Surrounding Rock Failure Mechanism and Control Technology of Gob-Side Entry with Triangle Coal Pillar at Island Longwall Panel in 15 m Extra-Thick Coal Seams

Taking the return air roadway of Tashan 8204 isolated island working face as the background, the evolution law of the stress field in the surrounding rock of the widened coal pillar area roadway during the mining period of the isolated island working face is obtained through numerical simulation. The hazardous area of strong mine pressure under different coal pillar widths is determined. Through simulation, it is known that when the width of the coal pillar is less than 20 m, there is large bearing capacity on the coal side of the roadway entity. The force on the side of the coal pillar is relatively small. When the width of the coal pillar ranges from 25 m to 45 m, the vertical stress on the roadway and surrounding areas is relatively high. Pressure relief measures need to be taken during mining to reduce surrounding rock stress. When the width of the coal pillar is greater than 45 m, the peak stress of the coal pillar is located in the deep part of the surrounding rock, but it still has a certain impact on the roadway. It is necessary to take pressure relief measures to transfer the stress to a deeper depth to ensure the stability of the triangular coal pillar during the safe mining period of the working face. This provides guidance for ensuring the stability of the triangular coal pillar during the safe mining period of the working face.

Distribution of ground stress on Puhe Coal Mine

Puhe Coal Mine is a typical Tertiary coal in Shenbei mining area. With an increase in mining depth, tectonic stress field becomes more complex, leading to increased deformation and failure of the soft rock roadway. Stress becomes an important factor of mine safety and stability. This paper analyzes the distribution of the regional tectonic field, and determines the distribution of situ stress measurement through measuring the ground stress field in the main mining area level of Puhe Coal Mine using stress relief method. The acquired in situ stress data at different locations and depths provide a reference for the rational arrangement of the stop and mine roadway supporting design, which are of great significance for the efficient safety production of the mine.

Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress in Coal Miners

We aimed to investigate the short-term correlation between blood lead levels and oxidative stress generation in coal miners. The study involved 94 male coal miners from the Velenje Coal mine, arranged into four groups： three groups according to the number of consecutive working days, and a fourth control group. Miners who worked for three consecutive days had higher blood levels of lead and 8-isoprostane than the control group（P 〈 0.001）. Correlation between lead and 8-isoprostane was of medium strength（r = 0.512, P 〈 0.001）. Short-term lead environmental exposure can potentially harmful and should be considered when formulating improvements in working processes.

Stress distribution and surrounding rock control of mining near to the overlying coal pillar in the working face

The occurrence of overlying coal pillar(OCP)exerts a strong effect on the stress and strain distribution of the surrounding rock in the stope.In this paper,the stress distribution characteristics are analyzed via the numerical calculation with the account of OCP presence or absence.In addition,this study revealed the joint effect of side pressure relief area of the goaf and stress concentration in OCP on the final stress distribution.Furthermore,the rules of abutment stress distribution affected by three influencing factors,namely horizontal-vertical distances between OCP and working face and buried depth of OCP,are analyzed.The functional model linking the peak stress of surrounding rock with the above influencing factors is developed.The field application of the above results proved that the rib spalling and deformation of a 2.95 m-high and 5.66 m-wide roadway could be efficiently controlled by rationally adjusting working states of the support,and adopting the hydraulic prop coordinated with the p type metal beam and anchor cable to strengthen the surrounding rock of working face and roadway,respectively.The proposed measures are considered appropriate to satisfy the safe operation requirements.

Anisotropic coal permeability and its stress sensitivity

This paper focuses on anisotropy of coal permeability and its stress sensitivity.Coal blocks were taken from Xinjing Coal Mine in Yangquan Coal District.Coal cores were then drilled along the strike,dip,and vertical directions.Coal permeabilities were measured with respect to stress by using a self-developed coal permeability measurement system.The used samples exhibited significant permeability anisotropy.The permeability along the strike direction was greatest among the three directions,the permeability along the vertical direction was the smallest,and the permeability along the dip direction was between the other two directions.The sensitivity of coal permeability to stress was transversely isotropic.The stress sensitivity coefficient was greater along the horizontal directions than along the vertical directions.Coal permeability exhibited anisotropic stress sensitivity due to anisotropy in Young’s modulus and porosity.The results obtained in this study are useful for optimizing the arrangement of pre-drainage boreholes.

Stress distribution rule of roadway affected by overhead mining in gently inclined coal seams group

In light of the severe deformation and destruction of the district raise tunnel in the mining area at the northern part of the Lubanshan colliery, by the theoretic analysis and numerical simulation, both the mining stress distribution in seams group and the deformation and destruction mechanism of floor district raise were investigated. The results show that, at the maximum vertical distance of 40 m, the abutment stress has an influence on the recovery of 2# and 3# coal seam and 8# coal seam at distance of 30 m. As a result, the recovery of 8# is rather than those of 2# or 3# coal seam, which contributes to the deformation and destruction of the district raise surrounding rock. The major factors affecting the abutment stress include the mining depth, mining height, residual gob space, adjacent working faces and short spacing coal seam recovery.

Influence of abnormal stress under a residual bearing coal pillar on the stability of a mine entry

Mine entries close to residual bearing coal pillars(RBCPs) will suffer large deformation that may cause rock burst. To better understand the deformation mechanism and develop safe and practical guidelines for entry design, most studies focus on the absolute size of the stress field in and around the pillar. In this paper, we present a new approach to analyze the abnormal stress field close to a RBCP that uses the stress concentration coefficient(SCC), stress gradient(SG), and coefficient of lateral pressure(CLP) to describe the stress state induced by the RBCP. Based on elastic theory and a mathematical model for the abutment stress in the RBCP, an analytical solution for the abnormal stress in the strata below the RBCP was derived and the characteristics of the abnormal stress for a case study of a coal mine in China were analyzed. The results show that the abnormal stress field around the pillar is characterized by four distinct zones: a zone of high SCC, high SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of high SCC, low SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of low SCC, SG close to 0, and CLP greater than 1, and a zone of SCC close to 1, SC close to 0, and CLP close to 1. Based on this zoning pattern, a numerical model was established to study the combined effects of the abnormal stress on the stability of the entry. The most stable zone was determined based on a model of the Xinrui coal mine and verified by field measurements at the mine. Our conclusions can be used as guidelines for designing safe entry layouts in similar geological and mining settings.

Seepage laws of two kinds of disastrous gas in complete stress-strain process of coal

The similarities and differences in seepage flow evolution laws of CH4 and CO2 during complete stress- strain process of samples were comparatively analyzed. The results show that the seepage flow evolution laws of CH4 and CO2 are extremely similar during the stress-strain process, showing that the character- istic first decreased and then increased. A mathematical model was also established according to the rela- tionship of seepage velocity and axial strain. However, due to the strong adsorption ability of CO2, the coal samples generated a more serious ''Klinkenberg effect'' under the condition of CO2. Owing to this, the CO2 seepage flow resulted into occurrence of ''stagnation'' phenomenon during the late linear elastic stage II. In the strain consolidation stage III, the increment rate of CH4 seepage velocity was significantly greater than that of CO2. In the stress descent stage IV, when the axial load reached the peak pressure of coal, the increment rates of CH4 seepage velocity presented a turning point. But the changing rate of CO2 seepage velocity still remained slow and a turning point was presented at one time after the peak of thestrain pressure, which showed an obvious feature of hysteresis.

Numerical Simulation of Thermal Stress Field of Water-cooled-wall Pulverized-coal Gasifiers

A local thermal stress model of water-cooled-wall pulverized-coal gasifier was built, and ANSYS was used to simulate the stress field in the gasifier operation to research the damage of refractories and slag layer caused by the thermal stress. The results reveal that:（1） the maximum stress of water-cooled-wall gasifier appears at the interface between anchor nails and refractories as well as the interface between refractories and the slag layer, and the maximum stress of slag layer appears on the surface of the slag layer;（2） the increase of slag layer thickness can significantly reduce the thermal stress at the interface between anchor nails and refractories, but increase the thermal stress between slag layer and refractories;（3） when the therma I conductivity is 2-6 W · m-1 · K-1, the thermal stress increases rapidly with the increase of the thermal conductivity, but when the thermal conductivity is 6-10 W · m-1 · K-1, the thermal stress is basically stable;（4） the higher the cooling rate, the faster the decreasing speed of the temperature and thermal stress.

Lateral Stress Concentration in Localized Interlayer Rock Stratum and the Impact on Deep Multi-Seam Coal Mining

To explore the impact of lateral stress concentration in interlayer rock stratum on the exploitation of protected coal seam, a field experiment was carried out in a multi-seam mining structure. Lateral stress redistribution and interlayer rock failure behavior were surveyed. Then an assistant numerical investigation was implemented to evolve the effect of liberated seam mining and its influence on stress reconstruction in surrounding rock mass. The cause of lateral stress concentration and its impact were discussed finally. Key findings turn out that a certain lateral stress increases in interlayer rock stratum and concentrates on its lower region. Lateral stress concentration and interlayer rock failure are interactional. The former is an inducing factor of the latter;the latter promotes the increase of concentration degree. Extent of lateral stress concentration increases to the maximum as seam distance is about 50 m. But the efficacy of liberated seam mining decreases as the seam spacing gets larger. Protected seam mining is then classified based upon the impact of lateral stress concentration, which helps to prevent the rock burst hazard and then to achieve a reliable mining in deep mines.

Numerical simulation of spatial distributions of mining-induced stress and fracture fields for three coal mining layouts

In this study, the spatial distributions of stress and fracture fields for three typical underground coal mining layouts, Le, non-pillar mining （NM）, top-coal caving mining （TCM） and protective coal-seam mining （PCM）, are modeled using discrete element software UDEC, The numerical results show that different mining layouts can lead to different mining-induced stress fields, resulting in diverse fracture fields, For the PCM, the mining influenced area in front of the mining faces is the largest, and the stress concentration factor in front of the mining faces is the lowest, The spatial shapes of the mining-induced fracture fields under NM, TCM and PCM differ, and they are characterized by trapezoidal, triangular and tower shapes, respectively, The fractal dimensions of mining-induced fractures of the three mining layouts decrease in the order of PCM, TCM and NM, It is also shown that the PCM can result in a better gas control effect in coal mines with high outburst potential, The numerical results are expected to provide a basis for understanding of mining-induced gas seepage fields and provide a reference for high- efficiency coal mining,

遗留煤柱边界下方撤面巷道合理位置确定研究

为了确定遗留煤柱边界下方撤面巷道合理布置位置,以内蒙古某矿为研究对象,基于遗留煤柱覆岩空间结构,探究应力在底板的传递规律,通过构建“上煤层遗留煤柱传递应力-下煤层巷道掘进应力”应力叠加计算模型,分析外错距离与撤面巷道围岩安全稳定之间的关系。研究结果表明:在遗留煤柱的“支撑”作用下,煤柱煤体及其上覆岩层近似成“T”型空间结构;10 m外错距离满足现场安全生产和巷道围岩控制的要求。研究结果可为相似开采条件下的巷道稳定评估和合理位置确定提供参考。

微波强化煤层气井压裂开采的物性规律

为探究微波加热对煤岩性能的影响,通过室内实验及数值模拟方法对微波作用下煤岩的升温及致裂规律进行研究。研究表明:煤岩含水率对微波加热效果有直接影响,且岩体内温度的升高速度具有各向异性,导致煤岩各部位受热不均,从而产生热应力;微波功率越大,煤岩破碎越严重,微波作用于压裂后的煤岩,可使人工裂缝进一步扩展;压裂液中的添加剂也具有改善煤岩介电性能的功效,滑溜水压裂液增产效果显著,有望代替KCl活性水对煤层进行高效增产技术改造。在施工初期采用水力压裂技术,使压裂液尽可能充填到裂缝深处,可增强煤层介电性能;在施工后期选用微波加热技术,可强化煤层气开采效果。该研究对煤层气的重复压裂工艺具有重要的参考价值。

CoAl渗层对DD5合金低周疲劳性能的影响研究

为了研究典型工况下CoAl渗层对DD5合金低周疲劳性能的影响,结合DD5合金在燃气轮机涡轮叶片的实际工况需求,用低周疲劳试验对CoAl渗层及无渗层的DD5合金光滑及缺口试件进行对比研究。结果表明:CoAl渗层对光滑试件的低周疲劳性能无显著影响,CoAl渗层及无渗层试件都表现出较明显的应力集中敏感性,且在400℃下CoAl渗层缺口试件低周疲劳寿命明显低于无渗层试件。

不同应力路径下层理煤体力学特性试验研究

为探究不同应力路径下层理煤体力学特性和破坏特征,利用MTS816岩石力学试验系统对0°、30°、45°、60°和90°层理倾角煤样开展了常规三轴加载、增轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压应力路径下的力学试验,分析了应力路径和层理倾角对煤样强度、变形及破坏特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:(1)常规三轴加载条件下煤样在达到峰值强度前,应力-应变曲线呈近线性关系,达到峰值强度后,应力-应变曲线迅速跌落;增轴压卸围压条件下,随着卸荷比的增加,轴向应变增量比呈线性增加趋势,而环向应变增量比和体积应变增量比呈低速增长-急剧增长-平稳增长的三阶段变化特征;恒轴压卸围压条件下,轴向应变增量比、环向应变增量比和体积应变增量比均呈低速增长-急剧增长的两阶段变化特征。(2)随着层理倾角的增加,不同应力路径下煤样峰值强度和轴向峰值应变均呈先减小后增大的V型变化趋势,在0°时达到最大值,在60°时达到最小值。(3)随着卸荷比的增大,煤样变形模量先平缓后迅速劣化,泊松比先缓慢增加后呈指数形式增加,临界卸荷比随层理倾角的增大先增加后减小;当层理倾角相同时,增轴压卸围压条件下的临界卸荷比低于恒轴压卸围压。(4)常规三轴加载条件下煤样发生脆性剪切破坏,增轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压条件下煤样呈张拉-剪切混合破坏模式,当层理倾角为60°时,煤样主剪切破裂面角度与层理倾角几乎一致。

Experimental Study on Shear Mechanical Properties and Section Morphology of Coal Samples

The mechanical properties of rocks under cyclic and dynamic loading are important research topics for solving the structural stability of large engineering rocks. As underground mining in coal mines goes deeper, ground stresses are increasing and instability damage of coal rocks by shear loading is frequent. Therefore, in order to investigate the shear mechanical properties and section morphological characteristics of intact coal samples in the direct shear test, the RDS-200 rock direct shear instrument was used to carry out direct shear tests on intact coal samples under different normal stresses, and the shear section was scanned for three-dimensional morphology. The results show that: 1) from the strength characteristics, the peak shear strength of the coal samples increased linearly with increasing normal stress, and the residual shear strength increased logarithmically. 2) In terms of deformation characteristics, the peak shear displacement of the coal sample increases linearly with increasing normal stress, the pre-peak shear stiffness increases logarithmically, and the residual normal displacement decreases linearly. 3) From the morphological characteristics of the shear surface, with the increase of normal stress, the section transitions from high-order undulating to flattening type. The maximum height of the fracture surface profile and kurtosis coefficient of the shear section decreased linearly, and the profile area ratio and root mean square of slope decreased as a power function, i.e. the higher the normal stress, the smaller the undulation of the section, the sharpness of the roughness shape and the roughness coefficient JRC, and the flatter and smoother the section. The findings of this study can help to provide some reference for the evaluation of shear instability occurring in coal bodies under different normal stresses.

受载煤体微电流效应及煤岩动力灾害预警应用展望

利用建立的受载煤体微电流测试系统,开展不同加载条件下煤样微电流测试试验,研究揭示煤体受载变形微电流效应,分析煤体受载变形过程微电流响应特征,研究微电流与煤体力学行为间的定量关系,提出微电流法预测煤岩动力灾害的原理,结合现场实践结果,对微电流技术的应用前景进行展望。结果表明,煤体受载变形能够产生微电流,微电流变化与应力变化具有较好的一致性,微电流与煤体力学行为(应力、应变、应变率等)紧密相关,在压密阶段和塑性变形阶段,微电流随应变率增加而增加,在弹性变形阶段随应力和应变线性增加;煤体在扰动载荷下能够产生随应力周期性变化的微电流,即脉动直流电,其变化与应力变化一致。微电流对煤体破坏具有较好的前兆响应,微电流在加速增加过程(塑性变形阶段)中的异常波动可作为煤体渐进性破坏的前兆特征,微电流在衰减过程中的脉冲式波动可作为煤体蠕变破坏的前兆特征。煤体受载微电流效应及现场应力梯度的存在,是矿井微电流测试的重要基础;微电流与煤体力学行为间的紧密相关性,是利用微电流技术观测煤岩体应力的重要前提;微电流对煤体破坏具有明显的前兆响应,是利用微电流技术预测预报煤岩动力灾害的重要保障。微电流技术具有响应灵敏度高、前兆信息明显和抗干扰能力强的优点,在煤岩体应力观测及煤岩动力灾害预警中具有很好的应用前景。未来需进一步开展受载煤岩微电流基础理论及应用技术方面的研究,为发展煤岩动力灾害精准时空监测预警的微电流法提供支撑。

Simulation of Paleotectonic Stress Fields and Distribution Prediction of Tectonic Fractures at the Hudi Coal Mine, Qinshui Basin

Study on tectonic fractures based on the inversion of tectonic stress fields is an effective method. In this study, a geological model was set up based on geological data from the Hudi Coal Mine, Qinshui Basin, a mechanical model was established under the condition of rock mechanics and geostress, and the finite element method was used to simulate the paleotectonic stress field. Based on the Griffith and Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the distribution of tectonic fractures in the Shanxi Formation during the Indosinian, Yanshanian, and Himalayan period can be predicted with the index of comprehensive rupture rate. The results show that the acting force of the Pacific Plate and the India Plate to the North China Plate formed the direction of principal stress is N-S, NW - SE, and NE - SW, respectively, in different periods in the study area. Changes in the direction and strength of the acting force led to the regional gradients of tectonic stress magnitude, which resulted in an asymmetrical distribution state of the stress conditions in different periods. It is suggested that the low-stress areas are mainly located in the fault zones and extend along the direction of the fault zones. Furthermore, the high-stress areas are located in the junction of fold belts and the binding site of multiple folds. The development of tectonic fractures was affected by the distribution of stress intensity and the tectonic position of folds and faults, which resulted in some developed areas with level I and II. There are obvious differences in the development of tectonic fractures in the fold and fault zones and the anticline and syncline structure at the same fold zones. The tectonic fractures of the Shanxi Formation during the Himalayan period are more developed than those during the Indosinian and Yanshanian period due to the superposition of the late tectonic movement to the early tectonic movement and the differences in the magnitude and direction of stress intensity.

近距离煤层底板应力分布规律及巷道布置研究

为探究上煤层遗留煤柱对底板的应力影响及下煤层回采巷道的合理布置,以唐山沟煤矿为研究对象,运用理论分析和数值模拟等方法并综合多种影响因素构建了上煤层遗留煤柱与铰接岩块的协同承载结构模型和底板应力传递计算模型,对上煤层遗留煤柱下底板应力及影响因素展开研究。结果表明:上煤层遗留煤柱对底板的应力影响以垂直应力为主,影响程度随底板深度的增加而降低;遗留煤柱下底板应力增高区呈椭球形,对底板应力增高区的影响因素展开分析,得到了不同因素对应力增高区范围影响的量化关系,其中煤柱峰值应力对底板应力增高区分布起决定性作用;根据底板应力分布特征并结合理论计算及数值模拟结果,确定唐山沟煤矿8煤遗留煤柱与11^(-1)煤回采巷道合理错距值应为20~25 m。该研究揭示了上煤层遗留煤柱下底板应力传递机理,明确了底板应力增高区的分布及影响因素,并得到了巷道-煤柱合理错距值的确定方法,可为下煤层回采巷道的合理布置提供理论依据。