This work investigates the performance of various forward error correction codes, by which the MIMO-OFDM system is deployed. To ensure fair investigation, the performance of four modulations, namely, binary phase shif...This work investigates the performance of various forward error correction codes, by which the MIMO-OFDM system is deployed. To ensure fair investigation, the performance of four modulations, namely, binary phase shift keying(BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)-16 and QAM-64 with four error correction codes(convolutional code(CC), Reed-Solomon code(RSC)+CC, low density parity check(LDPC)+CC, Turbo+CC) is studied under three channel models(additive white Guassian noise(AWGN), Rayleigh, Rician) and three different antenna configurations(2×2, 2×4, 4×4). The bit error rate(BER) and the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) are taken as the measures of performance. The binary data and the color image data are transmitted and the graphs are plotted for various modulations with different channels and error correction codes. Analysis on the performance measures confirm that the Turbo + CC code in 4×4 configurations exhibits better performance.展开更多
The closed-form solutions for error rates of Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Multiple Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) systems are derived in this paper. With characteristic function based method and the partial integration bas...The closed-form solutions for error rates of Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Multiple Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) systems are derived in this paper. With characteristic function based method and the partial integration based respectively, the exact expressions of error rates are obtained for (2,1) STBC with and without channel estimation error. Simulations show that the practical error rates accord with the theoretical ones, so closed-form error rates are accurate references for STBC performance evaluation. For the error of pilot assisted channel estimation, the performance of a (2,1) STBC system is deteriorated about 3dB.展开更多
The Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) is a standard for the Speech Service Option 3 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital System, which has been employed in both IS-95 cellular systems and ANSI J-STC-008 PCS (Persona...The Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) is a standard for the Speech Service Option 3 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital System, which has been employed in both IS-95 cellular systems and ANSI J-STC-008 PCS (Personal Communications Systems). This paper investigated the combination of turbo codes with Unequal Error Protection (UEP) and 16-QAM modulation for EVRC codec of Rate 1 to get power and bandwidth efficient coding scheme. The results show that the UEP system outperforms the Equal Error Protection (EEP) one by 1.45 dB at BER of 10 -5.展开更多
为了研究不同码型的卷积码在水下湍流信道中的误码率(BER)性能,采用接受-拒绝采样模拟湍流信道乘性干扰,并选择二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制方式,建立Gamma-Gamma湍流信道通信系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明:在不同强度的湍流信道中,采用卷积...为了研究不同码型的卷积码在水下湍流信道中的误码率(BER)性能,采用接受-拒绝采样模拟湍流信道乘性干扰,并选择二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制方式,建立Gamma-Gamma湍流信道通信系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明:在不同强度的湍流信道中,采用卷积码编码均能提升系统的BER性能;卷积码的码率越小,系统BER性能提升越显著;随着信噪比(SNR)增大,记忆深度越长,系统BER下降速度越快;采用软译码比采用硬译码时增益至少提升2.82 d B;卷积码的解码不仅受当前信息的影响,还与之前的码元信息有关。展开更多
In order to improve the bit error rate(BER) performance of turbo codes with short frame size at a wide range of signal to noise ratio(SNR),a new method by optimizing the bit energy is proposed.At first,a formula deriv...In order to improve the bit error rate(BER) performance of turbo codes with short frame size at a wide range of signal to noise ratio(SNR),a new method by optimizing the bit energy is proposed.At first,a formula derived from the Union Bound is introduced.It describes the relations between the bit error rate distribution and the minimum weight distribution.And then,by mathematically optimizing the formula,the energy for every bit of the codeword is optimized to achieve the minimum BER at high SNR region.At last,an adjustable parameter is employed to compensate the degradations of BER at low and moderate SNR regions.Case studies indicate that the improvements of BER for turbo codes with short frame size are significant at a wide range of SNR.展开更多
The decoding algorithm for the correction of errors of arbitrary Mannheim weight has discussed for Lattice constellations and codes from quadratic number fields.Following these lines,the decoding algorithms for the co...The decoding algorithm for the correction of errors of arbitrary Mannheim weight has discussed for Lattice constellations and codes from quadratic number fields.Following these lines,the decoding algorithms for the correction of errors of n=p−12 length cyclic codes(C)over quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim(QM)weight one up to two coordinates have considered.In continuation,the case of cyclic codes of lengths n=p−12 and 2n−1=p−2 has studied to improve the error correction efficiency.In this study,we present the decoding of cyclic codes of length n=ϕ(p)=p−1 and length 2n−1=2ϕ(p)−1=2p−3(where p is prime integer andϕis Euler phi function)over Hamilton Quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim weight for the correction of errors.Furthermore,the error correction capability and code rate tradeoff of these codes are also discussed.Thus,an increase in the length of the cyclic code is achieved along with its better code rate and an adequate error correction capability.展开更多
In order to obtain coding gain along with diversity gain,rotation code was applied to cooperative diversity employing decoded-and-forward cooperative protocol.Different from the same two symbols transmitted in convent...In order to obtain coding gain along with diversity gain,rotation code was applied to cooperative diversity employing decoded-and-forward cooperative protocol.Different from the same two symbols transmitted in conventional repetition-coded scheme,two different symbols were transmitted separately in two successive timeslots in the proposed rotation-coded cooperative diversity.In this way,constellation spread in the available two-dimensional signal space rather than on a single-dimensional line in repetition-coded scheme,which was supposed to be responsible for the additional coding gain.Under the proposed cooperative transmission model,upper bounds for the symbol-error-rate(SER)of cooperative diversity based on repetition code and rotation code were derived respectively.Both analytical and simulated results show that cooperative diversity based on rotation code can obtain an improved coding gain(by about 2 dB)than repetition-coded scheme without the expense of power or bandwidth.展开更多
The effect of carrier phase error in digital image transmission system is discussed. Code error rate and SNR with carrier phase error in Gauss white noise channel are calculated, and the transmission system is simulat...The effect of carrier phase error in digital image transmission system is discussed. Code error rate and SNR with carrier phase error in Gauss white noise channel are calculated, and the transmission system is simulated on computer.展开更多
Turbo codes can achieve excellent performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but the performance can be severely degraded if no trellis termination is employed. This paper proved that if trellis termination bits ...Turbo codes can achieve excellent performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but the performance can be severely degraded if no trellis termination is employed. This paper proved that if trellis termination bits were appended to RSC1, trellis of RSC2 could be terminated by designing the interleaver properly, consequently, derived the designing condition of such self-terminated interleaver (STI). Then we presented an algorithm of implementing a kind of STI, which could terminate RSC2 as well on condition that the RSC1 was terminated. We verified the performance of STI for turbo codes by simulation, and the simulation results showed that turbo codes with STI outperformed interleavers that could not terminate RSC2 as well.展开更多
Puncturing is the predominant strategy to construct high code rate turbo codes. Puncturing tables are crucial to the performance of punctured turbo codes(PTC). This paper developed a new searching algorithm of optimal...Puncturing is the predominant strategy to construct high code rate turbo codes. Puncturing tables are crucial to the performance of punctured turbo codes(PTC). This paper developed a new searching algorithm of optimal puncturing tables based on average distance spectrum(ADS) criterion. Consequently, some optimal puncturing tables were presented as the searching results. Finally, it presented the performance comparison among some optimal and bad puncturing tables by simulation.展开更多
Currently puncturing is the predominant strategy to construct high code rate turbo codes. The puncturing period and puncturing patterns, which have important effect on the performance of punctured turbo codes (PTC), y...Currently puncturing is the predominant strategy to construct high code rate turbo codes. The puncturing period and puncturing patterns, which have important effect on the performance of punctured turbo codes (PTC), yet have not received complete investigations, are addressed in this paper. Proposes on selecting puncturing period and puncturing patterns are presented. Since puncturing will alter the distance spectrum of turbo codes, the performance of PTC needs further consideration. We derive an analytical upper bound for PTC, based on the assumption of uniform puncturing defined in this paper. Finally, we present some numeric results on the performance of PTC.展开更多
The method of data fitting is applied to obtain the BER expression for turbo coded modulation, and a fitting mathematical model is proposed, which resolves the problem that there is no exact BER expression for turbo c...The method of data fitting is applied to obtain the BER expression for turbo coded modulation, and a fitting mathematical model is proposed, which resolves the problem that there is no exact BER expression for turbo coded modulation in performance analysis. With the time delay consideration, the performance of BER of adaptive turbo coded modulation is analyzed and simulated. The results show that adaptive turbo coded modulation is very sensitive to time delay. In order to meet the target BER requirement, the total time delay should be less than 0 001/f D.展开更多
The application of protograph low density parity check (LDPC) codes involves the encoding complexity problem. Since the generator matrices are dense, and if the positions of "1" s are irregularity, the encoder nee...The application of protograph low density parity check (LDPC) codes involves the encoding complexity problem. Since the generator matrices are dense, and if the positions of "1" s are irregularity, the encoder needs to store every "1" of the generator matrices by using huge chip area. In order to solve this problem, we need to design the protograph LDPC codes with circular generator matrices. A theorem concerning the circulating property of generator matrices of nonsingular protograph LDPC codes is proposed. The circulating property of generator matrix of nonsingular protograph LDPC codes can be obtained from the corresponding quasi-cyclic parity check matrix. This paper gives a scheme of constructing protograph LDPC codes with circulating generator matrices, and it reveals that the fast encoding algorithm of protograph LDPC codes has lower encoding complexity under the condition of the proposed theorem. Simulation results in ad- ditive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the designed codes based on the proposed theorem is much better than that of GB20600 LDPC codes and Tanner LDPC codes.展开更多
A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmit...A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme展开更多
A cross-layer design(CLD)scheme with combination of power allocation,adaptive modulation(AM)and automatic repeat request(ARQ)is presented for space-time coded MIMO system under imperfect feedback,and the corresponding...A cross-layer design(CLD)scheme with combination of power allocation,adaptive modulation(AM)and automatic repeat request(ARQ)is presented for space-time coded MIMO system under imperfect feedback,and the corresponding system performance is investigated in a Rayleigh fading channel.Based on imperfect feedback information,a suboptimal power allocation(PA)scheme is derived to maximize the average spectral efficiency(SE)of the system.The scheme is based on a so-called compressed SNR criterion,and has a closed-form expression for positive power allocation,thus being computationally efficient.Moreover,it can improve SE of the presented CLD.Besides,due to better approximation,it obtains the performance close to the existing optimal approach which requires numerical search.Simulation results show that the proposed CLD with PA can achieve higher SE than the conventional CLD with equal power allocation scheme,and has almost the same performance as CLD with optimal PA.However,it has lower calculation complexity.展开更多
文摘This work investigates the performance of various forward error correction codes, by which the MIMO-OFDM system is deployed. To ensure fair investigation, the performance of four modulations, namely, binary phase shift keying(BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)-16 and QAM-64 with four error correction codes(convolutional code(CC), Reed-Solomon code(RSC)+CC, low density parity check(LDPC)+CC, Turbo+CC) is studied under three channel models(additive white Guassian noise(AWGN), Rayleigh, Rician) and three different antenna configurations(2×2, 2×4, 4×4). The bit error rate(BER) and the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) are taken as the measures of performance. The binary data and the color image data are transmitted and the graphs are plotted for various modulations with different channels and error correction codes. Analysis on the performance measures confirm that the Turbo + CC code in 4×4 configurations exhibits better performance.
文摘The closed-form solutions for error rates of Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Multiple Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) systems are derived in this paper. With characteristic function based method and the partial integration based respectively, the exact expressions of error rates are obtained for (2,1) STBC with and without channel estimation error. Simulations show that the practical error rates accord with the theoretical ones, so closed-form error rates are accurate references for STBC performance evaluation. For the error of pilot assisted channel estimation, the performance of a (2,1) STBC system is deteriorated about 3dB.
基金National Natural Science Foundation ofChina( No.6972 5 0 0 1)
文摘The Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) is a standard for the Speech Service Option 3 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital System, which has been employed in both IS-95 cellular systems and ANSI J-STC-008 PCS (Personal Communications Systems). This paper investigated the combination of turbo codes with Unequal Error Protection (UEP) and 16-QAM modulation for EVRC codec of Rate 1 to get power and bandwidth efficient coding scheme. The results show that the UEP system outperforms the Equal Error Protection (EEP) one by 1.45 dB at BER of 10 -5.
文摘为了研究不同码型的卷积码在水下湍流信道中的误码率(BER)性能,采用接受-拒绝采样模拟湍流信道乘性干扰,并选择二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制方式,建立Gamma-Gamma湍流信道通信系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明:在不同强度的湍流信道中,采用卷积码编码均能提升系统的BER性能;卷积码的码率越小,系统BER性能提升越显著;随着信噪比(SNR)增大,记忆深度越长,系统BER下降速度越快;采用软译码比采用硬译码时增益至少提升2.82 d B;卷积码的解码不仅受当前信息的影响,还与之前的码元信息有关。
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2014AA01A705)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1204607)
文摘In order to improve the bit error rate(BER) performance of turbo codes with short frame size at a wide range of signal to noise ratio(SNR),a new method by optimizing the bit energy is proposed.At first,a formula derived from the Union Bound is introduced.It describes the relations between the bit error rate distribution and the minimum weight distribution.And then,by mathematically optimizing the formula,the energy for every bit of the codeword is optimized to achieve the minimum BER at high SNR region.At last,an adjustable parameter is employed to compensate the degradations of BER at low and moderate SNR regions.Case studies indicate that the improvements of BER for turbo codes with short frame size are significant at a wide range of SNR.
基金The authors extend their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through research groups program under grant number R.G.P.1/85/42.
文摘The decoding algorithm for the correction of errors of arbitrary Mannheim weight has discussed for Lattice constellations and codes from quadratic number fields.Following these lines,the decoding algorithms for the correction of errors of n=p−12 length cyclic codes(C)over quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim(QM)weight one up to two coordinates have considered.In continuation,the case of cyclic codes of lengths n=p−12 and 2n−1=p−2 has studied to improve the error correction efficiency.In this study,we present the decoding of cyclic codes of length n=ϕ(p)=p−1 and length 2n−1=2ϕ(p)−1=2p−3(where p is prime integer andϕis Euler phi function)over Hamilton Quaternion integers of Quaternion Mannheim weight for the correction of errors.Furthermore,the error correction capability and code rate tradeoff of these codes are also discussed.Thus,an increase in the length of the cyclic code is achieved along with its better code rate and an adequate error correction capability.
基金Project(2006AA01Z270)supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(U0635003)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,ChinaProject(2007F07)supported by the National Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China
文摘In order to obtain coding gain along with diversity gain,rotation code was applied to cooperative diversity employing decoded-and-forward cooperative protocol.Different from the same two symbols transmitted in conventional repetition-coded scheme,two different symbols were transmitted separately in two successive timeslots in the proposed rotation-coded cooperative diversity.In this way,constellation spread in the available two-dimensional signal space rather than on a single-dimensional line in repetition-coded scheme,which was supposed to be responsible for the additional coding gain.Under the proposed cooperative transmission model,upper bounds for the symbol-error-rate(SER)of cooperative diversity based on repetition code and rotation code were derived respectively.Both analytical and simulated results show that cooperative diversity based on rotation code can obtain an improved coding gain(by about 2 dB)than repetition-coded scheme without the expense of power or bandwidth.
基金The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council!(No. 93A114)
文摘The effect of carrier phase error in digital image transmission system is discussed. Code error rate and SNR with carrier phase error in Gauss white noise channel are calculated, and the transmission system is simulated on computer.
文摘Turbo codes can achieve excellent performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but the performance can be severely degraded if no trellis termination is employed. This paper proved that if trellis termination bits were appended to RSC1, trellis of RSC2 could be terminated by designing the interleaver properly, consequently, derived the designing condition of such self-terminated interleaver (STI). Then we presented an algorithm of implementing a kind of STI, which could terminate RSC2 as well on condition that the RSC1 was terminated. We verified the performance of STI for turbo codes by simulation, and the simulation results showed that turbo codes with STI outperformed interleavers that could not terminate RSC2 as well.
文摘Puncturing is the predominant strategy to construct high code rate turbo codes. Puncturing tables are crucial to the performance of punctured turbo codes(PTC). This paper developed a new searching algorithm of optimal puncturing tables based on average distance spectrum(ADS) criterion. Consequently, some optimal puncturing tables were presented as the searching results. Finally, it presented the performance comparison among some optimal and bad puncturing tables by simulation.
基金This work is supported by National 863 Project of China (No. 2002 AA123046)
文摘Currently puncturing is the predominant strategy to construct high code rate turbo codes. The puncturing period and puncturing patterns, which have important effect on the performance of punctured turbo codes (PTC), yet have not received complete investigations, are addressed in this paper. Proposes on selecting puncturing period and puncturing patterns are presented. Since puncturing will alter the distance spectrum of turbo codes, the performance of PTC needs further consideration. We derive an analytical upper bound for PTC, based on the assumption of uniform puncturing defined in this paper. Finally, we present some numeric results on the performance of PTC.
文摘The method of data fitting is applied to obtain the BER expression for turbo coded modulation, and a fitting mathematical model is proposed, which resolves the problem that there is no exact BER expression for turbo coded modulation in performance analysis. With the time delay consideration, the performance of BER of adaptive turbo coded modulation is analyzed and simulated. The results show that adaptive turbo coded modulation is very sensitive to time delay. In order to meet the target BER requirement, the total time delay should be less than 0 001/f D.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4102050)the National Natural Science of Foundation of China(NSFC)-Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSF) Joint Research Project of China and Korea (60811140343)
文摘The application of protograph low density parity check (LDPC) codes involves the encoding complexity problem. Since the generator matrices are dense, and if the positions of "1" s are irregularity, the encoder needs to store every "1" of the generator matrices by using huge chip area. In order to solve this problem, we need to design the protograph LDPC codes with circular generator matrices. A theorem concerning the circulating property of generator matrices of nonsingular protograph LDPC codes is proposed. The circulating property of generator matrix of nonsingular protograph LDPC codes can be obtained from the corresponding quasi-cyclic parity check matrix. This paper gives a scheme of constructing protograph LDPC codes with circulating generator matrices, and it reveals that the fast encoding algorithm of protograph LDPC codes has lower encoding complexity under the condition of the proposed theorem. Simulation results in ad- ditive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the designed codes based on the proposed theorem is much better than that of GB20600 LDPC codes and Tanner LDPC codes.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60172018) .
文摘A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme
基金Supported by the Foundation of Huaian Industrial Projects(HAG2013064)the Foundation of Huaiyin Institute of Technology(HGB1202)the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20093218120021)
文摘A cross-layer design(CLD)scheme with combination of power allocation,adaptive modulation(AM)and automatic repeat request(ARQ)is presented for space-time coded MIMO system under imperfect feedback,and the corresponding system performance is investigated in a Rayleigh fading channel.Based on imperfect feedback information,a suboptimal power allocation(PA)scheme is derived to maximize the average spectral efficiency(SE)of the system.The scheme is based on a so-called compressed SNR criterion,and has a closed-form expression for positive power allocation,thus being computationally efficient.Moreover,it can improve SE of the presented CLD.Besides,due to better approximation,it obtains the performance close to the existing optimal approach which requires numerical search.Simulation results show that the proposed CLD with PA can achieve higher SE than the conventional CLD with equal power allocation scheme,and has almost the same performance as CLD with optimal PA.However,it has lower calculation complexity.