Adsorption,in vitro digestion and human gut microbiota regulation characteristics of three Poria cocos polysaccharides

Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.

Effects of Poria cocos polysaccharide on growth performance,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus

The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over the past few decades and has had a substantial impact on the global food supply and marine fisheries resources.However,some problems arise behind the scenes due to excessive intensive farming,such as slow animal growth,frequent disease,and lipid metabolism disorders.These problems have limited the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry,and a continuable solution is required.The use of fungal polysaccharide appears to provide a solution to these problems.Therefore,different supplemented levels of Poria cocos polysaccharide(PCP)(0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,and 2.0 g/kg,respectively)were fed to spotted sea bass(Lateolabrax maculatus)in similar size(30.28±0.18 g)in current study.The effects of PCP on growth,physiological parameters,and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass were investigated after a 4-week rearing period.Results showed,fish with PCP intake presented a significantly higher weight gain,specific growth rate,and a significantly lower feed conversion ratio.Significantly higher trypsin activity in liver and intestine were observed in fish with PCP intake.The superoxide dismutase activity in serum and liver of fish with PCP intake were significantly improved,while significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity and hepatic catalase activity were also observed.However,no significant differences in lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activity were evident among groups.Fish with PCP intake showed a significantly lower total cholesterol,but no noteworthy change in triglyceride and lipid-metabolismrelated genes expression were observed among groups.Results indicated that intake of PCP has a positive effect on growth and antioxidant capacity of spotted sea bass,but seems to have a limited effect on the non-specific immunity and lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass.Based on the regression analysis results,1.4 g/kg of PCP is the optimal dose for spotted sea bass in size(30.28±0.18 g).

基于Copula双变量模拟的CoCo债券定价

用Copula函数刻画公司股价与核心一级资本比率(core tier 1 ratio,CTR)的相关性,然后通过模拟股价和CTR,建立了或有可转换债券(Co Co)以及带期权条款的或有可转换债券(Co Co Co)的定价模型.并将模型应用于塞浦路斯银行发行的CECS(convertible enhanced capital securities)债券,发现用Copula刻画股价与CTR相关性的定价结果与债券实际价格的差异优于假设两者独立时的结果.最后结合国际上已发行的Co Co和Co Co Co债券的相关条款以及我国银监会对于减记债的基本要求,以交通银行为例设计了中国版的Co Co债券和Co Co Co债券,并依据所给模型对它们进行了数值计算.

Influence of Solvent onto Chemical Extraction of America-Type Coconut (Coco nucifera L.) Fbers: Analysis of Physicochemical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties

In this study, the natural fibers from Coconuts of the species Coco nucifera L. were Chemically extracted in different solvents such as sodium hydroxide (SH), acetone (AC) and sodium hydroxide-acetone (SHA) for their applications in the textile industries. Structural, morphological and physico-mechanical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanned electron microscopy (SEM), measurements of density, Young’s modulus, water absorption rate and humidity were evaluated. The XRD and FTIR results show that Coco nucifera L. fibers contains type I cellulose. Mechanical characterizations were also carried out. These results show that by varying the different solvents used, the physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological properties of the fibers change, which implies that the solvent has an influence on the properties of these fibers. The fibers extracted by the sodium hydroxide-acetone mixture have a linear density of 1.636, the percentage of water absorption is 62.428%, the percentage of moisture absorption 9.605% compared to other values in the literature shows that this solvent mixture improves the properties of coconut fibers which contain type I cellulose. The tensile stress is 0.013 GPa, the percentage strain is 49.836% and the Young’s modulus is 0.114 GPa as well as the percentage elongation show that these fibers are elasto-plastic. The values obtained mean that these fibers are suitable for use in textiles.

基于Cocos2d-JS游戏引擎的使用研究

Cocos2d-x已成为一款风靡业界的游戏引擎。Cocos2d-x能够简化游戏的开发工作,并且具有良好的跨平台性,国内外已有众多的基于Cocos2d-x开发的商用游戏成功案例。笔者首先对Cocos2d的发展进行了概述,然后对Cocos2dJS引擎技术的主要特征进行了分析,并以Cocos Creator开发环境为例,介绍Cocos2d-JS的开发环境设置、游戏开发中的重要概念以及主要的开发步骤,为学习Cocos2d-JS游戏引擎提供了良好的指引。

Optimal Ultrasonic Extraction of Pachyman from Jiuzihe Poria cocos

This study was conducted to extract pachyman to the greatest degree with ultrasonic technology, and to determine the content of pachyman by the phe-nol-sulfuric acid method, so as to choose the optimal technique of ultrasonic extrac-tion of pachyman. Firstly, the ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-to-liquid ra-tio were investigated by ultrasonic extraction method. Then, on this basis, a respon-sible surface experiment was designed, to select the optimal process conditions ac-cording to the index of pachyman yield. The optimized ultrasonic water extraction conditions were as fol ow： ultrasonic power of 100 W, extraction time of 30 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio at 1：40. The Oxford cup method was used to study the an-timicrobial activity of pachyman. lt was found that pachyman could significantly in-hibit Bacilus subtilis_and Staphylococcus aureus.

考虑展期风险的可赎回CoCo债券定价

始于2007年的次贷危机结束之后,CoCo债券(contingent convertible bond)因为其能够在金融危机时迅速提高银行资本充足率而受到关注.本文考虑了展期风险对CoCo债券价格的影响,用Copula函数刻画股票价格与核心一级资本比率(Core Tier 1 Ratio,CTR)的相关性,用CIR模型刻画利率期限结构,并对CoCo债券的赎回进行判定,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法为带有可赎回条款的CoCo债券定价.将此模型应用于巴克莱银行发行的可赎回CoCo债券验证模型的有效性.最后,结合国际上已发行的CoCo债券的相关条款和我国银监会对于减记债(中国版CoCo债券)的基本要求,设计了中国版的CoCo债券,并在数值计算的基础上进行了股价冲击和银行业监管要求对CoCo债券价格影响的敏感性分析.

加拿大CoCo委员会内部控制框架述评

加拿大CoCo委员会的内部控制框架是目前世界上最具影响力的内部控制理论框架之一。目的、承诺、能力、监控和学习四个基本内部控制要素以及在此基础上衍生出的20条核心原则是COCo委员会内部控制框架的主要特色。此外,coC0委员会还在内部控制的定义、内部控制与管理活动的关系以及内部控制的作用等方面有着独到的见解。

加拿大COCO指南与美国COSO报告的比较分析

近年来，加拿大的职业会计师团体、证券监管当局出台了一系列涉及内部控制规范的文告来规范加拿大企业的内部控制系统和程序。其中，最著名的当属加拿大特许会计师协会（Canadian Instituteof Chartered Accountants）负责的控制规范委员会（Criteriaof Control Board，简写为COCO）发布的“控制指南”（Guidanceon Control，以下简称“COCO指南”）。COCO专门对控制系统的设计、评估和报告进行研究和发布指南。它对指导和规范企业内部控制提出了很多创新的意见。

基于Cocos2d-x的三消类游戏的设计

随着科学经济的发展,终端设备也普遍进入了人们的生活,而消除类游戏作为益智类游戏的主流也有了更多的关注。本文主要介绍了一个支持多平台的2D手机游戏引擎Cocos2d-x,使用C++开发语言,基于Android2.1及更高版本下运行的消除类游戏的开发。另本文还介绍了此款游戏的总体设计、需求分析和内部数据的具体处理和计算方法。。

加拿大COCO内部控制框架及其启示

1992年．由美国夏舞弊性财务报告委员会（即Trendway委员会）提议成立的COCO委员会对外公布了《内部控制——整体框架》（Internal Control：Integrated Frame work，简称IC-IF），此后还在1994年对其进行了增补，即所谓的COCO报告。我国国内也着重介绍该框架，并用以指导内部控制规范设计和内部控制实务，事实上，在很多内部控制文献中，已将加拿大的COCO内部控制框架与COCO框架相提并论为现代内部控制两大理论框架，越来越多的国家开始把COCO内部控制规范作为借鉴的对象。

基于Cocos2D框架的交互式迷宫游戏设计与实现

随着苹果公司在消费电子领域取得巨大成功,越来越多的人采用iPad或iPhone进行娱乐休闲或者移动办公,由此带来了苹果应用程序需求也在迅速攀升。为了实现迷宫搜索算法在苹果iOS环境下的应用,文章采用Cocos2D-iPhone框架,在Xcode环境下设计并实现了一个基于右手法则的交互式迷宫搜索游戏,对开发过程中的一些关键技术进行了讨论,在iPhone/iPad环境下完成了真机调试,程序运行流畅,响应用户触碰及时准确,达到了设计目标。

基于Cocos2D-X引擎的塔防游戏

以Cocos2D-X游戏引擎为基础,使用Tiled Map Editor地图块图编辑器实现游戏地形的创建和属性自定义,通过引擎内部的动作链实现游戏精灵的帧动画效果,同时结合行为树完成游戏精灵的逻辑行为,使得游戏精灵具有一定的自主性和思考性。在游戏配置上,使用外部编辑器以XML格式导出关卡配置信息,游戏内部通过解析XML文件获取相关信息以控制游戏怪物出现的种类、数量与位置。游戏使用C++作为主要开发语言,并配合Lua以完成游戏流程的调度和控制。

Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Library from the Pulp of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

To investigate the gene expression profile of endosperm development, a cDNA library was constructed and characterized from the pulp of coconut at different developmental stages. The constructed cDNA library incorporated approximately 1 × 10^7 clones in total, and the size of the insertion fragments ranged from 800 to 2 000 bp. Sequencing results of 100 randomly picked clones showed that the recombination rate was 96%. In subsequent sequence analysis, 41 clones （41%） were homologous to known function proteins, and 23 clones showed high amino acid identity （more than 80%） with the corresponding genes of different plants. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that oleosin and globulin genes are pulpspecific expression, and have differential expression level in different developmental stage. Clone 29, recognized as homologous to KIAA1239 protein （Homo sapiens）, was observed to occur nine times, indicating that this gene may be over-expressed during the endosperm development stage. However, the homologous protein was found only in mammals, and the detailed function is still unknown. Elucidation of the functional characterization of these genes will be carried out immediately.

基于Cocos2d-x的气象普及知识游戏的设计

本文使用一款具有良好的跨平台移植功能的Cocos2d-x引擎来开发实现设计一种能够科普气象知识的手机游戏,以提高玩家的气象知识水平,使玩家既得到了游戏的乐趣,也学到了气象相关的知识,从而达到防灾减灾的目的。

A~*算法在cocos2d-x游戏开发中的研究和应用

路径搜索系统是游戏系统中非常重要的一部分,好的路径搜索算法对于游戏的重要性不可言喻。A*算法是当前游戏开发中使用最为广泛的算法,也是游戏人工智能路径搜索中的研究重点。A*算法总是寻找估价值最小的节点,从而能够找到最短路径。笔者首先对A*算法原理进行深入研究,再深入研究其在cocos2d-x寻路的应用和实现。

欧洲银行业Coco债危机的背景、传导机制及启示

近期,因德意志银行巨额亏损引发Coco债市场和欧洲银行业股价暴跌,在全球经济不景气和国际资本市场大幅动荡的大背景下,有市场人士担忧德意志银行是否会成为下一个雷曼公司,并引爆新一轮全球金融危机。为此,本文对欧洲银行业Coco债危机的背景、传导机制及对我国的启示进行了研究。

基于Cocos2d-x框架的分类匹配算法的游戏实现

随着智能手机用户的迅速增长,新的手机时代已悄然来临。文章是针对国内现有及潜在的智能手机用户,通过实现连连看小游戏的分类匹配算法来探讨游戏的开发。文章注重讨论算法的实现。

Cocos2d-x游戏引擎的GPU功耗优化策略

游戏是移动设备上功耗很高的一类应用,降低游戏功耗对提升移动设备的续航时间有重要意义.本文在Cocos2d-x-3.2游戏引擎上分析游戏画面与GPU渲染时间之间的关系,提出一种计算模型预测每一帧画面的GPU渲染时间,并利用该模型实现一种DVFS算法——"onframe"算法来降低GPU的功耗."onframe"算法根据每一帧的预测渲染时间和游戏的设计帧率,计算满足每一帧性能需求的最优GPU频率.最后通过实验将"onframe"算法与Android系统提供的系统级GPU功耗优化策略进行比较,表明"onframe"算法可以更有效地降低GPU功耗并且不对游戏性能产生明显影响.

CoCo-PBA@CuFe-LDH活化过一硫酸盐降解阿特拉津

为了有效降解废水中的阿特拉津(ATZ),采用共沉淀法将钴基-普鲁士蓝类似物(CoCo-PBA)负载于层状双金属氢氧化物C Fe-LDH上,制得复合材料CoCo-PBA@CuFe-LDH,用于活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解ATZ。通过考察降解过程的主要影响因素,发现提高催化剂CoCo-PBA@CuFeLDH用量和反应温度有利ATZ的降解;PMS用量过多会对ATZ的降解产生轻微的抑制作用;过酸和过碱的环境都对ATZ降解产生不利影响;体系中存在的HCO-3,H2PO4-和Cl-等离子对ATZ的降解均表现出了一定的抑制作用。研究得到了CoCo-PBA@CuFe-LDH/PMS体系降解ATZ的较优反应条件为ATZ浓度15 mg·L^(-1),催化剂用量50 mg·L^(-1),PMS用量300 mg·L^(-1),初始p H值为6.3,反应温度298 K。当反应15 min后,ATZ的降解率可达到99.5%。循环使用4次后,ATZ的降解率仍达到83.4%,表明Co Co-PBA@Cu Fe-LDH具有较好的催化活性和重复使用性。另外,研究发现CoCo-PBA@CuFe-LDH活化PMS降解ATZ体系中,可以同时产生SO_(4)^(·-)和·OH_(2)种自由基,SO_(4)^(·-)对ATZ的降解起到更关键的作用。