknesses. From the early to the late stages of the EST, and from the lakesides to lake centers, the thicknesses of the coal seams in the symbiotic assemblages showed trends of thinning, while the thicknesses of the oil shale deposits exhibited increasing trends. The early stages of high stand system tracts were found to be beneficial to the development of the symbiotic assemblages of coal seams overlying the oil shale. This tract type generally presented large bed thicknesses and distribution ranges. The low stand system tract and the late high stand system tract were determined to be unconducive to the development of the symbiotic assemblages.

A New Discovery on the Deformation Behavior of Shale Gas Reservoirs Affecting Pore Morphology in the Juhugeng Coal Mining Area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China

Objective The Juhugeng mining area in Qinghai Province of northwest China has attracted wide attention among geologists for it hosts typical coal measure gases.The shale gas reservoirs were reformed by intensive structural movements during geological periods,

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘山西组煤系页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律研究

目的为了解煤系页岩中孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,方法采用X射线衍射、岩石热解、扫描电镜、低压CO_(2)/N_(2)吸附和高压压汞等实验,对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘山西组煤系页岩不同岩相孔隙结构进行表征,分析成岩作用对各岩相孔隙演化的影响。结果结果表明,山西组主要发育富硅泥质页岩岩相(A-1)、泥质/硅质混合页岩岩相(M-2)和富黏土硅质页岩岩相(S-3);介孔是储层孔容的主要来源,贡献度达65%以上,微孔是储层比表面积的主要来源,贡献度达62%以上;S-3页岩总孔容和总比表面积均较大,均值分别为0.0362 cm^(3)/g,35.15 cm^(2)/g,A-1页岩总孔容和总比表面积均较小,均值分别为0.0266 cm^(3)/g,21.39 cm^(2)/g;有机质通过控制微孔发育对页岩比表面积起控制作用,另外,黏土矿物对页岩比表面积有一定促进作用,黄铁矿对M-2页岩和S-3页岩孔隙结构均有一定促进作用;A-1页岩孔隙演化受压实作用、黏土矿物转化作用最为明显,S-3页岩孔隙受胶结作用、有机质生烃作用和溶蚀作用影响均较显著,M-2页岩孔隙兼具A-1和S-3页岩的成岩演化特点。结论研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盆地煤系页岩孔隙结构研究提供借鉴与参考。

碳中和目标下中国天然气工业进展、挑战及对策

天然气在21世纪中叶将迈入“鼎盛期”,“天然气时代”正在到来。回顾全球天然气工业历程,梳理美国页岩革命启示,总结中国天然气发展历史与成果进展,分析天然气在能源绿色低碳转型中的地位与挑战,提出当前和未来中国天然气工业的发展对策。中国天然气工业经历了起步、增长、跨越3个发展阶段,已成为世界第4大天然气生产国与第3大消费国;天然气勘探开发理论技术取得重大成就,为储量产量规模增长提供了重要支撑。碳中和目标下,推动绿色可持续发展,天然气工业发展挑战与机遇并存。天然气低碳优势显著,“气电调峰”助力新能源发展;同时,开采难度与成本加大等问题更突出。为保障国家能源安全,实现经济社会与生态环境和谐共生,碳中和进程中,立足“统筹布局、科技创新;多能互补、多元融合;灵活高效、优化升级”,完善产供储销体系建设,加速推动天然气工业发展:①加大天然气勘探开发力度,规划部署重点勘探开发领域,突破关键理论,强化技术攻关,持续支撑增储上产;②推进天然气绿色创新发展,突破新技术,拓展新领域,融合新能源;③优化天然气供需转型升级,加大管道气、液化天然气布局和地下储气库建设,建立储备体系,提升应急调节能力和天然气一次能源消费比例,助力能源消费结构转型,实现资源利用低碳化、能源消费清洁化。

非常规油气田节能技术综述

双碳背景下,国家能源安全战略地位高度空前提升。油气田企业作为传统化石能源企业,其绿色低碳发展势在必行。油气田节能技术的发展是“双碳”目标得以实现的重要支撑。文中通过常规油气田节能技术在非常规油气田的适应性分析,结合非常规油气田实际生产特点和工况,按照页岩油、致密油、页岩气、致密气、煤层气等,分类分系统梳理总结非常规油气田地面生产节能技术和典型案例。结合能源管控推进以及油气田与新能源融合绿色低碳发展等总体趋势,提出未来非常规油气田节能技术的发展方向。

丙烯酰胺类聚合物在储层岩石表面的吸附行为

研究聚合物在油气储层岩石表面的吸附滞留对于工作液配方优化、提升非常规油气藏经济效益具有重大意义。为分析储层岩石与丙烯酰胺类聚合物的吸附作用,采用淀粉-碘化镉法间接测定了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)、部分水解丙烯酰胺/二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵共聚物(HPAD)和丙烯酰胺类疏水缔合聚合物(HAP)在页岩、煤岩和砂岩表面的吸附量,量化了吸附时间、聚合物浓度、温度和矿化度对3种聚合物在岩石表面吸附行为的影响。结果表明,HPAM和HAP在岩石表面的吸附更符合准二级吸附动力学模型,而HPAD则更符合准一级吸附动力学模型。与HPAD和HAP相比,HPAM平衡吸附量更大。3种聚合物在储层岩石上的吸附过程都更符合Freundlich吸附模型。达到吸附平衡所需时间与聚合物、储层岩石种类密切相关。HPAM在3种岩石表面的吸附会达到饱和,而HPAD和HAP的吸附量随着时间推移而增加。温度升高,会导致解吸附加剧,从而导致吸附量下降;溶液矿化度升高,聚合物的溶解度降低,导致吸附量增加。聚合物在储层表面的持续吸附是其在工作液中消耗的主要原因。HPAD和HAP可能会由于其在储层岩石表面的持续吸附,导致有效浓度过低而使工作液失效。

海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙分形特征及影响因素——以沁水盆地北部太原组为例

【目的】为分析沁水盆地北部太原组海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙分形特征及影响因素。【方法】通过对阳泉区块太原组样品进行总有机碳(TOC)含量、成熟度测试及X射线衍射、低温氮气吸附实验,基于(Frenkel Halsey Hill,FHH)理论模型计算样品孔隙分形维数,分析矿物含量、有机地化特征及孔隙结构参数对孔隙分形维数的影响。【结果】太原组煤系页岩TOC含量介于0.57%~6.40%,平均为3.18%;有机质镜质体反射率(R_(o))介于1.96%~3.24%,平均为2.49%;煤系页岩微观孔隙具有双重分形特点,其中表面分形维数(D_(1))介于2.507 9~2.663 9,结构分形维数(D_(2))介于2.527 1~2.809 4;有机质含量及成熟度与D_(1)、D_(2)均呈正相关关系,孔隙结构参数与D_(1)、D_(2)具有良好的正相关性,但与D_(2)相关系数高于D_(1),指示微孔对孔隙结构参数的影响更强;分选、磨圆度高的陆源碎屑石英多具规则孔隙形态,造成石英含量与D_(1)、D_(2)呈负相关关系;碳酸盐岩矿物及长石主要提供宏孔,其含量与页岩D_(1)及D_(2)均呈负相关关系;黏土矿物在长期压实作用下孔径减小,微孔数量增加,孔隙形态复杂,其含量与分形维数D_(1)及D_(2)呈正相关关系。【结论】海陆过渡相煤系页岩微观孔隙具有双重分形特点,有机质含量、成熟度、孔隙结构参数和黏土矿物含量增大可导致其微观孔隙分形维数变大,陆源碎屑石英、长石和碳酸盐矿物含量增多可导致其微观孔隙分形维数变小。

基于压汞法的过热水蒸气对煤系页岩渗流孔隙结构的影响研究

采用烃源岩过热水蒸气热解装置,联合压汞技术,研究了不同温度的过热水蒸气对煤系页岩渗流孔隙结构的影响。结果表明:随着过热水蒸气温度的升高,孔隙度、孔体积和孔隙非均质性先升高后降低,但平均孔喉半径呈现相反的变化趋势,而渗透率持续增大。过热水蒸气作用下,400℃是煤系页岩渗流孔隙参数显著改变的拐点。有机质的热解是不同阶段孔隙参数变化的主因。高温(≥400℃)过热水蒸气增大了煤系页岩的微米级孔隙含量和孔隙尺寸,降低了渗流孔隙分布的复杂性,孔喉结构趋于简单,增强了孔隙连通性,渗透性显著提升。

过热水蒸气作用下碳质页岩纳米孔隙结构演变规律研究

对流加热方式下碳质页岩纳米孔隙结构的演变是探明煤系烃源岩原位热解油气产出机理的关键。为此,基于烃源岩过热水蒸气热解平台,联合低温N2吸附技术,研究了不同过热水蒸气温度下页岩纳米孔隙结构的演变规律。结果表明:随着过热水蒸气温度的升高,碳质页岩纳米孔隙体积和比表面积呈现先降后升的变化规律,而平均孔径呈相反的变化趋势,300℃时孔体积和比表面积最低,550℃两者最高,小于10 nm孔隙数量的增多是高温段页岩比表面积和孔体积提高的主要原因。过热水蒸气热解作用下碳质页岩纳米孔隙的演变可划分为5个阶段。有机质热解生烃、无机矿物的溶蚀和分解、黏土矿物转化的综合作用控制了每个阶段纳米孔隙的演变特征。

沁水盆地榆社—武乡区块二叠系煤系页岩储层地质建模及“甜点”预测

沁水盆地煤系页岩气资源丰富,但勘探开发处于初期阶段。基于钻井、测井和地震解释资料,结合有机地球化学与储层物性实验测试数据,通过三维地质建模技术,建立了沁水盆地榆社—武乡区块二叠系山西组底部—太原组上部煤系页岩地质模型,并预测了煤系页岩气“甜点”区。研究结果表明:(1)沁水盆地榆社—武乡区块石炭系—二叠系煤系地层模型反映了煤系页岩储层的发育主要受控于构造活动,呈“东浅西深、整体连续”的分布格局。(2)基于序贯指示法建立沉积相模型,指示研究区在太原期—山西期由海陆过渡相转变为近海陆相沉积环境,为稳定优质页岩储层的形成提供了有利的沉积环境。(3)通过相控属性建模实现了储层参数空间分布模拟和精细表征,泥地比、孔隙度、含气量、总有机碳含量和镜质体反射率的平均值分别为0.57,10.02%,1.21 m^(3)/t,2.18%,2.45%,揭示了研究区煤系页岩较好的储集能力、含气性、有机质丰度和资源潜力,脆性指数模型指示出页岩压裂后的有利区带。(4)在精细三维地质建模的基础上,将三维网格单元赋值积分,计算研究区二叠系煤系页岩气地质资源量为1 344.98×10^(8)m^(3),运用层次分析法和模糊评价法预测页岩气“甜点”区,Ⅰ类“甜点”区为地质与工程双重甜点,分布于研究区东北部、中部和西北部局部区域。

吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系煤系全油气系统特征

基于吐哈盆地中下侏罗统近源勘探最新成果,以全油气系统理念和思路重新认识台北凹陷侏罗系水西沟群烃源岩、储层条件和生储盖组合,深入解析煤系全油气系统。结果表明:(1)水西沟群八道湾组、西山窑组煤系烃源岩和三工河组泥质烃源岩表现为长时间生烃、具有多个生烃高峰和油气兼生的特点,为侏罗系煤系全油气系统提供充足的油气来源;(2)多期浅水辫状河三角洲—浅湖沉积为斜坡区、洼陷区发育常规砂岩、致密砂岩、煤岩、泥页岩等多类型储层,为油气成藏聚集提供多种储集空间;(3)3期油气充注与构造演化、多类型储层有效配置,形成常规-非常规油气序次成藏聚集的特点,从构造高部位到洼陷区发育远源常规构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏,近源低饱和度构造-岩性油气藏和源内致密砂岩气聚集、煤岩储层气、页岩油等类型油气聚集。其中,源内致密砂岩气、煤岩气是当前勘探拓展的重点领域,洼陷区页岩油气值得未来探索研究。煤系全油气系统新认识将进一步丰富完善全油气系统地质理论,为吐哈盆地油气资源的整体勘探部署提供新思路。

四川盆地二叠系龙潭组页岩气储层特征与勘探潜力

通过宏观野外实测、岩芯观察以及微观薄片鉴定、氩离子抛光扫描电镜观察(SEM)等技术手段,对四川盆地上二叠系龙潭组页岩气的储层特征进行了系统分析。龙潭期主要沉积环境从南向北依次发育:河流三角洲、滨岸沼泽、潮坪、混积陆棚与碳酸盐岩台地相。富有机质泥页岩主要发育在滨岸沼泽与深水陆棚相区,川北深水陆棚相页岩具有“四高一低”的特征:高含气量(>5 m^(3)/t)、高TOC(>4%)、高孔隙度(>6%)与低黏土矿物(<38%),是未来勘探的重点区。

Unconventional Natural Gas Accumulations in Stacked Deposits:A Discussion of Upper Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin, China

The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.

Impact of Reservoir Properties on the Production of the Mannville Coal Measures, South Central Alberta from a Numerical Modelling Parametric Analysis

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic reservoir properties on the production from coal and organic rich lithologies in the Lower Cretaceous Mannville coal measures of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The coal measures are complex reservoirs in which production is from horizontal wells drilled and completed in the thickest coal seam in the succession (1 m versus 3 m), which has production and pressure support from thinner coals in the adjacent stratigraphy and from organic-rich shales interbedded and over and underlying the coal seams. Numerical models provide insight as to the relative importance of the myriad of parameters that may impact production that are not self-evident or intuitive in complex coal measures.

化学渗透脱挥发分模型在碳基固体原料热化学转化领域应用进展

化学渗透脱挥发分模型(Chemical Percolation Devolatilization,CPD)用于快速升温条件下煤炭脱挥发分的模拟,可以预测不同煤种热解过程中焦油、半焦和轻质气体的实时产率。模型基于晶格模型构建煤炭化学结构,具有煤种适用性广、输入参数少的特点,得到广泛关注。首先介绍了CPD模型的发展历程、煤炭模型构建方法和热解反应路径假设与动力学参数计算等,进而综述了CPD模型在煤炭、油页岩和生物质等碳基固体原料热化学转化领域的应用进展。为提高CPD模型在煤炭热转化领域的准确性和适用性,我国学者根据中国煤种结构分析建立了更准确的晶格参数计算方法。通过改进CPD模型中热解反应路径并修正动力学参数使模型更接近真实热解过程,通过对煤颗粒内部温度梯度分布修正及算法改进使得模拟更接近实际热解工况。在油页岩热转化方面,相关学者从油页岩中干酪根化学结构出发,结合油页岩热解特性建立了用于描述其热转化的CPD模型。通过分析生物质的结构特点和反应特性建立了生物质CPD模型,并从化学结构、热解反应路径以及动力学参数等方面进行改进来扩展模型的适用性。CPD模型虽然已得到了广泛应用,但根据煤炭元素分析和工业分析获得拟合参数适用的煤种范围较窄,准确性有待提高,需要进一步通过化学结构表征的方法建立更准确的碳基固体原料结构模型。CPD模型对热解反应过程进行了较大简化,需要根据实际热解反应路径进行修正,包括考虑煤炭热解过程中的二次反应、焦油之间的偶联、反应中自由基变化等问题。现有的CPD模型未考虑煤炭地下热转化过程的应力作用,需要从力-热耦合等复杂反应条件出发进行改进以提高模型的适用性。