High density materials are assigned with an apparent density of 3.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in 12-bit CT images due to saturation. This is often ignored in planning for spine tumors with titanium (density 4.40 g/...High density materials are assigned with an apparent density of 3.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in 12-bit CT images due to saturation. This is often ignored in planning for spine tumors with titanium (density 4.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) spinal hardware. However, new cobalt-chrome hardware has a density of 8.11 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, which would increase dosimetric uncertainty if the true density is not utilized in planning. This effect was evaluated in this study. Calculation accuracy was examined using MapCHECK2 with a single 20 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> field with a titanium and a cobalt-chrome rod in a solid water phantom for 6X, 6FFF and 15X, at 2 cm and 6 cm beneath the rods. Measurement was compared to the calculation with density override (DO) with the true density and to the calculation with no-density override (NDO). Additionally, the dosimetric effect in clinical treatment plans was investigated for six IMRT and VMAT paraspinal cases. Plan quality was compared with the original NDO calculation and the DO recalculation. Compared to measurements, the treatment planning system (TPS) overestimated the dose locally by up to 13.2% for cobalt-chrome and 4.8% for titanium with NDO calculations. DO calculations improved the differences to 8.4% and 4.0%, respectively. Scatter from the rod increased the lateral dose and diminished as depth increased but was not properly accounted for by the TPS even with the correct density assigned. For the clinical plans, PTV coverage was lowered by an average of ~1.0% (range: 0.5% - 2.0%) and ~0.3% (range: 0.2% - 0.7%) in DO recalculations for cobalt-chrome and titanium, respectively. In conclusion, neglecting the true density of cobalt-chrome hardware during planning may result in an unexpected decrease in target coverage.展开更多
The monitoring,prediction and assessment of status about climate changes and ecological environment at home and abroad were discussed in this study,and the scientific significance and countermeasures for Qinghai-Tibet...The monitoring,prediction and assessment of status about climate changes and ecological environment at home and abroad were discussed in this study,and the scientific significance and countermeasures for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to cope with these problems were also put forward.展开更多
文摘High density materials are assigned with an apparent density of 3.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in 12-bit CT images due to saturation. This is often ignored in planning for spine tumors with titanium (density 4.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) spinal hardware. However, new cobalt-chrome hardware has a density of 8.11 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, which would increase dosimetric uncertainty if the true density is not utilized in planning. This effect was evaluated in this study. Calculation accuracy was examined using MapCHECK2 with a single 20 × 10 cm<sup>2</sup> field with a titanium and a cobalt-chrome rod in a solid water phantom for 6X, 6FFF and 15X, at 2 cm and 6 cm beneath the rods. Measurement was compared to the calculation with density override (DO) with the true density and to the calculation with no-density override (NDO). Additionally, the dosimetric effect in clinical treatment plans was investigated for six IMRT and VMAT paraspinal cases. Plan quality was compared with the original NDO calculation and the DO recalculation. Compared to measurements, the treatment planning system (TPS) overestimated the dose locally by up to 13.2% for cobalt-chrome and 4.8% for titanium with NDO calculations. DO calculations improved the differences to 8.4% and 4.0%, respectively. Scatter from the rod increased the lateral dose and diminished as depth increased but was not properly accounted for by the TPS even with the correct density assigned. For the clinical plans, PTV coverage was lowered by an average of ~1.0% (range: 0.5% - 2.0%) and ~0.3% (range: 0.2% - 0.7%) in DO recalculations for cobalt-chrome and titanium, respectively. In conclusion, neglecting the true density of cobalt-chrome hardware during planning may result in an unexpected decrease in target coverage.
文摘The monitoring,prediction and assessment of status about climate changes and ecological environment at home and abroad were discussed in this study,and the scientific significance and countermeasures for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to cope with these problems were also put forward.
