Research on a combinatorial control method for coaxial rotor aircraft based on sliding mode

Aiming at the position and attitude tracking of coaxial rotor aircraft(CRA),this paper proposes a combinatorial control method of sliding mode control(SMC)coupled with proportional-integralderivative control(PIDC).Considering the complete description of flight dynamics,aerodynamics and airflow interference,the dynamical model of CRA is established.The dynamical model is simplified according to the actual flight,then the simplified dynamical model is divided into two subsystems:a fully-actuated subsystem and an under-actuated subsystem.The controller of the fully-actuated subsystem consists of a SMC controller coupled with a rate bounded PIDC controller,while the controller of the under-actuated subsystem is composed of a SMC controller.The sliding manifold is defined by combining the position and velocity tracking errors of the state variables for each subsystem.Lyapunov stability theory is used to verify the stability of the sliding mode controller,which ensures that all state trajectories of the system can reach and stay on the sliding mode surface,the uncertainty and external interference of the model are compensated.Simulation and experiment compared with the conventional PIDC are carried out,the results demonstrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed control method of this paper.

Modeling and Sliding Mode Control with Boundary Layer for Unmanned Coaxial Rotor Ducted Fan Helicopter

The structure and modeling of a novel unmanned coaxial rotor ducted fan helicopter(RDFH)are introduced,and then,based on the helicopter air dynamics and kinematics principles,a nonlinear model of the coaxial rotor ducted fan helicopter is developed and implemented on the basis of the wind tunnel experiment.After that,the helicopter′s stability and coupling characteristics of manipulation are analyzed through time-domain.Finally,a sliding mode controller(SMC)with boundary layers is developed on a hardware in the loop platform using digital signal processor(DSP)as the flight control computer.The results show that the RDFH′s tracking ability performs well under the use of proposed controller.

Aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor by wind tunnel test and numerical calculation

Focusing on aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor of a high-speed helicopter in hover and forward flight, a wind tunnel test is conducted in the 8 m ? 6 m low-speed straightflow wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center. In the experiment,a 4 m diameter composite model rigid coaxial rotor is designed and manufactured, and firstorder flapping frequency ratio of the blade is 1.796 to ensure sufficient stiffness at the blade root.Rotor aerodynamic performance is measured under hovering and high advance ratio conditions.Also, the numerical method is used to calculate aerodynamic characteristics in typical states of the rigid coaxial rotor for analysis purpose. The rotor lift-drag ratio and lateral lift offset in the experiment are emphatically analyzed for the rigid coaxial rotor. The results indicate that in forward flight condition, the rotor lift-drag ratio first increases and then decreases with the increment of advance ratio and lift offset. When advance ratio remains constant, with the increment of lift offset, the lift-drag ratio of rigid coaxial rotor first increases and then decreases.

Global optimization for ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft based on Kriging model and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm

To improve the operational efficiency of global optimization in engineering, Kriging model was established to simplify the mathematical model for calculations. Ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft was taken as an example and Fluent software was applied to the virtual prototype simulations. Through simulation sample points, the total lift of the ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft was obtained. The Kriging model was then constructed, and the function was fitted. Improved particle swarm optimization(PSO) was also utilized for the global optimization of the Kriging model of the ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft for the determination of optimized global coordinates. Finally, the optimized results were simulated by Fluent. The results show that the Kriging model and the improved PSO algorithm significantly improve the lift performance of ducted coaxial-rotors aircraft and computer operational efficiency.

Backstepping sliding mode control with self recurrent wavelet neural network observer for a novel coaxial twelve-rotor UAV

The robust attitude control for a novel coaxial twelve-rotor UAV which has much greater payload capacity,higher drive capability and damage tolerance than a quad-rotor UAV is studied. Firstly,a dynamical and kinematical model for the coaxial twelve-rotor UAV is designed. Considering model uncertainties and external disturbances,a robust backstepping sliding mode control( BSMC) with self recurrent wavelet neural network( SRWNN) method is proposed as the attitude controller for the coaxial twelve-rotor. A combinative algorithm of backstepping control and sliding mode control has simplified design procedures with much stronger robustness benefiting from advantages of both controllers. SRWNN as the uncertainty observer is able to estimate the lumped uncertainties effectively.Then the uniformly ultimate stability of the twelve-rotor system is proved by Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally,the validity of the proposed robust control method adopted in the twelve-rotor UAV under model uncertainties and external disturbances are demonstrated via numerical simulations and twelve-rotor prototype experiments.

Modeling and robust adaptive control for a coaxial twelve-rotor UAV

Compared with the quad-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the coaxial twelve-rotor UAV has stronger load carrying capacity, higher driving ability and stronger damage resistance. This paper focuses on its robust adaptive control. First, a mathematical model of a coaxial twelve-rotor is established. Aiming at the problem of model uncertainty and external disturbance of the coaxial twelve-rotor UAV, the attitude controller is innovatively adopted with the combination of a backstepping sliding mode controller (BSMC) and an adaptive radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The BSMC combines the advantages of backstepping control and sliding mode control, which has a simple design process and strong robustness. The RBFNN as an uncertain observer, can effectively estimate the total uncertainty. Then the stability of the twelve-rotor UAV control system is proved by Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, it is proved that the robust adaptive control strategy presented in this paper can overcome model uncertainty and external disturbance effectively through numerical simulation and prototype of twelve-rotor UAV tests.

共轴刚性旋翼气动特性试验与分析

共轴刚性旋翼直升机是高速直升机的主要发展方向之一,为了深入了解前进比及升力偏置对共轴刚性旋翼气动特性的影响,在航空工业气动院FL-52风洞开展了共轴刚性旋翼气动特性风洞试验,通过合理的操纵与配平策略,实现了共轴刚性旋翼配平,并对悬停、多种前飞状态下气动特性及升力偏置对旋翼操纵特性及性能的影响机理进行了研究。结果表明,试验取得了比较好的配平效果,桨毂力矩、合扭矩及升力偏置配平误差分别优于±2 N·m、±0.5 N·m、±0.01;悬停状态扭矩配平与非配平状态下,上旋翼效率都大于下旋翼,差动总距效率随联动总距的增大而增大;前飞状态升力偏置可有效提升大前进比时旋翼气动效率而小前进比时则并不明显,升力偏置的增大会使上下旋翼的桨毂滚转力矩大幅增加。

共轴高速直升机/发动机交联控制方法研究

针对常规的旋翼总距前馈方法难以有效实现共轴高速直升机/发动机快速交联控制的问题,本文提出并设计了适用于共轴高速直升机/发动机的新型交联控制方法。首先,基于共轴高速直升机/发动机综合仿真平台,揭示不同运行工况下,共轴双旋翼、推力桨操纵输入、发动机燃油输入变化规律;其次,在此基础上,提出了综合考虑共轴双旋翼、推力桨桨距的增益自调节交联控制方法,并针对不同的运行工况,开展了数值仿真验证。结果表明,在中等、高速度飞行时,相比于常规的旋翼总距前馈,新型交联控制方法可使动力涡轮转速的超调与下垂量减小36%与70%,可使直升机/发动机快速交联控制品质更优,进一步提升直升机/发动机综合系统的控制品质。

小型共轴无人机CFD气动仿真分析

以新款共轴飞行器为研究对象,通过三维数值模拟分析方式寻求最优间距比进而完善飞行器结构,提升飞行器性能。为研究悬停状态下共轴飞行器的桨叶间距对旋翼气动的影响,首先通过叶素-动量理论建立旋翼载荷模型,然后应用非结构运动嵌套网格技术及CFD方法展开新型共轴飞行器旋翼系统在悬停状态下的气动载荷分析;通过改变不同的间距比在Fluent中进行模拟计算,得到不同间距比下旋翼升力与扭矩,并利用CFD-Post后处理得出相应间距下旋翼附近速度流线图。数值分析结果表明:悬停状态下小间距比的旋翼系统气动性能优于大间距比的旋翼系统气动性能;同一转速时,不同间距比下的总扭矩及总载荷不同,间距变化对旋翼系统载荷影响较小。

纵列双桨无人机的气动仿真分析

为解决纵列双桨无人机的桨叶重叠部分的气动干扰导致的旋翼效率减少问题,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法对纵列双桨无人机的气动特性进行了仿真分析,包括不同攻角、两桨叶相对位置变化以及整流罩气动外型优化。结果表明:在不同攻角下,无人机的攻角对升力系数的影响大于阻力系数;无人机两桨叶在纵向距离3420 mm、轴向距离540 mm时旋翼的干扰最小,效率最高。之后进行了无人机整流罩优化,得到了更加理想的气动外型。为纵列双桨无人机的气动设计提供了重要的参考和指导,同时也为无人机的发展和应用提供了有益的实践经验。

基于同轴度优化的多级压气机转子分段堆叠装配方法研究

压气机转子装配优化技术是通过调节转子各部件之间的安装角度,达到控制转子同心度和初始不平衡量的目的。文章阐述了基于多级压气机转子部件堆叠测量数据,采用分段式堆叠装配方法验证了转子部件优化同轴度的装配技术,从而改善了转子的装配质量。

共轴双旋翼单元不同旋翼间距的气动性能分析

为设计合理的旋翼布局来展现出共轴双旋翼系统的气动性能,通过搭建试验平台测量了共轴双旋翼飞行器的间距比为0.32R-0.75R的功耗和升力。另外,采用ANSYS建立了共轴双旋翼飞行器的全尺寸模型,并进行了一系列仿真,得到了不同间距下共轴双旋翼的压强、速度和流线分布。分析结果表明:共轴双旋翼间的气动干扰在合适的间距下被削弱,此时桨尖涡流完整。同时,整体的升力比单旋翼至少可以提升58%,最高可以提升72%。此外,还发现在产生相同升力时,在较低转速下产生的功率载荷PL值比较大。最后,值得注意的是,在旋翼间距h为0.385R时的气动性能较良好,是共轴双旋翼单元最佳的布局。

FL-52风洞Ф1.5 m直径共轴刚性旋翼试验台研制

为满足国内高速共轴对转旋翼气动特性及流动机理风洞试验研究的需要,在中国航空工业空气动力研究院FL-52声学风洞开展了Ф1.5 m直径共轴刚性旋翼试验台的研制(简称共轴旋翼试验台)。该共轴旋翼试验台由试验台架系统和旋翼测控系统组成,通过一台高功率密度交流变频电机驱动上下旋翼同步反转,可实现旋翼主轴倾角、旋翼转速、旋翼总距及周期变距等同步精准控制功能。通过共轴旋翼试验台地面模态测试及动平衡调整,排除了试验台转速频率与固有频率的共振关联性;利用该共轴旋翼试验台开展1.5 m直径旋翼风洞试验。结果表明:在悬停和前飞状态下,配平策略合理,悬停状态上旋翼效率大于下旋翼,扭矩配平状态下,上旋翼拉力在总拉力中的占比变化不大。

共轴刚性旋翼直升机着舰飞行特性

建立一套能够耦合非定常舰船流场的共轴刚性旋翼直升机飞行动力学模型,以研究该旋翼飞行器在着舰过程中的飞行特性。在舰艉流场模拟方面,采用分离涡方法以获得高精度非定常流场数据;在飞行力学建模方面,引入上下旋翼干扰因子建立共轴刚性旋翼诱导速度模型,并采用等效挥舞运动概念建立其挥舞运动方程;基于“单向耦合”思想构建了计算流体动力学(CFD)向飞行力学模型的数据传递策略,并分别以XH-59A直升机和UH-60A/SFS2组合为算例验证了飞行动力学模型和数据传递策略的正确性。以SFS2舰船模型和XH-59A共轴刚性旋翼直升机组合为研究对象,从直升机操纵余量和非定常载荷水平两方面分析了着舰过程中舰艉流场对共轴刚性旋翼直升机的扰动特征。时均研究结果显示:由于共轴上下旋翼受时均流场的扰动存在差异,飞行员在增大总距以维持高度稳定的同时,还需要减小差动总距以保持机头朝向的稳定。非定常水平研究结果表明:对于共轴构型直升机,舰船流场对拉力及俯仰力矩的非定常扰动,是引起飞行员工作载荷增大的主要因素。

筒状共轴折叠双旋翼无人直升机控制仿真与设计

针对双电机驱动的共轴折叠双旋翼无人直升机载荷偏小的问题,文中提出一种单层周期变距的筒状共轴折叠双旋翼无人直升机。动力系统采用伞齿机械同步结构使上下层旋翼同速旋转,旋翼系统采用下层周期变距和上层变总距。上下桨毂采用不等长设计,避免旋转展开时打桨。然后,建立该筒状共轴无人直升机的动力学模型和气动模型;并针对共轴双旋翼直升机的非线性控制问题,设计一种基于滑模控制的姿态和位置控制器,利用Matlab对该控制器进行仿真。最后,制作原理样机,通过实验验证控制方案的有效性。结果表明,所设计的无人直升机可以顺利打开桨叶,实现稳定悬停和飞行。

圆柱形定桨距共轴双旋翼无人机的制导控制系统设计

圆柱形定桨距共轴双旋翼无人机能够兼顾结构重量、载荷大小和续航能力,适合作为单兵携带的自杀式无人机。为了实现圆柱形定桨距共轴双旋翼无人机对地面目标的精确打击,本文在定义相关坐标系的基础上,建立了其动力学模型,提出一种将位置和姿态控制指令转换为无人机上下旋翼转速和操纵舵机舵偏角的输入量分配方案,进一步设计了无人机的串级PID姿态控制器用于稳定无人机机体的姿态角,并基于L_(1)制导律提出一种通过矢量叉乘确定制导指令空间方位的三维制导律导引无人机攻击地面目标,最后在仿真环境下对无人机进行数值仿真。仿真结果显示,无人机能在所设计的制导控制系统作用下准确击中地面固定/移动目标,验证了所设计制导控制系统的合理性和有效性。

采用自适应神经网络观测器的旋翼无人机容错控制

针对共轴多旋翼无人机中容易出现电机故障和复合干扰的问题,采用自适应神经网络观测器设计了容错控制算法。首先,建立了包含电机故障和复合干扰的共轴八旋翼无人机运动模型;然后,通过神经网络来逼近复合干扰,并利用自适应律估计故障因子,设计了自适应神经网络观测器对系统状态进行估计;最后,针对姿态角回路和角速度回路设计了反步容错控制律,并利用滤波器对虚拟指令信号进行滤波,抑制了微分爆炸现象,实现了共轴八旋翼UAV的渐近稳定。实验结果表明:所提方法与自适应容错控制方法相比表现出了更优的稳定性和准确性,最大跟踪误差仅为0.1°,有效补偿了复合干扰和旋翼电机故障的影响,提升了无人机的飞行稳定性和容错性能。

共轴刚性旋翼低阶动载荷特性分析

针对共轴刚性旋翼低阶动载荷问题开展分析研究.建立考虑升力偏置的共轴刚性旋翼气弹配平计算方法,建立含干扰因子的共轴双旋翼气动干扰模型与考虑双旋翼构型的旋翼动力学模型,最终集成共轴双旋翼考虑升力偏置的共轴刚性旋翼气弹配平模型.在分析前进比、转速以及升力偏置参数影响下的旋翼低阶挥舞、摆振弯矩变化特性中发现:在大前进比状态下,桨根挥舞、摆振弯矩大大增加,且均以2/rev谐波载荷为主;而施加升力偏置使得挥舞1/rev谐波载荷增加,而2/rev谐波载荷降低,能整体抑制摆振弯矩.

高速直升机共轴刚性旋翼悬停气动特性的参数影响研究

共轴刚性旋翼是未来高速直升机的重要发展方向,开展气动特性参数影响研究具有重要的实际指导意义。基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术,本文建立了一个计入配平分析的共轴刚性旋翼气动特性计算方法。在该方法中,采用NavierStokes方程为控制方程,使用二阶迎风的Roe格式进行空间离散,选取隐式LU-SGS格式进行时间推进,湍流模型则为Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)模型,上下旋翼间的流场信息交换采用运动嵌套网格方法实现;通过Newton-Rhapson迭代方法求解旋翼操纵增量,可实现共轴刚性旋翼的有效配平。然后,应用所建立的方法,开展了共轴刚性旋翼悬停状态下的气动性能计算,着重分析了上下旋翼间距尤其是桨叶气动外形参数对共轴刚性旋翼气动特性的影响。结果表明,负扭转可以提高共轴刚性旋翼悬停效率,但与负扭转分布相比,采用正扭转分布,会降低共轴刚性旋翼悬停效率。