Design Framework of Unsourced Multiple Access for 6G Massive IoT

In this paper,ambient IoT is used as a typical use case of massive connections for the sixth generation(6G)mobile communications where we derive the performance requirements to facilitate the evaluation of technical solutions.A rather complete design of unsourced multiple access is proposed in which two key parts:a compressed sensing module for active user detection,and a sparse interleaver-division multiple access(SIDMA)module are simulated side by side on a same platform at balanced signal to noise ratio(SNR)operating points.With a proper combination of compressed sensing matrix,a convolutional encoder,receiver algorithms,the simulated performance results appear superior to the state-of-the-art benchmark,yet with relatively less complicated processing.

The Extended Hybrid Carrier-Based Multiple Access Technology for High Mobility Scenarios

The hybrid carrier(HC)system rooted in the carrier fusion concept is gradually garnering attention.In this paper,we study the extended hybrid carrier(EHC)multiple access scheme to ensure reliable wireless communication.By employing the EHC modulation,a power layered multiplexing framework is realized,which exhibits enhanced interference suppression capability owing to the more uniform energy distribution design.The implementation method and advantage mechanism are explicated respectively for the uplink and downlink,and the performance analysis under varying channel conditions is provided.In addition,considering the connectivity demand,we explore the non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)method of the EHC system and develop the EHC sparse code multiple access scheme.The proposed scheme melds the energy spread superiority of EHC with the access capacity of NOMA,facilitating superior support for massive connectivity in high mobility environments.Simulation results have verified the feasibility and advantages of the proposed scheme.Compared with existing HC multiple access schemes,the proposed scheme exhibits robust bit error rate performance and can better guarantee multiple access performance in complex scenarios of nextgeneration communications.

A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Technique for Optimal Power Allocation in Multiple Access Communications

Formany years,researchers have explored power allocation(PA)algorithms driven bymodels in wireless networks where multiple-user communications with interference are present.Nowadays,data-driven machine learning methods have become quite popular in analyzing wireless communication systems,which among them deep reinforcement learning(DRL)has a significant role in solving optimization issues under certain constraints.To this purpose,in this paper,we investigate the PA problem in a k-user multiple access channels(MAC),where k transmitters(e.g.,mobile users)aim to send an independent message to a common receiver(e.g.,base station)through wireless channels.To this end,we first train the deep Q network(DQN)with a deep Q learning(DQL)algorithm over the simulation environment,utilizing offline learning.Then,the DQN will be used with the real data in the online training method for the PA issue by maximizing the sumrate subjected to the source power.Finally,the simulation results indicate that our proposedDQNmethod provides better performance in terms of the sumrate compared with the available DQL training approaches such as fractional programming(FP)and weighted minimum mean squared error(WMMSE).Additionally,by considering different user densities,we show that our proposed DQN outperforms benchmark algorithms,thereby,a good generalization ability is verified over wireless multi-user communication systems.

Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Adaptive Multiple Access Schemes Underwater Wireless Networks

Achieving sound communication systems in Under Water Acoustic(UWA)environment remains challenging for researchers.The communication scheme is complex since these acoustic channels exhibit uneven characteristics such as long propagation delay and irregular Doppler shifts.The development of machine and deep learning algorithms has reduced the burden of achieving reli-able and good communication schemes in the underwater acoustic environment.This paper proposes a novel intelligent selection method between the different modulation schemes such as Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA),Time Divi-sion Multiple Access(TDMA),and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)techniques using the hybrid combination of the convolutional neural net-works(CNN)and ensemble single feedforward layers(SFL).The convolutional neural networks are used for channel feature extraction,and boosted ensembled feedforward layers are used for modulation selection based on the CNN outputs.The extensive experimentation is carried out and compared with other hybrid learning models and conventional methods.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed hybrid learning model has achieved nearly 98%accuracy and a 30%increase in BER performance which outperformed the other learning models in achieving the communication schemes under dynamic underwater environments.

Max-Min Fair RIS-Aided Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for Multigroup Multicast Communications

Rate-splitting multiple access(RSMA)can cope with a wide range of propagation conditions in multigroup multicast communications through rate splitting optimization.To breakthrough the grouprate limited bottleneck,reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)technique can be introduced to assist wireless communications through enhancing the channel quality.In RIS-aided RSMA multigroup multicasting,how to provide fair and high-quality multiuser service under power and spectrum constraints is essential.In this paper,we propose a max-min fair RIS-aided rate-splitting multiple access(MMF-RISRSMA)scheme for multigroup multicast communications,where the rate fairness is obtained by maximizing the minimum group-rate.In doing so,we jointly optimize the beamformers,the rate splitting vector at the transmitter,as well as the phase shifts at RIS.To solve it,we divide the original optimization problem into two subproblems and alternately optimize the variables.The beamforming and rate splitting optimization subproblem is solved by using the successive convex approximation technique.The phase shift optimization subproblem is solved through the penalty function method to achieve a rank-one locally optimal solution.Simulations demonstrate that the proposed MMF-RIS-RSMA scheme can obtain significant performance gain in terms of the minimum group-rate.

Intelligent reflecting surface-assisted cognitive radio-inspired rate-splitting multiple access systems

Intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)has been widely regarded as a promising technology for configuring wireless propagation environments.In this paper,we utilize IRS to assist transmission of a secondary user(SU)in a cognitive radio-inspired rate-splitting multiple access(CR-RSMA)system in which a primary user's(PU's)quality of service(QoS)requirements must be guaranteed.Without introducing intolerable interference to deteriorate the PU's outage performance,the SU conducts rate-splitting to transmit its signal to the base-station through the direct link and IRS reflecting channels.For the IRS-assisted CR-RSMA(IRS-CR-RSMA)scheme,we derive the optimal transmit power allocation,target rate allocation,and successive interference cancellation decoding order to enhance the outage performance of the SU.The closed-form expression for the SU's outage probability achieved by the IRS-CR-RSMA scheme is derived.Various simulation results are presented to clarify the enhanced outage performance achieved by the proposed IRS-CR-RSMA scheme over the CR-RSMA scheme.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA) for Future Downlink Radio Access of 5G

Multiple access(MA) technology is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a promising candidate MA technology recently. In this paper, the NOMA concept is presented toward future enhancements of spectrum efficiency in lower frequency bands for downlink of 5G system. Key component technologies of NOMA are presented and discussed including multiuser transmission power allocation, scheduling algorithm, receiver design and combination of NOMA with multi-antenna technology. The performance gains of NOMA are evaluated by system-level simulations with very practical assumptions. Under multiple configurations and setups, the achievable system-level gains of NOMA are shown promising even when practical considerations were taken into account.

Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G

The major challenge faced by the fifth generation(5G) mobile network is higher spectral efficiency and massive connectivity,i.e.,the target spectrum efficiency is 3 times over 4G,and the target connection density is one million devices per square kilometer.These requirements are difficult to be satisfied with orthogonal multiple access(OMA) schemes.Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has thus been proposed as a promising candidate to address some of the challenges for 5G.In this paper,a comprehensive survey of different candidate NOMA schemes for 5G is presented,where the usage scenarios of5 G and the application requirements for NOMA are firstly discussed.A general framework of NOMA scheme is established and the features of typical NOMA schemes are analyzed and compared.We focus on the recent progress and challenge of NOMA in standardization of international telecommunication union(ITU),and 3rd generation partnership project(3GPP).In addition,prototype development and future research directions are also provided respectively.

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

A Survey of Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Wireless Communication Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier si-multaneously to illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-in-put multiple-output NOMA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its potential re-search challenges.

Symbol Error Rate Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Visible Light Communications

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is considered as one of promising radio access techniques for visible light communications(VLC) in next-generation wireless communications systems.In order to provide theoretical support for designing VLC-NOMA,we derive its analytic expressions for the symbol error rate(SER).Specifically,NOMA is first incorporated with appropriate VLC to establish a VLC-NOMA framework.Afterwards,mathematical expressions of the SER for the VLC-NOMA are developed.Moreover,numerical results are provided carefully to demonstrate that the proposed VLC-NOMA scheme outperforms than state-of-the-art orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) one in terms of SER performance.Finally,relationships between the SER performance and the number of users,power allocation coefficient and semi-angle are well investigated,which can give us a scientific guide to devise the VLC-NOMA system for achieving better SER performance.

Neighbor-Aware Multiple Access Protocol for 5G m MTC Applications

In order to support massive Machine Type Communication(mMTC) applications in future Fifth Generation(5G) systems,a key technical challenge is to design a highly effective multiple access protocol for massive connection requests and huge traffic load from all kinds of smart devices,e.g.bike,watch,phone,ring,glasses,shoes,etc..To solve this hard problem in distributed scenarios with massive competing devices,this paper proposes and evaluates a Neighbor-Aware Multiple Access(NAMA) protocol,which is scalable and adaptive to different connectivity size and traffic load.By exploiting acknowledgement signals broadcasted from the neighboring devices with successful packet transmissions,NAMA is able to turn itself from a contention-based random access protocol to become a contention-free deterministic access protocol with particular transmission schedules for all neighboring devices after a short transition period.The performance of NAMA is fully evaluated from random state to deterministic state through extensive computer simulations under different network sizes and Contention Window(CW)settings.Compared with traditional IEEE802.11 Distributed Coordination Function(DCF),for a crowded network with 50 devices,NAMA can greatly improve system throughput and energy efficiency by more than 110%and210%,respectively,while reducing average access delay by 53%in the deterministic state.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks

In this paper, we investigate the downlink performance of cell-free massive multi-input multi-output non-orthogonal multiple access(CF-m MIMO-NOMA) system with conjugate beamforming precoder and compare against the orthogonal multiple access(OMA) counterpart. A novel achievable closed-form spectral efficiency(SE) expression is derived, which characterizes the effects of the channel estimation error, pilot contamination, imperfect successive interference cancellation(SIC) operation, and power optimization technique. Then, motivated by the closedform result, a sum-SE maximization algorithm with the sequential convex approximation(SCA) is proposed, subject to each AP power constraint and SIC power constraint. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed sum-SE maximization algorithms have a fast converge rate, within about five iterations. In addition, compared with the full power control(FPC) scheme, our algorithms can significantly improve the achievable sum-SE. Moreover, NOMA outperforms OMA in many respects in the presence of the proposed algorithms.

Fiber-based multiple access timing signal synchronization technique

A fiber-based,multiple access timing signal synchronization scheme is demonstrated.By coupling out the bidirectional transmission signals,a highly stable timing signal can be recovered at arbitrary points along the fiber with the help of the loop delay message broadcasted via ethernet from the local module.The experiment is carried out on a 30-km fiber placed in a temperature-controlled box.In one-day period,when the round trip fiber transfer delay fluctuation is60 ns,the fluctuations of the stabilized timing signal from the download and the remote modules were only ±125 ps and±100 ps,respectively.Also,the system error caused by transmission path asymmetry and thermal drift is calibrated,and a100-ps magnitude synchronization accuracy is realized.This method could provide new insights into the construction of a fiber-based time transfer network.

A Novel Orthogonal LoRa Multiple Access Algorithm for Satellite Internet of Things

In recent years,LoRa has been extensively researched in the satellite Internet of Things(IoT).However,the multiple access technology of LoRa is still one of the bottlenecks of satellite IoT.To improve the multiple access performance of LoRa satellite IoT,based on the orthogonality of LoRa symbols in the fractional domain,this paper proposes a low complexity Orthogonal LoRa Multiple Access(OLMA)algorithm for multiple LoRa users occupying the same frequency bandwidth.The algorithm introduces the address code to divide the fractional bandwidth into multiple parts,and the OLMA users with different address codes occupy different parts to transmit the information code,thus avoiding mutual interference caused by collisions in the same frequency bandwidth.The multiple access capability of OLMA can be flexibly configured only by simply adjusting the length of the address code according to the actual application requirements of data transmission.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the OLMA algorithm can greatly improve the multiple access capability and the total transmission bit rate of LoRa IoT without changing the existing LoRa modulation parameters and process.

Unsourced Multiple Access for 6G Massive Machine Type Communications

Unsourced multiple access(UMA)is a multi-access technology for massive,low-power,uncoordinated,and unsourced Machine Type Communication(MTC)networks.It ensures transmission reliability under the premise of high energy efficiency.Based on the analysis of the 6G MTC key performance indicators(KPIs)and scenario characteristics,this paper summarizes its requirements for radio access networks.Following this,the existing multiple access models are analyzed under these standards to determine UMA's advantages for 6G MTC according to its design characteristics.The critical technology of UMA is the design of its multiple-access coding scheme.Therefore,the existing UMA coding schemes from different coding paradigms are further summarized and compared.In particular,this paper comprehensively considers the energy efficiency and computational complexity of these schemes,studies the changes of the above two indexes with the increase of access scale,and considers the trade-off between the two.It is revealed by the above analysis that some guiding rules of UMA coding design.Finally,the open problems and potentials in this field are given for future research.

Joint multiple resource allocation for offloading cost minimization in IRS-assisted MEC networks with NOMA

Effective resource allocation can exploit the advantage of intelligent reflective surface(IRS)assisted mobile edge computing(MEC)fully.However,it is challenging to balance the limited energy of MTs and the strict delay requirement of their tasks.In this paper,in order to tackle the challenge,we jointly optimize the offloading delay and energy consumption of mobile terminals(MTs)to realize the delay-energy tradeoff in an IRS-assisted MEC network,in which non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)and multiantenna are applied to improve spectral efficiency.To achieve the optimal delay-energy tradeoff,an offloading cost minimization model is proposed,in which the edge computing resource allocation,signal detecting vector,uplink transmission power,and IRS phase shift coefficient are needed to be jointly optimized.The optimization of the model is a multi-level fractional problem in complex fields with some coupled high dimension variables.To solve the intractable problem,we decouple the original problem into a computing subproblem and a wireless transmission subproblem based on the uncoupled relationship between different variable types.The computing subproblem is proved convex and the closed-form solution is obtained for the edge computing resource allocation.Further,the wireless transmission subproblem is solved iteratively through decoupling the residual variables.In each iteration,the closed-form solution of residual variables is obtained through different successive convex approximation(SCA)methods.We verify the proposed algorithm can converge to an optimum with polynomial complexity.Simulation results indicate the proposed method achieves average saved costs of 65.64%,11.24%,and 9.49%over three benchmark methods respectively.

Analysis and Simulation for Capacity of Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access System

Capcity both in uplink and downlink of TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous code division multiple access) system is studied in a multi-cell environment. The theoretical expressions of the mean of intercell interference in uplink and the mean of sum of power allocation in downlink are given, by which uplink and downlink capacity is analyzed. Furthermore, we give the simulation models for both uplink and downlink capacity. The results from theoretical analysis and simulation fit very well. In the end, the maximum number of users that TD-SCDMA system can serve for 12.2 k speech service is given.

Performance Characterization and Receiver Design for Random Temporal Multiple Access in Non-Coordinated Networks

Random access is a well-known multiple access method for uncoordinated communication nodes.Existing work mainly focuses on optimizing iterative access protocols,assuming that packets are corrupted once they are collided,or that feedback is available and can be exploited.In practice,a packet may still be able to be recovered successfully even when collided with other packets.System design and performance analysis under such a situation,particularly when the details of collision are taken into consideration,are less known.In this paper,we provide a framework for analytically evaluating the actual detection performance in a random temporal multiple access system where nodes can only transmit.Explicit expressions are provided for collision probability and signal to interference and noise ratio(SINR)when different numbers of packets are collided.We then discuss and compare two receiver options for the AP,and provide detailed receiver design for the premium one.In particular,we propose a synchronization scheme which can largely reduce the preamble length.We also demonstrate that system performance could be a convex function of preamble length both analytically and via simulation,as well as the forward error correction(FEC)coding rate.

On Differentiation Among Pilot Signals of Multiple Mobile Targets in Retro-Reflective Beamforming for Wireless Power Transmission

An experimental study is conducted on several retro-reflective beamforming schemes for wireless power transmission to multiple wireless power receivers(referred to herein as“targets”).The experimental results demonstrate that,when multiple targets broadcast continuous-wave pilot signals at respective frequencies,a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter is capable of generating multiple wireless power beams aiming at the respective targets as long as the multiple pilot signals are explicitly separated from one another by the wireless power transmitter.However,various practical complications are identified when the pilot signals of multiple targets are not appropriately differentiated from each other by the wireless power transmitter.Specifically,when multiple pilot signals are considered to be carried by the same frequency,the wireless power transmission performance becomes heavily dependent on the interaction among the pilot signals,which is highly undesirable in practice.In conclusion,it is essential for a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter to explicitly discriminate multiple targets’pilot signals among each other.