Effect of exogenous free N^(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine on diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction:neuroinflammation,and metabolic disorders

Diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction has already been attracted considerable attention.Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)from daily diets are thought to be a vital contributor to the development of this diseases.However,the effect of one of the best-characterized exogenous AGEs N^(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine(CML)on cognitive function is not fully reported.In the present study,diabetical Goto-Kakizaki(GK)rats were treated with free CML for 8-weeks.It was found that oral consumption of exogenous CML significantly aggravated diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction in behavioral test.In details,exogenous CML increased levels of oxidative stress,promoted the activation of glial cells in the brain,up-regulated the release of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6,inhibited the protein expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and thus led to neuroinflammation.Furthermore,exogenous CML promoted the amyloidogenesis in the brain of GK rats,and inhibited the expression of GLUT4.Additionally,several tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutamate-glutamine/γ-aminobutyric acid cycle intermediates including pyruvate,succinic acid,glutamine,glutamate were significantly changed in brain of GK rats treated with exogenous free CML.In conclusion,exogenous free CML is a potentially noxious compounds led to aggravated diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction which could be possibly explained by its effects on neuroinflammation,energy and neurotransmitter amino acid homeostasis.

Power Control for Fading Channels in Cognitive Radio Networks with Outage-Probability Minimization

Cognitive radio allows Secondary Users （SUs） to dynamically use the spectrum resource licensed to Prirmry Users （PUs）, and significantly improves the efficiency of spectrum utilization and is viewed as a promising technology. In cognitive radio networks, the problem of power control is an important issue. In this paper, we mainly focus on the problem of power control for fading channels in cognitive radio networks. The spectrum sharing underlay scenario is considered, where SUs are allowed to coexist with PUs on the condition that the outage probability of PUs is below the maximum outage probability threshold limitation due to the interference caused by SUs. Moreover, besides the outage probability threshold which is defined to protect the performance of PUs, we also consider the maximum transmit power constraints for each SU. With such a setup, we emphasize the problem of power control to minimize the outage probability of each SU in fading channels. Then, based on the statistical information of the fading channel, the closed expression for outage probability is given in fading channels. The Dual-Iteration Power Control （DIPC） algorithm is also proposed to minimize the outage probability based on Perron-Frobenius theory and gradient descent method under the constraint condition. Finally, simulation results are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Power Control Algorithm of Cognitive Radio Based on Non-Cooperative Game Theory

This paper addresses the power con- trol problems of Cognitive Radio （CR） trader transmission power and interference tempera- ture constraints. First, we propose the interfer- ence constraint which ensures that the Quality of Service （QoS） standards for primary users is considered and a non-cooperative game power control model. Based on the proposed model, we developed a logical utility function based on the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio （S/NR） and a novel algorithm network power control. that is suitable for CR Then, the existence and uniqueness of the Nash Equilibrium （NE） in our utility function are proved by the principle of game theory and the corresponding optimi- zations. Compared to traditional algorithms, the proposed one could converge to an NE in 3-5 iterative operations by setting an appropriate pricing factor. Finally, simulation results ver- ified the stability and superiority of the novel algorithm in flat-fading channel environments.

Joint power control and relay selection scheme for cognitive two-way relay networks

A joint power control and relay selection scheme is considered for a cooperative and cognitive radio system where a secondary network shares spectrum with the primary network. In the secondary network, two secondary users （SUs） communicate with each other via an assist relay. The main point is to provide the best system performance to SUs while maintaining the interference power at primary user （PU） under a certain level. Using convex optimization, a closed-form solution is obtained when optimizing the power allocation among the two nodes and relay. Based on this result, a joint power control and relay selection scheme with fewer variable dimensions is proposed to maximize the achievable rate of the secondary system. Simulation results demonstrate that the sum rate of the cognitive two-way relay network increases compared with a random relay selection and fixed power allocation.

Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for sleep disturbance and glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus:A community-based randomized controlled trial in China

BACKGROUND Poor sleep quality is a common clinical feature in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and often negatively related with glycemic control.Cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)may improve sleep quality and reduce blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM.However,it is not entirely clear whether CBT delivered by general practitioners is effective for poor sleep quality in T2DM patients in community settings.AIM To test the effect of CBT delivered by general practitioners in improving sleep quality and reducing glycemic levels in patients with T2DM in community.METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted from September 2018 to October 2019 in communities of China.Overall 1033 persons with T2DM and poor sleep quality received CBT plus usual care or usual care.Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c(HbAlc)and sleep quality[Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)]were assessed.Repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the intervention effects on hemoglobin A1c and sleep quality.RESULTS The CBT group had 0.64,0.50,and 0.9 lower PSQI scores than the control group at 2 mo,6 mo,and 12 mo,respectively.The CBT group showed 0.17 and 0.43 lower HbAlc values than the control group at 6 mo and 12 mo.The intervention on meanΔHbAlc values was significant at 12 mo(t=3.68,P<0.01)and that meanΔPSQI scores were closely related toΔHbAlc values(t=7.02,P<0.01).Intentionto-treat analysis for primary and secondary outcomes showed identical results with completed samples.No adverse events were reported.CONCLUSION CBT delivered by general practitioners,as an effective and practical method,could reduce glycemic levels and improve sleep quality for patients with T2DM in community.

Cocoa Flavanols Intake and Cognitive Functions: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

Objective The influence of cocoa flavanols(CFs)on cognitive functions in human has been investigated in some clinical trials,but the results are inconclusive.We conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)to figure out whether CFs intervention have a positive effect on cognitive functions.Methods A comprehensive literature search of articles published until June 2019 was performed in PubMed,Cochrane Library,Medline,and Web of Science.Weighted mean difference(WMD)and 95%confidence interval(95%CI)were calculated to reflect the size of the combined effect.Random effect models were used for all analyses.Results A total of 9 RCT studies were finally enrolled in this meta-analysis.CFs has no notable effect on Trail Making Test-A(TMT-A)(WMD:-5.75s,95%CI:-16.71-5.21),which reflects the shifting subdomain of executive function and global executive function.CFs has no significant effect on Trail Making Test-B(TMT-B)(WMD:-11.32s,95%CI:-26.14-3.50),which reflects another specific aspect of the shifting subdomain.Gross cognitive changed as measured by mini mental state examination(MMSE)which consists of a series of items covering cognitive functions except for the executive function domain,but significantly associated with composite z score of several subdomains tests of executive function(WSD:0.40s,95%CI:0.29-0.46).Conclusion This study suggests CFs may have a positive effect on cognitive function,especially executive function.However,large scale and high quality RCTs are needed to further confirm/refute this conclusion.

Self-Adaptive QoS Control in Cognitive Networks That Is Based on Service Awareness

This paper analyzes a self-adaptive Quality of Service （QoS） control architecture for cognitive networks （CNs） that is based on intelligent service awareness. In this architecture, packets can be identified and classified using an intelligent service-aware classification model. Drawing on Control Theory, network traffic can be controlled with a self-adaptive QoS control mechanism that has side-road collaboration. In this architecture, perception, analysis, correlation, feedback, decision making, allocation, and implementation QoS mechanisms are created automatically. These mechanisms can adjust resource allocation, adapt to a changeable network environment, optimize end-to-end performance of the network, and ensure QoS.

Distributed multichannel medium access control protocol without common control channel for single-hop cognitive radio networks

A novel distributed cognitive radio multichannel medium access protocol without common control channel was proposed.The protocol divided a transmission interval into two parts for exchanging control information and data,respectively.In addition to evaluating system saturation throughput of the proposed protocol,a three-dimensional multi channel Markov chain model to describe the sate of the cognitive users (CUs) in dynamic spectrum access was presented.The proposed analysis was applied to the packet transmission schemes employed by the basic,RTS/CTS access mechanism adopted in the normal IEEE 802.11.Analyzing the advantage of the two methods,a hybrid access mechanism was proposed to improve the system throughput.The simulation results show that the experiment results are close to the value computed by the model (less than 5%),and the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of the system throughput by borrowing the licensed spectrum.By analyzing the dependence of throughput on system parameters,hybrid mechanism dynamically selecting access mechanism can maintain high throughput.

Investigating the Cognitive Control of Social Media-Anxious Users Using a Psychological Experimental Approach

Social media has become increasingly popular and is now a significant tool for daily communication for many people.The use of social media can cause anxiety and have detrimental impacts on mental health.Cognitive impairment is more likely to affect individuals with anxiety.Investigating the cognitive abilities and mental health of social media users requires the development of new methodologies.This study employed the AX-Continuous Performance Test(AX-CPT)paradigm and the Stroop paradigm to study the cognitive control characteristics of trait anxiety,drawing on psychological experimental methods.Previous studies on whether trait anxiety impairs cognitive control remain controversial,possibly because cognitive control is viewed as a whole.It may also be due to the motivational effect of anxiety,which compensates for the impairment of cognitive control caused by anxiety through the recruitment of cognitive resources.Understanding the mental health and cognitive control traits of anxious social media users can be improved by using the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control Account,which divides cognitive control into proactive and reactive control.Thefindings demonstrate that trait anxiety has an impact on both proactive and reactive control,while working memory load did not modulate the effect of trait anxiety on cognitive control.These results support the attentional control theory and provide a new approach to studying the mental health of social media users.

Joint channel allocation and power control with fairness in multi-hop cognitive radio networks

This paper investigates channel allocation and cognitive radio networks. The color-sensitive graph power control schemes in OFDM-based multi-hop coloring （CSGC） model is viewed as an efficient solution to the spectrum assignment problem. The model is extended to combine with the power con- trol strategy to avoid interference among secondary users and adapt dynamic topology. The optimiza- tion problem is formulated encompassing the channel allocation and power control with the interfer- ence constrained below a tolerable limit. Meanwhile, the proposed resource allocation scheme takes the fairness of secondary users into account in obtaining the solution of optimization. Numerical re- suits show that the proposed strategy outperforms the existing spectrum assignment algorithms on the performance of both the network throughput and minimum route bandwidth of all routes, as well as the number of connected multi-hop routes which implies the fairness among secondary users.

Optimal energy-efficient power control for cognitive radio based on static and dynamic features of primary users

In this paper, the energy-efficient power control problem in cognitive radio （CR） networks is studied not only to provide energy-efficient transmission, but also to guarantee the normal operation of primary users （PUs）. Moreover, the static energy-efficient power control （SEPC） algorithm is proposed in static scenario to maximize the capacity of secondary users （SUs） and to reduce the power consumption according to the interference from PU to SU. Furthermore, based on the analysis of PU＇s dynamic feature with Markov chain and SEPC algorithm,the dynamic energy-efficient power control （DEPC） algorithm is proposed taking into account the probability of detection and false alarm caused by sensing errors. Extensive simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithms is significantly improved compared with the existing algorithm.

Antidepressants combined with psychodrama improve the coping style and cognitive control network in patients with childhood trauma-associated major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND The use of antidepressant therapy alone has a limited efficacy in patients with childhood trauma-associated major depressive disorder(MDD).However,the effectiveness of antidepressant treatment combined with psychodrama in these patients is unclear.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of antidepressant treatment combined with psychodrama.METHODS Patients with childhood trauma-associated MDD treated with antidepressants were randomly assigned to either the psychodrama intervention(observation group)or the general health education intervention(control group)and received combination treatment for 6 mo.The observation group received general health education given by the investigator together with the“semi-structured group intervention model”of Yi Shu psychodrama.A total of 46 patients were recruited,including 29 cases in the observation group and 17 cases in the control group.Symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as coping style and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS Symptoms of depression and anxiety,measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale,Beck Depression Inventory,and Beck Anxiety Inventory,were reduced after the intervention in both groups of patients.The coping style of the observation group improved significantly in contrast to the control group,which did not.In addition,an interaction between treatment and time in the right superior parietal gyrus node was found.Furthermore,functional connectivity between the right superior parietal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus in the observation group increased after the intervention,while in the control group the connectivity decreased.CONCLUSION This study supports the use of combined treatment with antidepressants and psychodrama to improve the coping style of patients with childhood trauma-associated MDD.Functional connectivity between the superior parietal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus was increased after this combined treatment.We speculate that psychodrama enhances the internal connectivity of the cognitive control network and corrects the negative attention bias of patients with childhood trauma-associated MDD.Elucidating the neurobiological features of patients with childhood trauma-associated MDD is important for the development of methods that can assist in early diagnosis and intervention.

QoS-based MAC protocol for cognitive radio networks

In order to improve the throughput performance of the secondary users （SUs） in the cognitive radio （CR） environment, a quality of service （QoS） based media access control （MAC） protocol is proposed. In this protocol, the CR node maps the channel state as a vector, and the transmitter and the receiver obtain the final channel map through an AND operation to prepare for an optional channel set. Data from the upper application layer are classified into two priority levels according to the QoS requirement. The data of each level relate to different contention windows so that the priority of real time data can be guaranteed. A two-dimensional discrete-time Markov chain is utilized to evaluate the system performance, and mathematical expressions of the system throughput are derived. Simulation results show that compared with the IEEE 802. 11 distributed coordination function （DCF）, the proposed MAC protocol can achieve higher throughput.

Optimal Energy-Efficient Transmission for Hybrid Spectrum Sharing in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

In order to improve the energy efficiency(EE)in cognitive radio(CR),this paper investigates the joint design of cooperative spectrum sensing time and the power control optimization problem for the secondary user systems to achieve the maximum energy efficiency in a cognitive network based on hybrid spectrum sharing,meanwhile considering the maximum transmit power,user quality of service(QoS)requirements,interference limitations,and primary user protection.The optimization of energy efficient sensing time and power allocation is formulated as a non-convex optimization problem.The Dinkelbach’s method is adopted to solve this problem and to transform the non-convex optimization problem in fractional form into an equivalent optimization problem in the form of subtraction.Then,an iterative power allocation algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms for energy-efficient resource allocation in the cognitive network.

Modeling of combined Bayesian networks and cognitive framework for decision-making in C2

The command and control（C2） is a decision-making process based on human cognition,which contains operational,physical,and human characteristics,so it takes on uncertainty and complexity.As a decision support approach,Bayesian networks（BNs） provide a framework in which a decision is made by combining the experts＇ knowledge and the specific data.In addition,an expert system represented by human cognitive framework is adopted to express the real-time decision-making process of the decision maker.The combination of the Bayesian decision support and human cognitive framework in the C2 of a specific application field is modeled and executed by colored Petri nets（CPNs）,and the consequences of execution manifest such combination can perfectly present the decision-making process in C2.

Improved spectrum sharing algorithm based on feedback control information in cognitive radio networks

In order to avoid the system performance deterioration caused by the wireless fading channel and imperfect channel estimation in cognitive radio networks, the spectrum sharing problem with the consideration of feedback control information from the primary user is analyzed. An improved spectrum sharing algorithm based on the combination of the feedback control information and the optimization algorithm is proposed. The relaxation method is used to achieve the approximate spectrum sharing model, and the spectrum sharing strategy that satisfies the individual outage probability constraints can be obtained iteratively with the observed outage probability. Simulation results show that the proposed spectrum sharing algorithm can achieve the spectrum sharing strategy that satisfies the outage probability constraints and reduce the average outage probability without causing maximum transmission rate reduction of the secondary user.

Cognition and Sociodemographic Determinants for Effective Pain Control in Patients with Cancer Pain: a Cross-sectional Survey in China

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate cancer patients'cognitive level of pain control and to evaluate the patient-related factors or barriers to effective cancer pain management in China.In seven tertiary hospitals across China,372 patients experiencing cancer pain were surveyed through a self-designed questionnaire to assess the factors associated with effective pain control.Patients'demographic data and pain control-related factors were recorded.Cluster sampling and binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between predictive factors and effective pain control.The survey showed that the majority of the patients were more than 45 years old(76.3%),and 64.4%had an average annual income of more than 20000 RMB.One-third of the patients suffered from cancer pain for more than 3 months,and 75.1%received professional guidance during medication.The barriers to pain control for patients included preference to enduring pain and refusing analgesics(62.9%),negligence towards drug usage(28.5%),concerns about the addiction(48.2%)and adverse reaction(56.4%).The average annual family income,pro fessional guidance,knowledge of pain medication,adherence to analgesics,and concerns about addiction to analgesics were significantly correlated to the effect of patients'pain control.The study presents major barriers to optimal pain control among patients with cancer in China.Our findings suggest that educational programs and medical insurance reimbursement support from the government are urgently needed to overcome the cognitive barriers toward effective pain management and to relieve the economic burden among patients with cancer pain in China.

SPECTRUM HANDOFF IN COGNITIVE RADIO WITH FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL

The secondary usage of spectrum has been investigated in Cognitive Radio(CR) network to resolving the spectrum scarcity issue in wireless communication.When Primary Users(PU) who own the spectrum appear,spectrum handoff is needed to maintain the communications of Secondary Users.But the decision making of spectrum handoff is a challenge issue for CR network,because the input of decision making,which obtain through spectrum sensing,is heterogeneous and inexact.In this paper we will use fuzzy logic control theory to solve this issue and make use of new information for handoff operation:the probability of PU's occupancy at a certain channel.Our new algorithm can make more intelligent decision compared to simple traditional spectrum handoff decision making and reduce the probability of spectrum handoff,also the performance of SU's communication can be enhanced.

Enhancing Mild Cognitive Impairment Detection through Efficient Magnetic Resonance Image Analysis

Neuroimaging has emerged over the last few decades as a crucial tool in diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is a condition that falls between the spectrum of normal cognitive function and AD.However,previous studies have mainly used handcrafted features to classify MCI,AD,and normal control(NC)individuals.This paper focuses on using gray matter(GM)scans obtained through magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)for the diagnosis of individuals with MCI,AD,and NC.To improve classification performance,we developed two transfer learning strategies with data augmentation(i.e.,shear range,rotation,zoom range,channel shift).The first approach is a deep Siamese network(DSN),and the second approach involves using a cross-domain strategy with customized VGG-16.We performed experiments on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative(ADNI)dataset to evaluate the performance of our proposed models.Our experimental results demonstrate superior performance in classifying the three binary classification tasks:NC vs.AD,NC vs.MCI,and MCI vs.AD.Specifically,we achieved a classification accuracy of 97.68%,94.25%,and 92.18%for the three cases,respectively.Our study proposes two transfer learning strategies with data augmentation to accurately diagnose MCI,AD,and normal control individuals using GM scans.Our findings provide promising results for future research and clinical applications in the early detection and diagnosis of AD.

Power Control and Routing Selection for Throughput Maximization in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper investigates the power control and routing problem in the communication process of an energy harvesting(EH)multi-hop cognitive radio network(CRN).The secondary user(SU)nodes(i.e.,source node and relay nodes)harvest energy from the environment and use the energy exclusively for transmitting data.The SU nodes(i.e.,relay nodes)on the path,store and forward the received data to the destination node.We consider a real world scenario where the EH-SU node has only local causal knowledge,i.e.,at any time,each EH-SU node only has knowledge of its own EH process,channel state and currently received data.In order to study the power and routing issues,an optimization problem that maximizes path throughput considering quality of service(QoS)and available energy constraints is proposed.To solve this optimization problem,we propose a hybrid game theory routing and power control algorithm(HGRPC).The EH-SU nodes on the same path cooperate with each other,but EH-SU nodes on the different paths compete with each other.By selecting the best next hop node,we find the best strategy that can maximize throughput.In addition,we have established four steps to achieve routing,i.e.,route discovery,route selection,route reply,and route maintenance.Compared with the direct transmission,HGRPC has advantages in longer distances and higher hop counts.The algorithm generates more energy,reduces energy consumption and increases predictable residual energy.In particular,the time complexity of HGRPC is analyzed and its convergence is proved.In simulation experiments,the performance(i.e.,throughput and bit error rate(BER))of HGRPC is evaluated.Finally,experimental results show that HGRPC has higher throughput,longer network life,less latency,and lower energy consumption.