Application and realization of key technologies in China railway e-ticketing system

Purpose–With the yearly increase of mileage and passenger volume in China’s high-speed railway,the problems of traditional paper railway tickets have become increasingly prominent,including complexity of business handling process,low efficiency of ticket inspection and high cost of usage and management.This paper aims to make extensive references to successful experiences of electronic ticket applications both domestically and internationally.The research on key technologies and system implementation of railway electronic ticket with Chinese characteristics has been carried out.Design/methodology/approach–Research in key technologies is conducted including synchronization technique in distributed heterogeneous database system,the grid-oriented passenger service record(PSR)data storage model,efficient access to massive PSR data under high concurrency condition,the linkage between face recognition service platforms and various terminals in large scenarios,and two-factor authentication of the e-ticket identification code based on the key and the user identity information.Focusing on the key technologies and architecture the of existing ticketing system,multiple service resources are expanded and developed such as electronic ticket clusters,PSR clusters,face recognition clusters and electronic ticket identification code clusters.Findings–The proportion of paper ticket printed has dropped to 20%,saving more than 2 billion tickets annually since the launch of the application of E-ticketing nationwide.The average time for passengers to pass through the automatic ticket gates has decreased from 3 seconds to 1.3 seconds,significantly improving the efficiency of passenger transport organization.Meanwhile,problems of paper ticket counterfeiting,reselling and loss have been generally eliminated.Originality/value–E-ticketing has laid a technical foundation for the further development of railway passenger transport services in the direction of digitalization and intelligence.

Generalized H-codes and type Ⅱ codes over GF(4)

The typeⅡ codes have been studied widely in applications since their appearance. With analysis of the algebraic structure of finite field of order 4 （i.e., GF（4））, some necessary and sufficient conditions that a generalized H-code （i.e., GH-code） is a type Ⅱ code over GF（4） are given in this article, and an efficient and simple method to generate type Ⅱ codes from GH-codes over GF（4） is shown. The conclusions further extend the coding theory of type Ⅱ.