Occurrence and Damage of Ferrisia virgata Cockerell on Longan (Dimocarpus longgana Lour.) in Guangdong Province of China

Ferrisia virgata （Cockerell） is a post with wide distribution and broad range of host plants, but apparently it has not yet known to be an important post in China. Survey on pests of longan （Dimocarpus longgana Lour. ） in Zhangjiang of Guangdong Province in 2011 found that F. virgata had caused serious damage on production of longan. The paper first reported damage status of F. virgata on longan and also preliminarily introduced field identification characterlstics and host plants of F. virgata reported.

Comparison of slow freezing and vitrification methods for Venda cockerel’s spermatozoa

An improvement in avian semen cryopreservation is essential and has the potential to improve the cryo-gene banking efficiency. This study compared two cryopreservation methods (slow freezing and vitrification) and the effect of different thawing/warming temperatures (5℃, 25℃ and 41℃) on Venda cockerel’s spermatozoa. Semen samples from Venda cockerels were diluted with modified Kobidil+ extender supplemented with 8% dimethyl sulfoxide. Semen from each ejaculate was stained with nigrosin/eosin for viability examination. The cryopreserved samples were either slow cooled in 0.25 mL straw or vitrified in a solid surface vitrification (SSV) device. Semen straw or cryovial was stored in liquid nitrogen container. The straw or cryovial with sperm was thawed or warmed at 5?C, 25?C and 41℃ and analysed by a Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA). There was a significant difference in live/normal sperm between the semen donors. Cockerels spermatozoa cryopreserved by slow freezing (43%) and thawed at 5?C had a significantly higher survival and motility rate compared to vitrification (2.5%) method. In conclusion, there was higher rate of live/normal morphology sperm. Cryopreservation process reduces sperm motility and velocity rate regardless of cryoprevervation method and thawing or warming temperatures. However, slow freezing was a better method to maintain motility of spermatozoa following cryopreservation.

Comparative Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Local Horro and Exotic Cockerels of Tropical Origin Fed Growers Diet

Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of male chickens were evaluated using eight-week-old 360 cockerels from three exotic (Koekoek, Kuroiler and Sasso-R) and one Ethiopian indigenous (Horro) genotypes. Cockerels in each breed (90) were randomly allocated into three replications of 30 birds each and housed in deep litter pens for the experiment that lasted for 8 to 16 weeks. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. Seven birds per breed were slaughtered at the end to determine carcass yield, chemical composition and quality attributes of meat. The Kuroiler breed has higher body weight, body weight change (1621.8 g), average daily gain (28.9 g/day), daily feed consumption (127.4 g/day) and better feed conversion ratio (4.40) than other breeds. The Kuroiler breed has heavier slaughter weight (2716.3 g), dressed carcass weight (2201.0 g), eviscerated carcass weight (1905.1 g), breast weight (537.7 g), thigh weight (303.1 g) and drumstick weight (274.8 g) than other breeds. Total edible offal was higher for Kuroiler (324.2 g) and Sasso-R (306.1 g), intermediate in Koekoek (204.4 g) and low in Horro (152.4 g) breed. The relative proportion of breast and drumstick (% slaughter weight) were lower in Koekoek and Sasso-R (17.3 and 8.9) breeds, respectively. Abdominal fat weight (13.7 g and 1.02%) was lowest in Horro. Sasso-R showed higher percent edible offal weight (13.4%) than Horro breed (11.4%). The DM content in breast and thigh meat was higher for Horro breed than the rest. The CP content in the breast and thigh meat was lower for the Kuroiler and Koekoek breeds, respectively. Higher EE in the thigh meat was recorded for Sasso-R (8.9%), whereas, EE content in the breast meat was similar (3.4% - 3.7%) among the breeds. Flavor, tenderness, juiciness and general acceptability of breast and thigh meat were not affected by breed. The highest net return was observed in the Kuroiler breed. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that the Kuroiler breed can be used for cockerel meat production in Ethiopia where intensive broiler production is not well developed.

The Response of Cockerel Semen Kinematic Parameters LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF to Induced Oxidative Stress

Computer-assisted sperm class analyser (CASA) analysis of avian semen following cryopreservation indicates that their semen motility and viability parameters become compromised, due in part to oxidative stress. To mimic these observations we have treated cockerel semen with an oxidative stress inducing agent, namely hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and monitored the motility, kinematic and viability parameters over time. Briefly, five healthy and fertile South African Venda cockerels were selected and their semen was collected using the abdominal massage technique. The semen was then treated with H2O2 at 0 µM, 5 µM, 50 µM and 200 µM concentrations for 0, 3, 16 and 24 hrs. The semen motility, kinematic and viability parameters were then determined using the CASA system while the viability was determined using the SYBR-14/PI staining. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined to test the relationships between the levels of induced oxidative stress, period of exposure to oxidative stress inducing agent and the motility plus kinematic parameters. Our data revealed that in raw cockerel semen, there was high and positive correlations between total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), rapid (RAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL) and average path velocity (VAP) while the kinematic parameters LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF had low or negative correlations with them. Furthermore, TM, PM, RAP, VCL and VSL remained highly and positively correlated with the induced oxidative stress and also, linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF) remained negatively correlated with the induced oxidative stress, after 3 hrs. After 24 hrs, TM, PM, RAP, VCL, VSL, VAP and ALH, became negatively correlated with the induced oxidative stress while LIN, STR, WOB and BCF became positively correlated with the induced oxidative stress. Conversely, when the H2O2 concentration used was correlated with motility and kinematic parameters over time, TM, PM, RAP, VCL, VSL, VAP became negatively correlated with oxidative stress while LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF show negative or low correlations with the induced oxidative stress. This data indicates that LIN, STR, WOB, BCF and to some extend ALH, reveal the least correlations with the induced oxidative stress under persistent oxidative stress conditions in cockerel semen. In conclusion, cockerel semen, like buck semen, does not easily succumb to oxidative stress since the raw semen correlations of CASA analysed parameters are comparable to these observed after 3 hrs of H2O2 treatment. In addition, the oxidative stress levels tolerated by cockerel semen should not 5 µM H2O2 oxidative stress levels. Lastly, lack of correlation between LIN, STR, WOB, BCF and ALH and induced oxidative stress can be used in cockerel semen to show intolerable cryopreservation conditions.

Haematological and Serum Biochemistry Profile of Cockerels Experimentally Infected with <i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Zega

Salmonellosis is a serious medical and veterinary problem worldwide and causes great concern in the food and livestock industries, especially the poultry industry which occupies a prominent position in the provision of animal protein and accounts for about 25% of local meat production in Nigeria particularly and is identified as a disease of major economic importance causing low performance in poultry production. The study was carried out at the experimental animal farm, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. One hundred (100) five-week old chickens obtained from the Poultry division of National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, were used for the experiment. The birds were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 25 birds per group (A, B, C, D). Each bird in all the groups received 0.5 ml of PBS containing 1 × 108 cfu/ml of Salmonella enterica serovar Zega as follows: Group A was infected with Salmonella Zega intra-nasally (IN). Group B was infected with Salmonella Zega intra-peritonealy (IP). Group C was infected with Salmonella Zega orally (OR). Group D was the Uninfected control (CT). There was a significant change (p 0.05) in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the infected groups compared across the different days post infection. There was significant increase (p Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum that are known to cause pathology in birds Salmonella Zega which is none host specific for birds can also cause pathology in them. This is the first report in the study area to the best of our knowledge.

去盲肠鸡和正常鸡测定的饲料氨基酸消化率可加性比较

本研究以去盲肠鸡和正常鸡按Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ的“ＴＭＥ”方法分别测定了皮大麦、蒸煮血粉、发酵血粉、水解复合蛋白、热喷胶原蛋白、国产鱼粉及其配合饲料Ｊ１和Ｊ２的氨基酸表观消化率（ＡＡＡＤ）和真消化率（ＴＡＡＤ）。并对两种试鸡所测上述饲料原料氨基酸的消化率及其可加性作比较。结果表明：（１）６种饲料原料的某些氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率，去盲肠鸡和正常鸡测值间存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）去盲肠鸡内源氨基酸排出量显著高于正常鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（３）在以非常规蛋白质为主要补充蛋白质源时，以去盲肠鸡测得的真可消化氨基酸具有最好的可加性。

苹果园中凹唇壁蜂和紫壁蜂的生态位比较研究

本文对凹唇壁蜂OsmiaexcavataAlfken和紫壁蜂O．jacotiCockerell的时间、空间、营养和筑巢生态位进行了研究。结果表明，在苹果园内人工释放和管理条件下，两种壁蜂在不同的资源序列上具有不同的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和不同程度的竞争关系。其中在营养上的竞争最为激烈，生态位重叠值和种间竞争系数分别高达0．9690和0．9994。日活动时间生态位竞争次之，其重叠值和种间竞争系数分别为0．7960和0．9350；时间生态位（季节）和空间生态位重叠值则分别为0．6500和0．6710，种间竞争系数为0．8213和0．8234；并且在人工巢管的选择上竞争性最小，生态位重叠值仅为0．4930，种间竞争系数为0．6052。凹唇壁蜂在营养生态位和时间生态位上较高的专一性均表现出其比紫壁蜂对苹果传粉作用更为显著。紫壁蜂在苹果开花后期的传粉作用较强。

大分舌蜂主要生物学特性研究

大分舌蜂Colleles gigas Cockerell是江西、湖南、广东等地油茶Camellia oleifera Abel花期主要传粉昆虫之一,广泛分布于我国南方油茶林区及周边林区。2011-2014年在江西新余等中国南方地区对该蜂的形态特征、生活史、行为等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明:该蜂在我国南方地区1年1代。成虫11月中旬开始出巢活动,雄蜂早于雌蜂5 d左右出现,完成交尾后数日死亡,雄蜂寿命25 d左右,雌蜂约45 d,卵期约9 d。幼虫期35 d左右,幼虫将花粉球消耗完后变成老熟幼虫并进入滞育期,滞育期约230 d。翌年10月中旬开始化蛹,蛹期约35 d。出土后的雌蜂当天就可以交配,交配后的雌蜂在羽化地点附近选址筑巢,采集油茶的花粉和花蜜于虫室中预先做好的玻璃纸状包膜中并制成糊状蜂粮,每个包膜中的蜂粮上产卵1粒,偶有2粒。

鸡鸭对饲料能量利用的比较研究

选用18周龄健康、体重基本一致的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只,以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定了公鸡和公鸭常用谷物、饼粕和油脂等3大类9种常用饲料的代谢能。结果表明:鸡和鸭对饲料能量利用存在明显的差异。AME除棉粕和玉米淀粉鸭与鸡差异不显著外(P>0.05),其余7种饲料AME鸭都比鸡高;TME玉米淀粉鸭与鸡差异不显著(P>0.05),其余8种饲料TME鸭都比鸡高。48h鸭内源能排泄量(113.10MJ)比鸡(88.88MJ)高(P<0.01)。并且饲料蛋白质含量越高,鸭和鸡饲料AME、TME值之间差异越大。

紫草等中草药对粤黄雏公鸡去势效果的观察

在粤黄雏公鸡的日粮中添加了不同剂量（试验Ⅰ组０７５％、试验Ⅱ组１５０％、试验Ⅲ组３００％）的紫草等中草药提取物。在雏公鸡生长的第６、８周龄时，试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组体重显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５和Ｐ＜００１），１０周龄时各组体重无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。在第８、１０周龄时，各试验组鸡的睾丸重、睾丸指数和血清睾酮水平均显著（Ｐ＜００５）或极显著（Ｐ＜００１）地低于对照组鸡的数值。添加中草药还极显著抑制鸡冠和肉髯的发育，并显著提高了胸肌中粗蛋白含量，但对腿肌粗蛋白含量、胸腿肌中水分和粗脂肪含量无显著影响。上述结果提示本试验所用紫草等中草药提取物具有促进粤黄雏公鸡生长、抑制性腺和冠髯长育、降低血清睾酮水平及改善肉质的作用。

正常及去盲肠公鸡对四种蛋白质饲料氨基酸利用率的比较研究

应用正常及去盲肠成年白来航公鸡各20只，比较了鱼粉、豆饼、菜籽饼、棉仁饼的氨基酸利用率。结果表明：鱼粉和棉仁饼的17种氨基酸的表观及真利用率在两组问差异不显著；豆饼必需氨基酸表观氨基酸利用率中有6种氨基酸两组间差异显著成极显著，真利用率中只有2种氨基酸两组间差异显著；菜籽饼必需氨基酸表观氨基酸利用率有2种氨基酸两组间差异显著，真利用率两组问差异不显著。从鸡的正常生理角度考虑，作者认为：用正常试验鸡并以氨基酸真利用率为指标，更能客观地反映常用蛋白质饲料的氨基酸利用率。

鹅和鸡4种常用饲料原料的代谢能比较

本试验旨在比较鹅和鸡常用饲料原料的代谢能差异。选用体重为(3.76±0.23)kg的成年扬州鹅(公)和体重为(2.57±0.17)kg的成年新扬州鸡(公)各10只,采用Sibbald真代谢能法测定玉米、豆粕、稻谷、麦麸4种常用饲料原料的代谢能值,内源能测定采用饥饿法。结果表明:玉米、豆粕的表观代谢能(AME)鹅与鸡差异不显著(P>0.05),真代谢能(TME)鹅显著低于鸡(P<0.05);而稻谷、麦麸的AME鹅显著高于鸡(P<0.05),TME鹅与鸡差异不显著(P>0.05)。每小时内源能排出量,除强饲豆粕条件下鹅略高于鸡但差异不显著外(P>0.05),强饲其他3种饲料条件下,鹅均显著高于鸡(P<0.05)。由此表明,鹅的饲料代谢能与鸡的并不完全相同,部分饲料的代谢能鹅和鸡之间存在显著差异,并且鹅的内源能排出量高于鸡。

鸡鸭对饲料氨基酸利用的比较研究

本文旨在研究鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率的差异,为合理配制鸭饲料提供必要参考。选用18周龄健康、体重约为(2.6±0.20)kg的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只。以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定公鸡和公鸭常用谷物(玉米、稻谷、小麦和麸皮)、饼粕(豆粕、棉粕、花生粕)两大类7种常用饲料的氨基酸消化率,每种饲料各用8只禽来测定,每只禽为1个重复。结果显示:(1)豆粕、花生粕、玉米、水稻和小麦的总氨基酸表观消化率(total amino acid apparent digestibility,TAAAD),鸭的测定值都比鸡显著高(P<0.05),鸭对棉粕、麸皮的TAAAD极显著高于鸡(P<0.01),在同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸表观消化率(amino acid apparent digestibility,AAAD)鸭测定值明显高于鸡的;(2)鸡和鸭内源总氨基酸排泄量分别为478.31和941.34 mg/48 h,差异极显著(P<0.01),单个氨基酸排泄总量鸭都极显著高于鸡(P<0.01);(3)7种饲料总氨基酸真消化率(total amino acid true digesti-bility,TTAAD)鸭的测定值都高于鸡(P<0.01),同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸真消化率(amino acid true digestibil-ity,TAAD)鸭的测定值显著高于鸡。以上结果表明,鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率存在显著差异,在所测定的7种植物饲料中大多数AAAD和TAAD测定值都是鸭比鸡高,目前以鸡测定各种饲料氨基酸消化率不适宜鸭的生产。

芽孢杆菌对鸡生长性能和盲肠细菌群落的影响

采用饲养试验和微生物平板分析法,观察不同芽孢杆菌对尼克珊瑚粉蛋用公雏生产性能和盲肠微生物菌群的影响。试验结果表明,8株芽孢杆菌中有2株对尼克珊蛋用公雏日增重有极显著促进作用(P<0.01),且芽孢杆菌促生长作用具有时间累积效应。盲肠微生物区系分析试验结果表明,食用供试芽孢杆菌的试验鸡盲肠内容物中的微生物主要种群的数量和对照组相比发生很大改变,其中乳酸菌群和好氧菌群的数量较对照组分别减少1或2个数量级。因此,通过生产性能筛选出2株具有显著促生长效果的芽孢杆菌,且芽孢杆菌对生产性能的影响具有时间累积性,芽孢杆菌对鸡盲肠微生物菌群有显著影响。

促性腺激素释放激素主动免疫公鸡的研究

将１３日龄的石歧杂公鸡分成６组，第１组于７８日龄进行人工阉割，第２、３、４、５组分别以促性腺激素（ＬＨＲＨ）－ＢＳＡ偶联物作抗原加佛氏佐剂乳化后按不同程序免疫公鸡，第６组单以ＢＳＡ免疫作对照。结果表明：与ＢＳＡ免疫组相比，第４、５组及阉鸡组血清睾酮水平均发生显著下降，各免疫去势组公鸡睾丸、鸡冠及肉垂都有不同程度的萎缩，睾丸曲细精管发育不良或受到抑制，６０日龄免疫去势效果明显比２０及４０日龄免疫的差，以相同的抗原量两次免疫去势效果优于一次免疫效果，其中以ＬＨＲＨ－ＢＳＡ加佛氏佐剂分别于２０及４０日龄各免疫一次可获得较好的去势效果。

菠萝洁粉蚧防治药剂筛选及安全间隔期分析

为了适应菠萝无公害食品生产的要求,达到安全合理地施用化学农药的目的,对几种常用的杀虫杀螨剂对菠萝洁粉蚧的防治效果及其在菠萝上的安全间隔期进行研究。结果表明,吡虫.噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、杀扑磷(速扑杀)等对菠萝洁粉蚧具有良好的防治效果,种苗浸泡对于菠萝洁粉蚧的防治效果尤为明显,吡虫.噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、杀扑磷等药剂浸泡处理的菠萝植株种植4个月后未发现菠萝洁粉蚧为害,对菠萝洁粉蚧的防治效果达100%;氧化乐果、噻嗪酮、炔螨特、吡虫啉等药剂在菠萝上的降解速度慢,安全间隔期长,杀扑磷、毒死蜱、哒螨灵等药剂在菠萝上降解速度快,安全间隔期短。菠萝种前进行种苗浸泡处理,收获时果实未检出农药残留。

广东龙眼害虫双条拂粉蚧发生危害初报

双条拂粉蚧Ferrisia virgata(Cockerell)是一种分布、寄主广泛的害虫,但在我国未引起足够重视。2011年在广东湛江龙眼害虫调查时发现,双条拂粉蚧已对目前的龙眼生产产生了严重危害,首次报道了双条拂粉蚧对广东龙眼的危害情况,并对双条拂粉蚧田间识别特征及已报道的寄主进行简要介绍。

食糜在鸡、鸭消化道排空速度的比较研究

为阐明鸡、鸭对营养物质利用率差异的原因,研究了禽别(公鸡和公鸭)和消化道排空期(4、8、14、24、32、38、48 h)对消化道残留内容物含量的影响,比较食糜在鸡和鸭消化道不同部位的排空速度和排空率。结果表明:鸭排空速度比鸡快,但鸭消化道总残留干物质量和各段消化道残留干物质量都较鸡高;食糜在鸭小肠、直肠及整个消化道的排空率低于鸡的;鸭在强饲后24 h,鸡在32 h其内容物基本排空。在本试验条件下,用Sibbald的TME法测定饲料代谢能和氨基酸真消化率时,鸡的排空期定为32 h,鸭的排空期定为24 h为宜。

体外胃蛋白酶法与去盲肠公鸡活体方法测定饲料可利用氨基酸的比较研究

对体外胃蛋白酶法测定饲料氨基酸消化率与公鸡活体内测定结果进行了比较研究。体外酶法分析10种鸡饲料氨基酸消化率平均值分别是秘鲁鱼粉94.1%,受热损害秘鲁鱼粉84.4%,严重受热秘鲁鱼粉59.2%,淡鱼粉68.3%,肉骨粉72.2%,豆饼84.7%,花生粕78.5%,芝麻粕88.9%,脱毒棉籽饼63.9%,未脱毒棉籽饼70.7%。去盲肠公鸡活体法测定真消化率结果依次是:92.4%,84.2%,75.0%,77.2%,72.6%,86.8%,87.2%,88.9%,75.6%和76.1%。两者具有很高的相关关系,r=0.96,回归方程 Y=0.53+0.483X(Y=活体法结果,X=体外法结果)。结果证明:体外胃蛋白酶法测定饲料氨基酸消化率可以代替繁琐的鸡体内测定方法。

广西蔗区蔗茎红粉蚧发生危害调查

【目的】分析蔗茎红粉蚧在广西蔗区的发生危害情况，为生产上预防和控制该粉蚧提供科学依据。【方法】2012年7月-2013年1月，在广西9个主要蔗区16个点随机调查20块蔗田甘蔗上蔗茎红粉蚧的虫口密度及为害株率。虫口密度调查为在蔗田设8个取样点，每点相隔3行，每取样点随机选取相近3株甘蔗，调查记录蔗茎红粉蚧的发生数量；为害株率调查为顺序调查同行100株甘蔗中发生蔗茎红粉蚧的株数，重复4次。【结果】蔗茎红粉蚧在广西9个主要蔗区均有发生，以崇左市蔗区发生较为严重，为害株率超过60．00％；北海市合浦县南康镇的蔗茎红粉蚧为害株率虽高达79．75％，但其虫口密度相对较低；南宁市横县陶圩镇、柳州市柳城县大埔镇、河池市罗城县、贵港市港南区及百色市田阳县等蔗区蔗茎红粉蚧为害也较为严重，为害株率为40．00％～70．00％。【结论】蔗茎红粉蚧在广西蔗区普遍发生，是广西蔗区重要害虫之一。