EFFICIENT DESIGN OF ANTI-JAMMING RATELESS CODING IN COGNITIVE OFDM

Efficient anti-jamming rateless coding based on cognitive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is mainly discussed. Rateless coding with small redundancy and low complexity is presented, and the optimal design methods of building rateless codes are also proposed. In CRN, anti-jamming rateless coding could recover the lost packets in parallel channels of cognitive OFDM, thus it protects Secondary Users (SUs) from the in-terference by Primary Users (PUs) efficiently. Frame Error Rate (FER) and throughput performance of SU employing anti-jamming rateless coding are analyzed in detail. Performance comparison between rateless coding and piecewise coding are also presented. It is shown that, anti-jamming rateless coding provides low FER and Word Error Rate (WER) performance with uniform sub-channel selection. Meanwhile, it is also verified that, in higher jamming rate and longer code redundancy scenario, rateless coding method could achieve better FER and throughput performance than another anti-jamming coding schemes.

OAM-Based Hybrid-Duplex Cognitive Frequency Hopping

In cognitive radio networks,the jamming attacks,which have the same ability with secondary users(SUs)but access the licensed channels without considering the carrier sense multiple access protocol,can disguise a primary user(PU)or SU to occupy the licensed channels,thus resulting in failing to access the licensed channels for PUs and SUs.Employing full/half duplex cognitive frequency hopping(CFH),where users sense the occupancy of licensed channels and then dynamically adjust the hopping parameters,can mitigate the hostile jamming.However,due to the explosive growth of serves and data traffic,it is very difficult to significantly increase the anti-jamming results and achieve high capacities with full/half duplex CFH for both PUs and SUs in cognitive radio networks.To achieve efficient anti-jamming and high capacities for PUs and SUs,in this paper we propose the orbital angular momentum(OAM)-based hybrid-duplex CFH scheme,which jointly uses the half-duplex cooperative sensing and full-duplex transmission modes for PUs and SUs in cognitive radio networks.Using the OAM-based hybrid-duplex CFH scheme,PUs and SUs can identify the occupancy of licensed channels with half-duplex fashion,thus significantly reducing the probability of signals jammed.Then,based on the sensing results,the signals are allowed to be transmitted and received by the same time-slots,carrier frequencies,and OAM-modes.The average capacities of PUs and SUs are derived,respectively.Extensively numerical results show that our proposed OAM-based hybrid-duplex CFH scheme can significantly increase the capacities of PUs and SUs in cognitive radio networks under hostile jamming attacks.

Brain activity in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment （MCI） is common in patients with Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of this disease state remain unclear. We investigated alterations in the spontaneous brain activity of PD patients with MCI （PD-MCI） relative to cognitively normal PD patients （PD-CN） and healthy control （HC） subjects. In this work, 13 PD-MCI patients, 16 PD-CN patients, and 16 HC subjects completed resting state functional MRI. Spontaneous brain activity was measured by calculating amplitude of low frequency fluctuation （ALFF） values across the whole brain. Between-group differences and correlations between ALFF values and cognitive test scores were analyzed. ALFF values decreased in the right superior temporal gyrus and increased in the left middle temporal gyrus and left superior frontal gyms of PD-MCI patients compared with PD-CN patients. In the PD-MCI group, ALFF values in the left middle temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment and vocabulary test scores, and the ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyms were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Our study demonstrates that PD-MCI is associated with abnormal spontaneous brain activity in the temporal and frontal lobes. These findings inform the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in PD.