Improved ultrasonic differentiation model for structural coal types based on neural network

In order to solve the difficulty of detailed recognition of subdivisions of structural coal types,a differentiation model that combines BP neural network with an ultrasonic reflection method is proposed.Structural coal types are recognized based on a suitable consideration of ultrasonic speed,an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient,characteristics of ultrasonic transmission and other parameters relating to structural coal types.We have focused on a computational model of ultrasonic speed,attenuation coefficient in coal and differentiation algorithm of structural coal types based on a BP neural network.Experiments demonstrate that the model can distinguish structural coal types effectively.It is important for the improved ultrasonic differentiation model to predict coal and gas outbursts.

Quantitative identification of coal-type gas and oil-type gas in source-mixed gas at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin

The current study tested the gas component and carbon isotopic composition of gas samples from 6 oilgas fields at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin, and established a chart to quantitatively identify the mixing ratio of source-mixed gas. Besides, this research quantitatively investigated the natural gas generated by different types of organic matter. The results show that different ratios of source-mixed gas exist in the 6 oil-gas fields at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. Among them, Mabei has the highest mixing ratio of coal-type gas, followed by Nanbaxian, Mahai, Lenghu-4, Lenghu-3 and Lenghu-5, with the ratios of coal-type gas 91%, 87%, 83%, 66%, 55% and 36%, respectively. Lenghu-3 and Lenghu-4 oil-gas fields were mainly filled by coal-type gas earlier. For Lenghu-3, the gas was mainly generated from low matured source rocks in lower Jurassic Series of Lengxi sub-sag. For Lenghu-4, the gas was mainly generated from humus-mature source rocks in lower Jurassic Series of the northern slope of Kunteyi sub-sag. Gas in Lenghu-5 was mainly later filled oil-type gas, which was generated from high matured sapropelics in lower Jurassic Series of Kunteyi sub-sag. Earlier filled coal-type gas was the main part of Mahai, Nanbaxian and Mabei oil-gas fields. Gas source of Mahai was mainly generated from high mature humics in lower Jurassic Series of Yibei sub-sag; for Nanbaxian, the gas was mainly generated from high matured humics in middle-lower Jurassic Series of Saishiteng sub-sag; for Mabei, the gas was mainly generated from humus-mature source rocks in middle Jurassic Series of Yuqia sub-sag.

Type Selection of Burning Equipment for Slagging-Coal Boilers

The type selection of burning equipment for boilers is affected significantly by the slagging characteristics of coal. Based on the engineering statistics method, the designed furnace parameters are obtained from the 600-MW and 1 000-MW boilers with tangential firing and wall firing. The power and arrangement of the burners are analyzed. Their impacts on slagging on heating surfaces and the carbon contents in the ash and cinders are also discussed. Thermal parameters of furnace are recommended for boilers of 600 MW and 1 000 MW firing slagging coal in the design. The static or rotary classifier should be the first choice for the pulverizing system.

Type Selection of Burning Equipment for Low Volatile Coal Boilers

When designing and selecting burning equipment for low volatile coal fired boilers,the primary concerns are about coal ignition and burnout.The characteristics of ignition and burnout are analyzed for low volatile coal and the technical measures are discussed for enhancing the combustion and burnout.The adaptability of tangential firing,wall firing and double-arch firing for low volatile coal is studied.Based on the statistic analysis for the main design parameters of domestic low volatile coal fired boilers with tangential firing,wall firing or double-arch W flame firing,the thermal performance for various boiler furnaces is recommended.The combustion systems for different types of boilers are also put forward for coals with different volatiles.

A study on the genetic relations between Permian Longtan Formation coal series strata and Carlin-type gold deposits,southwestern Guizhou Province,China

A large number of the Carlin-type gold deposits occur in the Longtan Formation in southwestern Guizhou Province.The Long-tan Formation contains abundant basalt,tuff and siliceous rocks.All rocks of the Longtan Formation are enriched in gold,which were deposited in a limited platform environment in the transition zone from marine to continental.The process of sedimentation was accompanied by the eruption of Emeishan basalt and hydrothermal deposition controlled by co-sedimentary submarine deep faults in the west,which led to the formation of a peculiar gold-bearing formation with coal series strata.This formation controlled the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province.In response to the remobilization of the Emei mantle plume during the Yanshanian period,As,Au and other ore-forming materials were continuously extracted by deeply circulating waters from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams,thereafter forming ore-forming hydrothermal solutions.When these elements were transported in the coal seams,large amounts of As,Au and other elements were enriched in pyrite within the coal seams,thus forming high-As coal and Carlin-type gold deposits in the Longtan Formation coal series strata.

Resource types, formation, distribution and prospects of coal-measure gas

Coal-measure gas is the natural gas generated by coal, carbonaceous shale, and dark shale in coal-measure strata. It includes resources of continuous-type coalbed methane (CBM), shale gas and tight gas reservoirs, and trap-type coal-bearing gas reservoirs. Huge in resources, it is an important gas source in the natural gas industry. The formation and distribution characteristics of coal-measure gas in San Juan, Surat, West Siberia and Ordos basins are introduced in this paper. By reviewing the progress of exploration and development of coal-measure gas around the world, the coal-measure gas is confirmed as an important strategic option for gas supply. This understanding is mainly manifested in three aspects. First, globally, the Eurasian east-west coal-accumulation belt and North American north-south coal-accumulation belt are two major coal-accumulation areas in the world, and the Late Carboniferous–Permian, Jurassic and end of Late Cretaceous–Neogene are 3 main coal-accumulation periods. Second, continuous-type and trap-type are two main accumulation modes of coal-measure gas;it is proposed that the area with gas generation intensity of greater than 10×10^8 m^3/km^2 is essential for the formation of large coal-measure gas field, and the CBM generated by medium- to high-rank coal is usually enriched in syncline, while CBM generated by low-rank coal is likely to accumulate when the source rock and caprock are in good configuration. Third, it is predicted that coal-measure gas around the world has huge remaining resources, coal-measure gas outside source is concentrated in Central Asia-Russia, the United States, Canada and other countries/regions, while CBM inside source is largely concentrated in 12 countries. The production of coal-measure gas in China is expected to exceed 1000×10^8 m^3 by 2030, including (500–550)×10^8 m^3 conventional coal-measure gas,(400–450)×10^8 m^3 coal-measure tight gas, and (150–200)×10^8 m^3 CBM.

Double-directional control bolt support technology and engineering application at large span Y-type intersections in deep coal mines

Under deep and complex geological conditions,severe deformation occurs at intersection points of Y-type roadways with large cross sections during engineering projects in coal mines,especially at junction arches.Based on in-situ investigations and theoretical studies,we have summarized typical forms of destruction and identified high stress and unrestricted support at both sides of junction arch as its main causes.In this study,we also presented double-directional control bolt support technology for a large Y-type span intersection,applied to deep intersection engineering in the Jiahe Coal Mine,which has proved effective.

宽高比对煤柱型冲击地压影响规律的实验研究

我国深部煤炭开采日趋复杂,区段煤柱在采动、构造或坚硬顶底板影响下极易诱发煤柱型冲击地压,煤柱型冲击地压的防治已成为煤矿安全高效开采的难题,研究不同宽高比条件下区段煤柱的力学性能及冲击破坏特性对煤柱型冲击地压防治具有积极意义。采用不同宽高比煤样的“岩-煤-岩”组合体进行了单轴压缩实验,通过分析煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性、动态破坏特征、分形维数和声发射特征参数等,研究了宽高比对煤柱冲击破坏的影响规律。结果发现:①煤柱的宽高比对煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性具有显著影响,宽高比不小于2∶1时,其冲击能量指数K_(E)为1.82~2.65,冲击倾向性无明显变化;小于2∶1时冲击倾向性呈先升高后降低的趋势,1∶1时K_(E)最大,达到了15.43。②随宽高比减小,煤岩组合体破坏特征依次表现为:拉压破坏—压剪破坏—拉剪破坏。煤柱宽高比为5∶1~3∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏较为缓慢;宽高比为2∶1时开始出现片状煤屑弹出,冲击破坏剧烈程度较低;宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时,具有明显的冲击破坏特性;宽高比为0.5∶1时,煤岩组合体整体稳定性下降,相对0.75∶1煤岩组合体煤柱破坏的剧烈程度降低。③峰后声发射能量释放率与分形维数D变化规律相似,均随宽高比减小呈先升高后降低的趋势。宽高比不小于2∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏过程中能量持续释放时间较长,煤柱破坏平缓;宽高比为1∶1时,能量释放率和D值明显增大,相较宽高比不小于2∶1煤岩组合体的能量释放率增大了约4倍,D值增大了0.18~0.23,煤柱冲击破坏最为剧烈;宽高比0.75∶1煤岩组合体能量释放率与D值分别降低了约10%和0.01,破坏剧烈程度与1∶1煤岩组合体相近;宽高比减小至0.5∶1时,相关参数的降低幅度约为0.75∶1煤岩组合体的6倍,破坏剧烈程度相对较小。研究表明:宽高比对煤柱的冲击破坏具有显著影响,整体上,煤柱冲击破坏剧烈程度随宽高比减小(5∶1~0.5∶1)呈先升高后逐渐降低的趋势;煤柱宽高比大于3∶1时,煤柱冲击危险性相对较小,煤柱宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时冲击危险性较大,0.5∶1次之。

缓倾斜煤层坚硬顶板断层活化微震时空演化规律及诱冲机制

以宽沟缓倾斜煤层I010203工作面为研究背景,结合理论分析、数值模拟等手段对工作面过断层的位移场、应力场变化规律进行了研究,并根据现场监测数据,得到以下结论:(1)根据超前支承压力理论计算与现场实测,将采煤工作面过断层分为3个开采区域,正常开采区域、超前影响区域与断层影响区域,工作面推进过程中微震能量变化由“低频次、高能量”→“低频次、低能量”→“高频次、高能量”;(2)受I010203工作面倾斜角度的影响,工作面运输巷微震能量事件多于工作面回风巷,同时根据采煤工作面微震能量事件分析,在采掘扰动作用下工作面极易发生两种冲击类型事故,断层活化型冲击和断层煤柱型冲击;(3)当采煤工作面距断层较远时,构造应力在采掘扰动作用下释放,微震总能量相对活跃,应力表现为应力显现阶段,随着工作面逐渐推进至断层,微震总能量由稳定阶段转变为活跃阶段,同时断层活化显现由蓄能阶段转变为断层活化阶段;(4)分析宽沟I010203采煤工作面数值模拟结果得到,工作面逐渐向断层推进过程中,其断层接触面由初始活化阶段转变为活化稳定阶段,最终接近断层时表现为活化加剧阶段,其与采煤工作面期间微震大能量事件变化规律基本吻合。

渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷天然气成因及分布特征

针对东濮凹陷高热演化程度区天然气成因复杂,天然气富集规律及勘探潜力认识不清等问题,文中利用聚类分析、生烃模拟实验等手段,对天然气成因类型及分布特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:东濮凹陷存在油型气、煤成气及混合气3大类天然气。其中:油型气包括低熟油型气(Ro介于0.5%~1.2%)、中熟油型气(Ro介于1.2%~1.6%)和高熟油型气(Ro介于1.6%~2.0%),依次分布于构造顶部、斜坡带、洼陷带;煤成气Ro介于2.0%~3.0%,包括源外高熟煤成气和源内高熟煤成气;而混合气主要分布在高热演化烃源灶的大断裂周围。通过对主力生气区分析发现,油型气和煤成气对应的烃源岩主力生气深度分别介于4000~5000,5000~7000 m,空间上具有接力特征。东濮凹陷天然气富集程度与生烃洼陷的热演化程度关系密切,中、高热演化洼陷(Ro介于1.0%~3.0%)将是渤海湾盆地和东濮凹陷未来天然气勘探的重点领域。

胀锁型锚索双向加固窄煤柱试验研究与工程应用

针对沿空掘巷窄煤柱非对称变形问题,提出了对穿锚索双向加固窄煤柱技术,设计了伸长型和胀锁型两种对穿锚索结构及工艺,开展了对穿锚索拉拔试验,试验表明两种锚索结构均满足抗拉要求,从锚索破坏形态、施工便捷性和材料经济性等方面对比分析,确定胀锁型对穿锚索为窄煤柱双向加固的首选。进一步通过相似模型试验与数值模拟研究了不同加固方式下煤柱承载变形规律和对穿锚索受力特征。结果表明:双排紧密型对穿锚索加固试件较未加固试件峰值荷载提高了96.04%,且随着锚索排数及数量的增加,窄煤柱双向加固稳定性越来越高,胀锁型对穿锚索提高了煤柱破坏前的能量储存量和临界破坏点。最后,在济宁三号煤矿123_(下)04工作面运输巷开展胀锁式对穿锚索加固窄煤柱工程试验,监测显示对穿锚索锚固力超过220 kN,锚索加固区煤柱帮鼓量降低70%,窄煤柱整体稳定性好,窄煤柱双向加固技术可行,为沿空掘巷工程提供了新技术途径。

河南西部某煤田地质特征研究

在当前形势下,实现煤炭资源的保障,要立足国内供给,加大煤矿资源潜力评价和地质勘查,挖掘自身潜力,利用自身优势,寻找新的后续矿源。以某煤炭区域地质情况为背景,研究了煤田沉积环境特征、测井响应特征、煤层分布特征、煤层物理性质、煤岩特征以及煤类。研究得出,某煤炭区可采煤层为赋存在山西组下部的二1煤层,煤层厚度0.15~10.57 m,平均厚4.11 m,属大部分可采的中厚煤层、结构简单,二1煤层为中灰、中硫、高热值贫煤和无烟煤,区内二1煤层的稳定程度属较稳定煤层。研究对该地区煤炭工业发展具有一定的指导意义。

Linde type F(K)沸石对Ni^(2+)的吸附性能及效果

利用粉煤灰合成Linde type F(K)沸石吸附重金属Ni2+,探讨吸附剂用量、初始pH、反应温度以及反应时间对Ni2+吸附效果的影响,同时进行吸附等温线和吸附动力学的数据模拟。结果表明,沸石投加量、初始pH以及反应温度均对Ni2+的去除效果影响明显。随着沸石投加量的不断增大,Ni2+去除率不断提高,饱和吸附量逐渐减小。初始pH 7是沸石吸附Ni2+的最适pH。反应温度越高,沸石吸附Ni2+达到平衡的时间越短。沸石对Ni2+的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式;准一级动力学方程能较好地描述沸石对Ni2+的吸附行为。

单轴冲击荷载下煤体损伤及破坏特征分析

为探究单轴冲击荷载下煤体损伤破坏特性及演化规律,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)装置,通过调节储气室气压值,获得煤样在5 m/s冲击速度下的动力学响应结果,并以此为主要参考依据,确定模型细观物理力学参数;利用PFC3D软件,进行了在单轴冲击荷载作用下,含不同角度的闭合和非闭合直裂隙(0°、30°、60°、90°)的煤体在5 m/s冲击速度下,以及不含裂隙煤体在不同冲击速度下损伤破坏过程的数值模拟试验;探究了单轴冲击荷载下,冲击速度、裂隙分布角度等因素对煤体损伤破坏特征的影响。试验结果表明:冲击速度较低的时候,煤样主要遵循变形破坏准则,当冲击速度增长到一定程度时,则主要遵循强度破坏准则;裂隙通常由4个角和裂隙的尖端等介质突变处产生,呈现“V”形或“X”形扩展趋势,最终呈现出X形破坏带;煤样内外层呈现出不同的破坏形式,内层较于外层更接近三向应力状态,因此更容易发生剪切破坏,而外层就更容易发生拉伸破坏;总的来说,在单轴冲击荷载作用下,煤样主要破坏形式为拉伸破坏。

混煤镜质体反射率测定的影响因素及类型判别探讨

商品煤混煤是炼焦配煤过程中不同煤阶煤种混合而成的煤炭产品,其镜质体反射率的准确测定对混煤原始煤种的鉴别、焦炭质量预测及优化配煤技术均至关重要。结合我国现行煤岩检测标准中镜质体反射率测定概况,探讨煤岩样品制备、测定点数等因素对混煤镜质体反射率测定的影响。基于目前混煤反射率测定和类型判定过程中出现的现象,提出粉煤光片磨抛质量对组分鉴别和测定结果影响较大,测定点数对反射率分布统计直方图和混煤类型判定起决定作用。反射率测值标准差是判断混煤的关键指标,混煤类型判定主要依据测值标准差和凹口数,测值平均值对工业应用不具实际意义,反射率分布图的优势体现在可以直观地反映混煤的原始煤种及其混合程度。混煤镜质体反射率测定结果的准确性评价可通过反射率分布图进行定性判定,准确测定混煤镜质体反射率需要煤质检测人员具有足够的煤岩学相关知识,建议将煤岩学基础理论纳入煤检人员的技能培训体系,从而提升混煤镜质体反射率的测试准确度及降低混煤类型的判别误差。

煤粉工业锅炉炉膛结焦的影响因素及改进对策

炉膛结焦严重威胁燃煤锅炉运行的的安全稳定运行,某供热热水锅炉燃烧器周围及同水平面后墙侧墙位置结焦现象严重影响锅炉的长期运行并增加安全隐患。通过对结焦情况长期观察,基于煤灰的化学成分对结焦影响的分析,结合燃煤锅炉燃烧结焦的机理,采取优化锅炉运行氧含量、增大内二次风占比、减小煤粉颗粒粒径、优化煤种等措施对不同条件下的结焦现象进行对比分析,以探讨减缓炉膛结焦进程的改进对策。研究发现煤种是影响煤粉工业锅炉燃烧结焦的最主要因素,优化煤粉粒径及配风也有一定影响;通过现场取样对锅炉现用煤粉进行煤质及灰成分对比分析,并根据灰成分进行结渣性判别指标计算,结果表明锅炉燃烧现用煤种的灰熔融性温度较低,煤灰软化温度为1170℃,属于典型的易结焦煤种,结渣性严重。综合分析认为:锅炉燃烧煤种发生改变,煤的灰熔融温度较低是影响煤粉工业锅炉燃烧结焦的最本质因素。为进一步解决现场实际问题,采取破坏煤灰中酸碱比提高硅比,提升煤的灰熔融温度,配合调节煤粉粒径等措施。经调整后的锅炉连续运行时长明显延长,结焦状况得以改善,说明燃烧调整改进对策取得良好的效果。

北露天煤矿卡车道路保湿型抑尘剂研发及工业试验

卡车道路运输是露天煤矿最大粉尘源之一,尤其在夏季高温环境下路面水分蒸发量极大、卡车扰动强度极高。以霍林河北露天煤矿卡车路面为研究对象,分析NET200自卸卡车轮胎黏结粉尘受力状态及产尘机理;采集并测试道路岩土含水率、化学官能团及粒径分布,确定研发抑尘剂保湿、润湿及凝并的功能定位。单体优选试验确定保湿剂丙三醇、润湿剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠、凝并剂聚丙烯酰胺作为正交试验材料,以蒸发量作为主控指标,采用极差法确定保湿型抑尘剂最佳配方为3.0%丙三醇、0.25%十二烷基苯磺酸钠、0.05%聚丙烯酰胺;通过观测不同喷洒量下粉尘表面成膜状态和含水率变化,确定单位路面最佳喷洒量为1.6~2.0 L/m^(2)。北露天煤矿12 d抑尘工业试验结果表明:单次试验周期内所有路段全尘、呼尘浓度均呈逐渐增高趋势,3次试验期间喷洒抑尘剂承重、非承重路段的全尘、呼尘浓度均显著低于常规洒水路段,且均分别低于全尘(4 mg/m^(3))、呼尘(2 mg/m^(3))规定限值,表明自主研发保湿型抑尘剂单次喷洒有效抑尘时间为3~4 d;喷洒抑尘剂能够有效提高粉尘中大颗粒占比,凝并团聚效果显著;喷洒抑尘剂承重、非承重路段土壤平均含水率分别为14%、12%,均为常规洒水路段2倍以上。保湿型抑尘剂能够大幅度延长单次喷洒有效抑尘时间,对矿区道路等动态工况抑尘具有显著适用性。

EPS-棉秆纤维灌孔轻质复合砌块砌体的基本力学性能研究

为推广利用基于地方煤基固废资源和棉杆纤维资源的三低型复合砌块墙体结构在新疆地区村镇低层建筑中的工程应用,以砂浆强度和芯柱材料强度为变量,对57件(27件受压、30件受剪)复合砌体试件进行抗压和抗剪力学性能试验,并对试件的破坏过程、破坏形态特征、抗压及抗剪强度进行了分析。结果表明:当砂浆与砌块的强度比低于1.6时,砂浆强度的提升对三低型复合砌体的抗压强度影响较大;芯材部分对复合砌体抗压和抗剪强度贡献最大,且随着芯柱材料强度的提升,贡献持续增大。基于砌体实际强度测定方法,建立并拟合得出了适用于三低型砌块砌体的抗压强度、抗剪强度的平均值计算公式。这对了解EPS-棉秆纤维灌孔复合混凝土砌块砌体基本力学性能具有一定的参考价值,为其在实际工程中的应用提供科学的理论依据。

浅析矿井地质类型划分及工作建议

本文通过对当前矿井新揭露的地质构造、水文地质、煤层、工程地质、瓦斯等资料进行充分研究、分析、核实,并进行必要的现场调查,客观、科学准确地总结矿井地质条件情况,依据《煤矿地质工作规定》要求,进行了矿井地质类型划分。地质类型的划分,为有效预防煤矿事故及合理安排该矿井安全生产提供了可靠依据。