Smoking Cessation with E-Cigarettes in Smokers with a Documented History of Depression and Recurring Relapses

The association between nicotine dependence and affective disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD), is well known with high prevalence rates being reported for smokers. The reason for this association is not clear, but, it has been argued that smoking may help individuals to cope with stress or medicate depressed mood. Smoking cessation programs are useful in helping smokers to quit, but smoking is a very difficult addiction to break, especially for people suffering from depression, and the need for novel and effective approaches to smoking cessation interventions for this special population is unquestionable. The e-cigarette is a battery-powered electronic nicotine delivery device (ENDD), which may help smokers to remain abstinent during their quit attempt. Here, we report for the first time objective measures of smoking cessation in two heavy smokers, suffering from depression, who experimented the e-cigarette.

Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers: A sonographic study

AIM: To ultrasonographicaly evaluate the acute effects of smoking on gallbladder contraction and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers.METHODS: Fifteen chronic smokers (21-30 years old) and fifteen nonsmokers (21-35 years old) participated in this study. Chronic smokers were selected among the volunteers who had been smoking for at least 5 years and 10 cigarettes per day (mean 17.5/d). Examinations were performed in two separate days. In the fi rst day, basal gallbladder (GB) volumes of volunteers were measured after 8-h fasting. After the examinations, participants had a meal containing at least 30-40 gram fat. Gallbladder volume was assessed at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the meal. In the second day, participants smoked 2 cigarettes after 8-h fasting. Then, they had the same meal, and gallbladder measurements were repeated at the same time points. Same procedures were applied to both groups. RESULTS: The mean starving GB volumes were 23.3 ± 3.3 mL in the fi rst day, 21.9 ± 3.0 mL in the second day in nonsmoker group and 18.3 ± 3.0 mL in the fi rst day, 19.5 ± 2.8 mL in second day in smoker group. There was no significant difference between starving GB volumes. We did not fi nd any signifi cant difference between the GB volumes measured at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min in the fi rst and second days in nonsmoker group. In smokers, post cigarette GB volume was found significantly higher at 5, 15 and 30 min which corresponded to GB contraction phase (P < 0.05). Control GB volume measurements were not signifi cantly different between the two groups. Post-smoking GB volumes were also not signifi cantly different between the two groups.CONCLUSION: Smoking prolongs the maximal GB emptying time both in smokers and in nonsmokers though it is not signifi cant. It delays GB contraction inchronic smokers and causes a signifi cant decrease in GB emptying volume. Smoking causes no signifi cant delay in GB refi lling in both smokers and nonsmokers. These effects of smoking observed in acute phase result in bile stasis in GB. Bile stasis is the underlying cause of most GB disorders in chronic process.

An Analysis on Failure Reasons of Quit Smoking among Smokers in Beijing Communities——Based on a Cross-Sectional Study

With the implementation of tobacco control policies and increasing publicity year by year,smokers have acquired more information and knowledge through various channels about the harmful effects of smoking.As a result,more smokers have developed a desire to quit smoking and have begun to try to quit.

The Impact of Electronic Cigarettes (e-Cigs) Smoking Habit on Periodontal Status and Salivary pH among Some Passive e-Cigs Smokers Referred to the College of Dentistry Clinics, King Khalid University

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigs) smoking is substitutional to traditional cigarette smoking to reduce the dangerous combustion of products. Moreover, passive smoking is involuntarily tobacco smoking due to the exposure to cigarette or tobacco smoke among non-smokers and due to there being little knowledge about the impact of passive e-cigs smoking on periodontal status and salivary pH. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of e-cigs smoking habit on periodontal tissue and salivary pH among some passive e-cigs smokers referred to the college of dentistry clinics, King Khalid University. Material and Methods: Ninety male participants who were referred to the college of dentistry clinics at King Khalid University were included in the study. Age, gender, e-cigs smoking, and general health were recorded. The participants were divided into three equal groups (n = 30) as follows: Group I (Non-passive e-cigs smokers and non-smokers) as the control group, Group II (e-cigs users), and Group III (Passive e-cigs smokers). Salivary pH, plaque control record (PCR), gingival bleeding index (GBI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of radiographic bone loss (% RBL), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), more than 5 missing teeth due to periodontal diseases (>5 MTDP), tooth mobility (TM), furcation involvement (FI), Bite collapse (BC), and less than 20 remaining teeth (10 Opposing pairs) (L20RT) as well as HbA1c were recorded. ANOVA test was used to the comparison between Groups I, II, and III in the participants’ ages and periodontitis staging clinical findings. The mean of participants’ age groups, the mean of salivary pH values of study groups, and the periodontitis staging complexity and HbA1c were compared between groups with the ANOVA test, Tukey’s test, and the chi-square test. P-value was recorded, and less than 0.5 was considered a statistically significant difference (p Results: The e-cigs users group revealed higher means of PCR, GBI %RBL values, and the participants percentages of >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT, and diabetes mellitus (DM) among participants compared to the passive e-cigs smokers group and control group except for the participants percentage of BC among the participants, which was higher among the control group participants. The differences were not significant in PCR, GBI, %RBL and DM (p > 0.5) and significant in >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT and smoking (p 7% values compared to the e-cigs users group and control group participants. The differences were not significant in CAL and PPD (p > 0.5) and significant in the participants percentages of salivary pH values (p Conclusion: The e-cigs smoking habit was the cause of an increase in periodontal disease severity among the electronic smokers rather than passive e-cigs smokers, although the salivary pH was higher in the latter.

Does Smoking Weaken the Immune System: A Narrative Review

Smoking has a complex impact on the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. It can exacerbate pathogenic immune responses and attenuate defensive immunity, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and certain diseases. The chemicals in cigarette smoke, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide, can alter immune cell functions and inflammatory responses. Smoking can also have long-term effects on the immune system, with some changes persisting even after quitting [1]. According to a Penn Medicine Physician, the Medical Oncologist Dr. David Porter, “People who are smokers tend to get sicker from infections”, “It may be that smoking impacts the immune system’s ability to respond appropriately”. Thus, such individuals within smoking exposure history might be considered as immunocompromised due to the altered and weakened immune system. Cigarette smoking is a prevalent habit with far-reaching health implications. Among its many adverse effects, smoking significantly alters the immune system’s functionality [1].

Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cigarette Mainstream Smoke-Induced Lung Injury and Gut Microbiota Disturbance

Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning tobacco^([1]).CMS is inhaled by smokers from the filter end during cigarette combustion and is strongly associated with the development of several diseases^([2-4]).

Exploring the Impact of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Objective: Utilizing Mendelian Randomization, this study employs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables to explore the causal relationships between bibulosity, smoking, and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Methods: GWAS data for bibulosity, smoking, and POAG were obtained from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium website and the IEU OpenGWAS Project website, respectively. Using a P-value threshold of −8, a linkage disequilibrium coefficient (r2) of 0.001, and a linkage disequilibrium region width of 10,000 kb, the data were aggregated, resulting in 6 SNPs for bibulosity and 253 SNPs for smoking. Three regression models, MR-Egger, Weighted Median Estimator (WME), and Random-Effects Inverse-Variance Weighted (IVW) were applied to analyze the causal impact of bibulosity and smoking on POAG. Results: The GWAS data for alcohol consumption and smoking were derived from European populations, while the GWAS data for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) were sourced from East Asian populations, with no gender restrictions. Analysis using three different regression models revealed that neither excessive alcohol consumption nor smoking significantly increased the risk of developing POAG. Specifically, the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the alcohol consumption group were 0.854 (0.597 - 1.221) in MR-Egger regression, 0.922 (0.691 - 1.231) in WME regression, and 0.944 (0.711 - 1.252) in IVW regression. For the smoking group, the odds ratios were 1.146 (0.546 - 2.406) in MR-Egger regression, 0.850 (0.653 - 1.111) in WME regression, and 0.939 (0.780 - 1.131) in IVW regression. Given the significant heterogeneity in the SNPs associated with smoking, the focus was primarily on the results from the IVW regression model. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption and smoking are not significant risk factors for the development of POAG.

Physical, Mental and Social Wellbeing and Quality of Life among Current Smokers

Cigarette smoking has known negative effects on physical and mental health. Over 16 million Americans suffer from smoking-related illnesses, and one-third of individuals with mental health issues are also cigarette smokers. Both physical and mental health are associated with measures of overall quality of life, a critical outcome that can influence treatment, intervention, and prevention decision-making. However, the direct relation between smoking and quality of life is not clear and requires further investigation. The present study utilized data from 34,309 adults who participated in Wave 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) to examine the relation between smoking and quality of life while considering the mediating effects of physical and mental health, and the moderating effect of social satisfaction. Using Conditional Process Analyses to integrate mediation and moderation approaches, the present study found that smoking had indirect associations with quality of life mediated through both physical and mental health and that social satisfaction moderated these relationships. Additionally, smoking had an independent direct effect on quality of life that was not moderated by social satisfaction. Results suggest the negative impacts associated with smoking reach beyond its effect on physical, social and mental well-being.

Determinants of intentions to quit smoking among adult smokers in Bangladesh:findings from the International Tobacco Control(ITC)Bangladesh wave 2 survey

Background:With about 22 million adult smokers,Bangladesh needs strong measures that would promote smoking cessation.Using data from Wave 2 of the International Tobacco Control(ITC)Survey,this study examined the factors associated with intention to quit smoking among Bangladeshi smokers.Methods:Data from Wave 2 of the International Tobacco Control(ITC)Survey in Bangladesh,a face to face survey of adult smokers,were analysed.In the ITC survey,households were sampled using a stratified multistage design and interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Results:Of the respondents(N=2982),most were male(96%),married(80%),and Muslim(83%);33%were illiterate and 54%were aged below 40.Almost two-thirds were from areas outside Dhaka,78%smoked cigarettes exclusively;and 36%had an intention to quit smoking in the future.This study identified several predictors,comparable to other international studies,of intention to quit smoking:area of residence,number of cigarettes smoked daily,previous quit attempt,visiting a doctor in the past,having child aged 5 or below at home,perceived benefit from quitting,being worried about own health,knowledge of SHS,not enjoying smoking and workplace smoking policy.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the prevalence of intention to quit smoking is lower among Bangladeshi smokers than those among smokers in developed countries.However,the factors relating to quit intentions among Bangladeshi smokers are comparable to those found in Western countries.Population based tobacco control programs and policies should consider these predictors in the design of interventions to increase quitting among smokers in Bangladesh.

Small-scale fire tests in the underwater tunnel section model with new sidewall smoke extraction

The Shenzhen–Zhongshan Bridge is a 24‐km‐long bridge and tunnel system,including a 6.8-km-long super cross section subsea tunnel.To solve the smoke exhaust problem of a super large cross-section subsea tunnel,the tunnel has a new smoke exhaust system that combines a horizontal smoke exhaust cross section at the top and sidewall smoke exhaust holes.In order to evaluate the potential fire hazards of this type of tunnel,a 1:30 tunnel model was established and 140 smallscale experiments on underwater tunnel fires were conducted.By changing the fire power,fire location,and fan operation mode,different scenarios of submarine immersed tunnel fire were simulated and the related key parameters such as fire smoke diffusion behavior and smoke temperature distribution were studied.On this basis,the optimal smoke control strategy was proposed for different fire scenarios.The research results indicate that the new smoke exhaust system can fully utilize the smoke flow characteristics,significantly improve smoke exhaust efficiency,and increase available evacuation time,thus further enhancing the fire safety of super large cross-section subsea tunnels.

Study on the Influence of Setting Parameters of Tunnel Centralized Smoke Extraction System on Fire Smoke Flow and Temperature Decay

The centralized smoke exhaust system of shield tunnel is an important determinant for tunnel fire safety,and the use of different design parameters of the tunnel smoke exhaust system will affect the smoke exhaust effect in the tunnel,and the influence of different design parameters on the smoke exhaust effect and temperature attenuation of the tunnel can help engineers in designing a more effective centralized smoke exhaust system for the tunnel.In this paper,the Fire Dynamic Simulator(FDS)is utilized to examine smoke exhaust vent settings for a centralized exhaust system in shield tunnel with both flat and sloped conditions,including slopes of+4.5%and−4.5%,under a 30MWfire power with a 150m^(3)/s smoke exhaust rate.The results suggest that maintaining a vent spacing of 60m and a vent size of 4.0 m×1.5 m is a reasonable configuration for centralized smoke exhaust systems in both flat and slope shield tunnels.This choice helpsminimize construction costs and prevent excessive smoke accumulation.It also promotes favorable conditions for maintaining temperature distribution at 2-m height,visibility,smoke spread distance,and temperature below the ceiling,all below the threshold values,while ensuring high smoke extraction efficiency.However,in the slope section,the chimney effect can disrupt exhaust efficiency,visibility,ceiling temperature,and temperature distribution at a height of 2 m.Employing different opening methods,such as having 2 vents up and 4 vents down in a+4.5%slope and 4 vents up and 2 vents down in a−4.5%slope,can help mitigate these effects.Furthermore,the temperature decay formula for shield tunnels follows a bi-exponential decay pattern,and different design parameters of centralized smoke exhaust systems have minimal effects on temperature decay in shield tunnels.

An Improved YOLOv5s-Based Smoke Detection System for Outdoor Parking Lots

In the rapidly evolving urban landscape,outdoor parking lots have become an indispensable part of the city’s transportation system.The growth of parking lots has raised the likelihood of spontaneous vehicle combus-tion,a significant safety hazard,making smoke detection an essential preventative step.However,the complex environment of outdoor parking lots presents additional challenges for smoke detection,which necessitates the development of more advanced and reliable smoke detection technologies.This paper addresses this concern and presents a novel smoke detection technique designed for the demanding environment of outdoor parking lots.First,we develop a novel dataset to fill the gap,as there is a lack of publicly available data.This dataset encompasses a wide range of smoke and fire scenarios,enhanced with data augmentation to ensure robustness against diverse outdoor conditions.Second,we utilize an optimized YOLOv5s model,integrated with the Squeeze-and-Excitation Network(SENet)attention mechanism,to significantly improve detection accuracy while maintaining real-time processing capabilities.Third,this paper implements an outdoor smoke detection system that is capable of accurately localizing and alerting in real time,enhancing the effectiveness and reliability of emergency response.Experiments show that the system has a high accuracy in terms of detecting smoke incidents in outdoor scenarios.

The Prevalence of Smoking in Caribbean Towns and Correlation with Disease States: A Survey

Background: Smoking continues to be one of the most popular recreational practices despite its known harmful effects. Aim: The purpose of this survey was to assess the prevalence of smoking in the Caribbean and the correlation of smoking with the disease states of high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol whose risk is known to be higher among smokers. Findings: Our study found a smoking prevalence of 22% in the population, similar to that reported by the World Health Organization (20%) and a positive correlation between smoking and diabetes. Conclusion: The survey shows that smoking numbers within the population are still high and that smoking increases the risk of certain disease states within smokers. Aggressive global efforts to reduce smoking should continue so as to minimize the negative impact of smoking on health.

Study of the Influence of the Distance between Smoke Outlets and Fire Source on Smoke Flow Characteristics in Tunnel Fires

This paper explores the smoke flow characteristics in tunnel fires,giving a particular emphasis on the effects of different distances between the smoke outlets and the fire source.It examines the smoke behavior under different conditions,including variations in heat release rates,exhaust volumetric flow rates,spacing between smoke outlets,and the longitudinal fire source positions.Results indicate that altering the fire source positions and the smoke outlets in the tunnel leads to variations in the properties of smoke flow both the fire source upstream and downstream;the distance between fire source and smoke outlet increases gradually,airflow rate decreases initially and eventually reaches a stable state.Similarly,smoke mass flow rate exhibits an increasing trend that eventually reaches a stable state.Moreover,the heat exchange between the tunnel walls and hot smoke increases as the smoke outlet moves further away from the fire source.This interaction leads to a reduction in the heat exhaust coefficient and a decrease in the distance the smoke spreads.This study investigates the impact of altering the relative longitudinal fire source positions and smoke outlet on smoke flow characteristics by numerical simulation.A theoretical analytical method is used to give a predictive model for the heat exhaust coefficient and the smoke spreading distance.This research can support the theory and technical process of tunnel smoke exhaust prevention and control.

U-Net Inspired Deep Neural Network-Based Smoke Plume Detection in Satellite Images

Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessential for a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the Earth’s climate and for effectively enforcingemission regulations at a large scale. This work examines the feasibility of detecting and quantifying industrialsmoke plumes using freely accessible geo-satellite imagery. The existing systemhas so many lagging factors such aslimitations in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency and these factors hinder the effectiveness in supporting timelyresponse to industrial fires. In this work, the utilization of grayscale images is done instead of traditional colorimages for smoke plume detection. The dataset was trained through a ResNet-50 model for classification and aU-Net model for segmentation. The dataset consists of images gathered by European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite constellation from a selection of industrial sites. The acquired images predominantly capture scenesof industrial locations, some of which exhibit active smoke plume emissions. The performance of the abovementionedtechniques and models is represented by their accuracy and IOU (Intersection-over-Union) metric.The images are first trained on the basic RGB images where their respective classification using the ResNet-50model results in an accuracy of 94.4% and segmentation using the U-Net Model with an IOU metric of 0.5 andaccuracy of 94% which leads to the detection of exact patches where the smoke plume has occurred. This work hastrained the classification model on grayscale images achieving a good increase in accuracy of 96.4%.

The impact of tobacco use and nicotine addiction on health: A literature review of nursing interventions for smoking cessation

Tobacco use remains one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality globally,with nicotine addiction significantly impacting health outcomes.This literature review explores the multifaceted nature of tobacco use and its health implications,emphasizing the role of nursing interventions in smoking cessation.The review highlights various strategies employed by nurses,including assessment,counseling,pharmacotherapy support,and behavioral interventions,which are essential for effective tobacco cessation.By analyzing current evidence-based practices,the study underscores the importance of comprehensive assessments and personalized care plans tailored to individual patient needs.It also addresses the significance of motivational interviewing and the 5 A’s framework in facilitating successful quit attempts.In addition,the review discusses the integration of cognitive-behavioral therapy and stress management techniques as vital components of behavioral interventions.Recommendations for improving tobacco cessation efforts include enhanced training for healthcare professionals,the establishment of community-based support groups,and advocacy for robust tobacco control policies.The findings underscore the critical need for ongoing research into the long-term effectiveness of cessation interventions across diverse populations.This study aims to inform nursing practice and public health policy,ultimately contributing to the reduction of tobacco-related health issues and promoting healthier communities.

Net Effect of Short-Term Smoking Cessation on Mental Health Changes:Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting and Difference-in-Differences Method

Background:In response to the need for research clearly demonstrating the net effect of smoking cessation on mental health status,considering the causal relationship between smoking cessation and changes in mental health status,this study was undertaken.Thus,this study aimed to examine the net effect of short-term smoking cessation on five specific mental health metrics and the overall mental health status score.Methods:We used data from the first wave of the Korean Health Panel(KHP)Survey(2011–2013,2016–2018)and focused on men aged 19 years and older,to explore the effects of smoking cessation.We compared mental health status before and after cessation among current non-smokers who had quit smoking and continuous smokers.We ensured homogeneity between the two groups via inverse probability of treatment weighting(IPTW)and employed a difference-in-differences(DID)analysis to assess changes in mental health status.This study controlled for factors that could influence mental health and explored the net effect of short-term smoking cessation through difference-in-differences model using multiple regression analysis.Results:The results showed that short-term smoking cessation significantly alleviated mental and physical stress(p<0.1),reduced experiences of frustration(p<0.01),and improved the overall mental health status score(p<0.1).Conclusion:Thus,these results highlight a meaningful link between positive health behavior changes,such as smoking cessation,and enhanced mental health.Moreover,the application of temporal variables further improved the understanding of the causal relationship between health behaviors and mental health.

Study on Temperature Distribution and Smoke Spreading Behavior of Different Fire Source Locations in the UnderwaterW-Shaped Island-Crossing Tunnel

Called island-crossing tunnels,some specific underwater tunneling projects face constraints imposed by geological and water conditions,necessitating their passage through artificial or natural islands.The longitudinal of the tunnel follows aW-shaped distribution.The congestion situation does not allowfor immediate longitudinal smoke exhaust at the early stage of the fire,and the natural spread of smoke is complicated.An exhaustive investigation was carried out to analyze the smoke behaviors during a fire incident,employing the fire dynamics software FDS,considering five slopes and four fire locations.The simulation results reveal that the layer of high-temperature smoke becomes thicker as one gets closer to the fire source.The thermal pressure difference significantly impacts the temperature distribution within the tunnel and the distance of smoke spread.The value of the thermal pressure difference is significantly affected by changes in slope.It reaches a maximum of 157 Pa at a 5%slope,while it is only 41 Pa at a 1%slope when the fire occurs at the V-point.Fire hazards vary across locations within the W-shaped tunnel,necessitating separate consideration of the V-point and inverted V-point fire characteristics.The mass flow rate in small and large slope tunnels shows different decay rates due to variations in the main forces acting on the movement.Hence,two equations have been developed to predict the smoke mass flow rate,indicating a nonlinear relationship with the tunnel slope and the distance fromthe fire source.The tunnel slope inversely affects the smoke mass flowrate at the same location.The results can be utilized as a reference for conducting evacuation operations and aiding rescues during aW-shaped tunnel fire.

Smoking cessation prior to elective total joint arthroplasty results in sustained abstinence postoperatively

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is a well-documented modifiable risk factor for perioperative complications.AIM To determine the tobacco abstinence rates of patients who made cessation efforts prior to a total joint arthroplasty(TJA)procedure.METHODS A retrospective evaluation was performed on 88 self-reported tobacco users who underwent TJA between 2014-2022 and had tobacco cessation dates within 3 mo of surgery.Eligible patients were contacted via phone survey to understand their tobacco use pattern,and patient reported outcomes.A total of 37 TJA patients participated.RESULTS Our cohort was on average 61-years-old,60%(n=22)women,with an average body mass index of 30 kg/m^(2).The average follow-up time was 2.9±1.9 years.A total of 73.0%(n=27)of patients endorsed complete abstinence from tobacco use prior to surgery.Various cessation methods were used perioperatively including prescription therapy(13.5%),over the counter nicotine replacement(18.9%),cessation programs(5.4%).At final follow up,43.2%(n=16)of prior tobacco smokers reported complete abstinence.Patients who were able to maintain cessation postoperatively had improved Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(PROMIS)-10 mental health scores(49 vs 58;P=0.01),and hip dysfunction and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint replacement(HOOS.JR)scores(63 vs 82;P=0.02).No patients in this cohort had a prosthetic joint infection or required revision surgery.CONCLUSION We report a tobacco cessation rate of 43.2%in patients undergoing elective TJA nearly 3 years postoperatively.Patients undergoing TJA who were able to remain abstinent had improved PROMIS-10 mental health scores and HOOS.JR scores.The perioperative period provides clinicians a unique opportunity to assist active tobacco smokers with cessation efforts and improve postoperative outcomes.

Effect of smoking on the risk of gastrointestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: A national population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND The role of smoking in the incidence of colorectal cancer(CRC)or gastric cancer(GC)in populations undergoing cholecystectomy has not been investigated.AIM To evaluate the effect of smoking on CRC or GC development in cholecystectomy patients.METHODS A total of 174874 patients who underwent cholecystectomy between January 1,2010 and December 31,2017 were identified using the Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database.These patients were matched 1:1 with mem-bers of a healthy population according to age and sex.CRC or GC risk after cholecystectomy and the association between smoking and CRC or GC risk in cholecystectomy patients were evaluated using adjusted hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%CIs.RESULTS The risks of CRC(adjusted HR:1.15;95%CI:1.06-1.25;P=0.0013)and GC(adjusted HR:1.11;95%CI:1.01-1.22;P=0.0027)were significantly higher in cholecystectomy patients.In the population who underwent cholecystectomy,both CRC and GC risk were higher in those who had smoked compared to those who had never smoked.For both cancers,the risk tended to increase in the order of non-smokers,ex-smokers,and current smokers.In addition,a positive correlation was observed between the amount of smoking and the risks of both CRC and GC.CONCLUSION Careful follow-up and screening should be performed,focusing on the increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer in the cholecystectomy group,particularly considering the individual smoking habits.