Coal forming environments and their relationship to tectonic activity in the Cévennes Stephanian coal basin

Coal forming environments in the tectonically controlled intermontane Stephanian Cévennes coal basin (Massif central, France) show a complex interelationship between structural and sedimentological features. The study of the general structural features and the geometry of the coal beds developed during the different stages in the evolution of the basin, and the spatial relation of the lithofacial units to the early tectonic activities, lead the authors to suggest the following model. The synsedimentary faults that occurred as both intrabasinal and marginal faults controlled not only the spatial distribution, shape and thickness of the detrital rock units and coal seams, but also caused the inversion of the tectonic style. The marginal faults exercised important controls on the geometry of the basin and the distribution of lithofacial units. However due to the subsidence of the central part of the basin and the depocenter, and the to differences in the timing and intensity of the displacement the coal enrichment zones shifted both vertically and laterally. This eventually resulted in the inversion of the whole tectonic framework from semi graben through graben to a new semi graben. The style and rate of the tectonic movement and basin filling that occurred in the Stephanian Cévennes coal basin were in turn closely linked with the tectonic movement in the surrounding area. Therefore the authors propose that the environment and processes of coal formation in this basin are closely linked to its tectonic evolution.

The Design of a Graphical User Environment for Numerical Simulation of Powder Forming Processes

As computer simulation increasingly supports engine er ing design and manufacture, the requirement for a computer software environment providing an integration platform for computational engineering software increas es. A key component of an integrated environment is the use of computational eng ineering to assist and support solutions for complex design. Computer methods fo r structural, flow and thermal analysis are well developed and have been used in design for many years. Many software packages are now available which provi de an advanced capability. However, they are not designed for modelling of powde r forming processes. This paper describes the powder compaction software (PCS_SU T), which is designed for pre- and post-processing for computational simulatio n of the process compaction of powder. In the PCS_SUT software, the adaptive analysis of transient metal powder forming process is simulated by the finite element method based on deformation theories . The error estimates and adaptive remeshing schemes are applied for updated co -ordinate analysis. A generalized Newmark scheme is used for the time domain di scretization and the final nonlinear equations are solved by a Newton-Raphson p rocedure. An incremental elasto-plastic material model is used to simulate the compaction process. To describe the constitutive model of nonlinear behaviour of powder materials, a combination of Mohr-Coulomb and elliptical yield cap model is applied. This model reflects the yielding, frictional and densification char acteristics of powder along with strain and geometrical hardening which occurs d uring the compaction process. A hardening rule is used to define the dependence of the yield surface on the degree of plastic straining. A plasticity theory for friction is employed in the treatment of the powder-tooling interface. The inv olvement of two different materials, which have contact and relative movement in relation to each other, must be considered. A special formulation for friction modelling is coupled with a material formulation. The interface behaviour betwee n the die and the powder is modelled by using an interface element mesh. In the present paper, we have demonstrated pre- and post-processor finite elem ent software, written in Visual Basic, to generate the graphical model and visua lly display the computed results. The software consist of three main part: · Pre-processor: It is used to create the model, generate an app ropriate finite element grid, apply the appropriate boundary conditions, and vie w the total model. The geometric model can be used to associate the mesh with th e physical attributes such as element properties, material properties, or loads and boundary conditions. · Analysis: It can deal with two-dimensional and axi-symmetric applications for linear and non-linear behaviour of material in static and dyna mic analyses. Both triangular and quadrilateral elements are available in the e lement library, including 3-noded, 6-noded and 7-noded (T6B1) triangles and 4 -noded, 8-noded and 9-noded quadrilaterals. The direct implicit algorithm bas ed on the generalized Newmark scheme is used for the time integration and an aut omatic time step control facility is provided. For non-linear iteration, choice s among fully or modified Newton-Raphson method and quasi-Newton method, using the initial stiffness method, Davidon inverse method or BFGS inverse method, ar e possible. · Post-processor: It provides visualization of the computed resu lts, when the finite element model and analysis have been completed. Post-proce ssing is vital to allow the appropriate interpretation of the completed results of the finite element analysis. It provides the visual means to interpret the va st amounts of computed results generated. Finally, the powder behaviour during the compaction of a multi-level component is numerically simulated by the PCS_SUT software, as shown in Fig.1. The predict ive compaction forces at different displacements are computed and compared with the available experimental

Impact of Agricultural Eco-environment on the Architectural Form of Vernacular Dwellings

Through analyzing the form, materials, building techniques of vernacular dwellings in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, this study tries to explore the influence of agricultural eco-environment on the form of folk houses, points out that vernacular dwellings are fully combined with local traditional agricultural environment from site selection, spatial form, architectural style, building materials and detail designs, which unifies the economic and environmental benefits of vernacular dwellings.

Study on the Agile Virtual Enterprise′s Organizing Form and Running Environment

In this paper, we begin with the swift changes in the knowledge economy time,analyze the implication of the agility, and consider the agile virtual enterprise as the mainorganizational form for the manufacturing enterprises to realize agility. We classify the agilevirtual enterprises into products alliance style and knowledge alliance style, and compares theirmain features and profit distribution models. As a result, we give four basic structures for thebuilding and running of the agile virtual enterprises.

Understanding the Traditional Saudi Built Environment: The Phenomenon of Dynamic Core Concept and Forms

This study examines the traditional Saudi built environment and culture to uncover its rich architecture and to propose a new way of thinking about how to comprehend and value the past while also rebalancing the Kingdom’s future architectural identity. In that sense, the primary objective of this study is to examine the Core Concepts and Forms of traditional architecture, as well as their cultural connotations, in three regions of Saudi Arabia: the central, eastern, and western regions. Non-participant observation, ethnographic, and descriptive approaches were used in the study, which was based on a multi-dimensional comparative observational model. It was determined that the traditional Saudi built environment relied on forty Core Concepts and Forms that were divided into four categories: constant, semi-constant, semi-flexible, and flexible core forms to regulate the production process and maintain its continuity over centuries.

Solid-to-molecular-orientational-hexatic melting induced by local environment determined defect proliferations

Two-dimensional(2D)melting is a fundamental research topic in condensed matter physics,which can also provide guidance on fabricating new functional materials.Nevertheless,our understanding of 2D melting is still far from being complete due to existence of possible complicate transition mechanisms and absence of effective analysis methods.Here,using Monte Carlo simulations,we investigate 2D melting of 60°rhombs which melt from two different surface-fullycoverable crystals,a complex hexagonal crystal(cHX)whose primitive cell contains three rhombs,and a simple rhombic crystal(RB)whose primitive cell contains one rhomb.The melting of both crystals shows a sequence of solid,hexatic in molecular orientation(Hmo),and isotropic phases which obey the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young(BKTHNY)theory.However,local polymorphic configuration(LPC)based analysis reveals different melting mechanisms:the cHX-Hmotransition is driven by the proliferation of point-like defects during which defect-associated LPCs are generated sequentially,whereas the RB-Hmotransition is driven by line defects where defect-associated LPCs are generated simultaneously.These differences result in the observed different solid-Hmotransition points which areφA=0.812 for the cHX-HmoandφA=0.828 for the RB-Hmo.Our work will shed light on the initial-crystal-dependence of 2D melting behavior.

Spatial data modeling for coalfield geological environment

Presented a study on the design and implementation of spatial data modelingand application in the spatial data organization and management of a coalfield geologicalenvironment database.Based on analysis of a number of existing data models and takinginto account the unique data structure and characteristic, methodology and key techniquesin the object-oriented spatial data modeling were proposed for the coalfield geological environment.The model building process was developed using object-oriented technologyand the Unified Modeling Language (UML) on the platform of ESRI geodatabase datamodels.A case study of spatial data modeling in UML was presented with successful implementationin the spatial database of the coalfield geological environment.The modelbuilding and implementation provided an effective way of representing the complexity andspecificity of coalfield geological environment spatial data and an integrated managementof spatial and property data.

Creating A Favorable Environment

I will discuss the current international environment China is facing from the following three aspects: First, it is necessary to calmly and obiectively evaluate other countries’ attitude toward China because this involves their China

Mechanism of Forming Hydrocarbon in Coal Measures

The forming condition of coal and coaly organic matter is analyzed. The dynamics of hydrocarbon generation of coal and coaly organic matter is discussed. It has been pointed out that the temperature is the main predominant factor for the hydrocarbon generation of coal; chemical effect of structural pressing and shearing force accelerates the evolution of hydrocarbon derived from coal, and is the prerequisite for the hydrocarbons to be expelled from coal. The existence of atoms of N, S, O etc. is the prerequisite for forming the hydrocarbons at early evolution stage. The importance of NSO compounds in the evolution of hydrocarbon generation has been emphasized.

Urban Spatial Form Optimization Strategies Based on the Principle of Climate Adaptability of Regional Architecture: A Case Study of Traditional Cave Dwelling Villages in Northern Shaanxi Province

A multitude of climate-adaptive design approaches are embedded in regional architecture,which have a positive impact on addressing the deformed development of urban spatial patterns and the dual challenges of climate and resources.This paper examines the principles of climate adaptability embedded in the site layout and spatial organization characteristics of traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi Province.The extracted climate adaptability principles are summarized,and the resulting design strategies that are well-suited to the contemporary urban space form are presented.Through analysis,it can be observed that traditional cave dwelling villages in northern Shaanxi are predominantly situated on south-facing slopes in proximity to water at low altitudes.These villages are characterized by compact building groups and east-west development,which is constrained by the elements of mountains and rivers.A two-level street system is generated,comprising streets parallel to the contour line and roadways perpendicular to the contour line.This results in the formation of a courtyard form enclosed by mountains.Such site layout and spatial organization exhibit excellent climate adaptability with regard to heat,ventilation,and wind storage.In light of the aforementioned considerations,the following urban spatial form design strategies are put forth:①the topographic height difference can be exploited to obtain sufficient sunshine;②the group shape can be optimized in order to reduce building energy consumption;③the best orientation of the building can be chosen to take account of both winter and summer conditions;④the height and length can be combined in order to form natural masking;⑤the D/H ratio of streets and roadways should be controlled to achieve a balance between heat gain and cooling of groups;⑥vents should be set appropriately to optimize group ventilation;⑦climate buffers should be established to increase the level of climate response.

Classification and regionalization of the forming environment of windblown sand disasters along the Tarim Desert Highway

Through the systematic field survey and observations, the factor quantification as well as setting the criteria, the sand disaster-forming environment along the Tarim Desert Highway can be divided into four grades by the classification and regionalization based on fuzzy mathematics. The length of the regions with significant sand disaster accounted for 37.1% of the total highway length. Particularly, the area along the Tarim Desert Highway, based on the sand disaster-forming environment classification as well as the difference in the five basic landform units along the highway, combined with the difference of wind regime, can be divided into five regions, in which the length of the regions suffering severe sand damage occupied 64.3% of the total highway length. In addition, the index of disaster formation grade along the highway decreased from north to south, showing a repeated spatial pattern in small length scales.

Forms and Aesthetics of Bridges

The objective of a bridge design is to produce a safe bridge that is elegant and satisfies all functionality requirements, at a cost that is acceptable to the owner. A successful bridge design must be natural, simple, original, and harmonious with its surroundings. Aesthetics is not an additional consideration in the design of a bridge, but is rather an integral part of bridge design. Both the structural configuration and the aesthetics of a bridge must be considered together during the conceptual design stage. To achieve such a task, the bridge design engineer must have a good understanding of structural theory and bridge aesthetics.

On the Paleogene coal-measure distribution over the China sea area

The Paleogene coal accumulation basins of China are part of the global Tertiary coal-accumulated zone of the Pacific Rim located in the eastern coastal provinces and areas. Although the coal-bearing basins of the China Sea area are faults and depressed basins, they come up in groups. The overall structures are suitable for the development of coal-bearing deposition. The continuity of basin groups are good, and the coal-bearing depositions are thick. For example, the coal-bearing deposi- tion is more than a kilometer thick at the Qiongdongnan Basin and Xihu Sag in the East China Sea, which the continental Pa- leogene coal basins cannot reach. Research shows that the coal accumulation basins in the sea area consist of many sags. There are two types of coal accumulation sags： half-graben sag and graben sag. In terms of water depth, coal accumulation sags can also be classified as deep-water half-graben sag and shallow-water half-graben sag; the graben sag is the deep-water sag. There are two distinct coal-accumulated zones in the basin： gentle slope and steep slope, with the gentle slope being the dominant one. The marshes of the supratidal zone and intertidal zone in a tidal flat system is favorable for the coal accumulation process widely taking place. There are two types of peat accumulation： autochthonous accumulation and allochthonous accumulation. Because of tectonic activities in the basins, allochthonous accumulations may be the more important form of coal-forming ac- tivities in the sea area. The very thick coal-bearing deposition in the sea area provides a rich material base for the assemblage of coal-related gas. Also, as a result of the deep burial depth, the degree of coal metamorphism is relatively high, so the coal-bearing strata become good hydrocarbon source rocks.

地外建造研究进展与科学技术挑战

随着深空科学与深空探测技术的不断发展,NASA、ESA以及其他一些国家纷纷提出地外空间中长期驻留设想及其地外建造相关计划。该文梳理了国内外地外建造相关战略,系统分析了地外建造的概念内涵及其发展;总结了地外建造结构设计、材料制备和建造工艺装备三方面研究进展;进而分析指出地外建造关键科学技术挑战。期待更多的学者关注地外建造这一新的研究领域,为我国深空探测贡献土木工程学科智慧。

论污染环境罪的罪过形式“包括过失”——层级罪过说之提倡

在我国刑法理论界,关于污染环境罪的罪过形式主要有故意说、混合罪过说和择一罪过说。各种学说从不同角度对污染环境罪的罪过形式作出了较为合理的解释,但均存在不足。不论从刑法相关条文的客观含义还是污染环境罪的处罚必要性来看,均应当将污染环境罪的罪过形式解释为“包括过失”,而且过失与故意之间系层级关系,即故意是建立在过失基础之上的、更高层级的罪过形式。此种解释结论所引出的主要问题是,如何根据罪过形式的不同实现刑罚个别化,进而贯彻罪刑相适应和责任主义原则。为此,应当提倡根据故意从重处罚,即将故意的功能拓展到量刑领域。此解释结论可以运用于指导所有罪过形式“包括过失”之具体犯罪的量刑。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部二叠系山西组深层煤岩地球化学特征及成煤环境

鄂尔多斯盆地蕴含丰富的煤岩气资源,展现出了巨大的煤岩气勘探开发潜力,煤岩的地球化学特征及其指示的沉积条件、古气候信息可以为煤岩气的形成及有利区优选提供重要依据。为了探究鄂尔多斯盆地中东部二叠系山西组5号煤岩地球化学特征及煤岩发育控制因素,在钻井岩心观察、采样的基础上对5号煤岩进行了煤工业组分及全硫含量、镜质体随机反射率(R_(o))和主微量的测试分析,并揭示了煤岩的成煤环境。研究结果表明:①5号煤岩类型以光亮煤、半亮煤为主,灰分含量为6.04%~29.00%,平均为17.23%,挥发分含量为12.21%~35.05%,平均为21.61%,水分含量为0.49%~0.78%,平均为0.63%,全硫含量为0.10%~1.49%,平均为0.53%,Ro为1.75%~1.84%,平均为1.79%;②主元素化合物以SiO_(2)和Al_(2)O_(3)为主,微量元素以Sr、Ba,稀土元素以Ce为主,含量整体较高,稀土元素以轻稀土元素富集为主,上地壳分配模式曲线具有Eu负异常特征,表明5号煤岩聚煤过程中未受到深部热液影响;③结合m_(Sr)/m_(Ba)、GI^(*)、m^(Sr)/m^(Cu)及分布特征分析,表明5号煤岩主要形成于三角洲前缘低位沼泽相和三角洲平原潮湿森林沼泽相,整体以咸水、温湿的还原环境水体为主,且沉积水体北部偏酸性,南部偏碱性,5号煤岩的聚煤过程整体受到海侵作用控制。结论认为,研究成果深化了鄂尔多斯盆地中东部山西组5号煤岩地球化学特征及煤岩发育控制因素的认识,为深层煤岩气的勘探开发提供理论依据。

月面建造结构的微流星体撞击防护分析研究与展望

为应对微流星体的超高速撞击对未来月球基地带来的巨大挑战和威胁,概述了微流星体环境对月面结构所带来的潜在危害,梳理和归纳了不同的月面防护结构类型及其组成、建造方式和特点等,并重点分述了微流星体对月面防护结构撞击作用的3种分析方法,分析了不同月面防护结构抵御微流星体超高速撞击的防护效果,同时总结了不同的月面防护结构超高速撞击分析方法的局限性,最后提出了结论,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,为未来月面建造结构的防护设计、模拟试验和分析计算等提供一定的参考和借鉴。

基于风环境响应的可变建筑表皮设计策略研究

与传统静态建筑表皮相比,可变建筑表皮因具有动态适应性能够更好地适应室外环境变化。而在现有的研究中,对基于风环境响应的可变建筑表皮的研究较少。通过案例研究,将基于风环境响应的可变建筑表皮分为可变通风表皮、风动幕墙两类。可变通风表皮可以对室外环境因素进行实时响应以降低建筑能耗并提高室内舒适度,在国家大力提倡“碳达峰、碳中和”的政策背景下,可以更好地满足低碳建筑要求。风动幕墙可以与风环境互动创造灵动的立面效果,提高立面视觉美学。分别从响应因子、运动方式的角度对两类表皮的设计策略进行梳理,为之后基于风环境响应的可变建筑表皮的设计及应用提供参考。

某枪弹在三种典型大气环境长期贮存后的性能变化研究

目的摸清某枪弹长期贮存后的性能底数,支撑新研枪弹及发射药设计与改进、长贮寿命指标考核与验证。方法采集湿热海洋气候、暖湿酸雨气候、寒冷气候3种典型大气环境下贮存13 a某枪弹的外观、膛压、射击密集度等性能数据,分析研究该型枪弹在不同贮存环境下的性能变化,以及环境影响的差异。结果该枪弹在完好的包装状态下,在3种典型大气环境库房贮存13 a后,枪弹长度、全形、质量、底火、密封性均满足验收规范的规定,无明显变化,而在热带海洋气候贮存的枪弹,最大膛压略超出设计指标要求。结论影响枪弹长贮性能的主要环境因素为温度,拔弹力、最大膛压、射击密集度等指标,与贮存环境温度强相关,温度越高,拔弹力越大,最大膛压值越大,射击密集度越低。

湿热地区遮阳形式对校园热环境的影响研究

受气候变暖与热岛效应影响,城市热环境正在恶化,对人居环境和居民健康造成严重威胁。校园是一种重要的教育类社区,亦受到高温威胁。改善夏季校园热环境,营造凉爽宜居校园环境,对保障师生健康、丰富户外活动、提高学习效率、节约能源等方面具有积极意义。本研究旨在探究遮阳对室外热环境的调节能力及机制。选取重庆大学校园内常见的遮阳空间(树荫遮阳、遮阳篷遮阳、亭子遮阳),对其热环境(黑球温度(Tg)、空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(Rh)、地面温度(Ts))进行现场实测,分析不同遮阳形式对夏季校园室外热舒适(生理等效温度(PET)、通用热气候指数(UTCI))的影响程度。研究表明:遮阳可以有效阻挡太阳辐射,改善室外环境的热舒适。无遮阳空间的Ta、Tg、Ts、PET、UTCI均高于有遮阳空间;在湿热环境下,遮阳篷遮阳与亭子遮阳的热舒适优于树荫遮阳;在遮阳条件下,不同地面材质对室外热舒适的影响无明显差异;不同遮阳形式的天空可视因子(SVF)对室外热环境有明显影响,SVF对Tg、Ts、PET、UTCI的影响较大,对Ta和Rh的影响较弱。研究结果将对营造健康安全的校园热环境提供理论支撑。