Extended cognitive technology refers to technology that extends cognitive activity from the human brain,or body,to an external cognitive environment.This technology is best represented by the Internet.While significan...Extended cognitive technology refers to technology that extends cognitive activity from the human brain,or body,to an external cognitive environment.This technology is best represented by the Internet.While significantly benefiting humanity and social development,extended cognitive technology has also triggered a range of ethical controversies.This paper first defines extended cognitive technology and analyzes related concepts,then explores five major ethical issues it raises.Suggestions regarding ethical governance are then proposed.展开更多
Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent radio communication system, whose intelligence mostly comes from the Cognitive Engine (CE). Based on the techniques of software-defined radio and with the support of machine reas...Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent radio communication system, whose intelligence mostly comes from the Cognitive Engine (CE). Based on the techniques of software-defined radio and with the support of machine reasoning and learning in artificial intelligence, cognitive engine implements the cognitive loop to realize the abilities of sensing, adaptation and learning in CR. Cognitive engine consists of the modeling system, knowledge base, reasoning engine, learning engine and interfaces. The key techniques are knowledge representation, machine reasoning and machine learning.展开更多
With the penetration of wireless communications technologies, the number of wireless subscribers has increased dramatically. Therefore, wireless bandwidth resources are becoming increasingly limited over time. How to ...With the penetration of wireless communications technologies, the number of wireless subscribers has increased dramatically. Therefore, wireless bandwidth resources are becoming increasingly limited over time. How to improve the efficiency of radio resources is a pressing problem. The cognitive radio technology brings a new idea for solving this problem. Its basic idea is to make wireless terminals have the abilities of detecting 'spectrum holes' and making full use of them. This technology can be used to manage the valuable radio resources in a more flexible way, but for its practical use, some crucial technical problems still need to be solved, including spectrum detection, adaptive bandwidth allocation and spectrum management technologies.展开更多
Based on spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum allocation and reconfiguration technologies in Cognitive Radio (CR), this paper fully considers the matching issues between short-term spectrum characteristic and service ch...Based on spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum allocation and reconfiguration technologies in Cognitive Radio (CR), this paper fully considers the matching issues between short-term spectrum characteristic and service characteristic. In the communication process, the network-side selects switch terminals to initiate handover command to solve problems due to limited capacity of the system, such as overload and new session decline, improving the success rate of switching on the premise of ensuring user’s QoS, reducing blocking probability with more session admission, eliminating overload, increasing system throughput, and improving the whole system performance.展开更多
As a smart spectrum sharing technology, Cognitive Radio (CR) is becoming a hot topic in the field of wireless telecommunications. Besides providing traditional services, the cognitive radio network Media Access Contro...As a smart spectrum sharing technology, Cognitive Radio (CR) is becoming a hot topic in the field of wireless telecommunications. Besides providing traditional services, the cognitive radio network Media Access Control (MAC) layer is required to perform an entirely new set of functions for effective reusing spectrum opportunity, without causing any harmful interference to incumbents. Spectrum sensing management selects and optimizes sensing strategies and parameters by the selection of sensing mode, sensing period, sensing time, sensing channel, and sensing quiet period. Access control avoids collision with primary users mainly by cooperation access and transparent access. Dynamic spectrum allocation optimizes the allocation of uncertain spectrum for binary interference model and accumulative interference model. Security mechanism adds authentication and encryption mechanisms to MAC frame to defense MAC layer security attacks. Cross-layer design combines MAC layer information with physical layer or higher layers information, such as network layer, transmission layer, to achieve global optimization.展开更多
The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) project aims at realizing the convergence of the heterogeneous radio networks and the optimal utilization of the radio resources. With the continuous development of E2R technolog...The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) project aims at realizing the convergence of the heterogeneous radio networks and the optimal utilization of the radio resources. With the continuous development of E2R technology and cognitive theory, the evolution from existing radio networks to future reconfigurable radio networks with the cognitive ability becomes possible. Nowadays the research aspects of E2R include the system architecture of reconfigurable radio networks and some key technologies for their evolution.展开更多
As the communication needs in the smart distribution grid continue to rise,using existing resources to meet this growing demand poses a significant challenge.This paper researches on spectrum allocation strategies uti...As the communication needs in the smart distribution grid continue to rise,using existing resources to meet this growing demand poses a significant challenge.This paper researches on spectrum allocation strategies utilizing cognitive radio(CR)technology.We consider a model containing strong time-sensitive and regular communication service requirements such as distribution terminal communication services,which can be seen as a user with primary data(PD)and weak time-sensitive services such as power quality monitoring,which can be seen as a user with secondary data(SD).To fit the diversity of services in smart distribution grids(SDGs),we formulate an optimization problem with two indicators,including the sum of SD transmission rates and the maximum latency of them.Then,we analyze the two convex sub-problems and utilize convex optimization methods to obtain the optimal power and frequency bandwidth allocation for the users with SD.The simulation results indicate that,when the available transmission power of SD is low,Maximization of Transmission Sum Rate(MTSR)achieves lower maximum transmit time.Conversely,when the available transmission power is high,the performance of Minimization of the Maximum Latency(MML)is better,compared with MTSR.展开更多
Using disordered multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression method,385 copies of questionnaires on farmer are analyzed to explore the relationship between peasant's psychological traits,peasant...Using disordered multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression method,385 copies of questionnaires on farmer are analyzed to explore the relationship between peasant's psychological traits,peasant's cognition on seed technology and perception on supplydemand matching of new variety.Research results show that the vast majority of farmers think that current new variety is at high-level supplydemand balance and the oversupply status,and updating speed of new variety on the market is faster;the farmers preferring risk,seeking innovation and having strong learning and cognition ability may select high-level supply-demand matching state,and the farmers understanding the importance and difference of seed technology tend to choose high-level supply-demand matching situation;the farmers with strong learning and cognition ability can acknowledge the importance and difference of seed technology,while the farmers preferring risk can perceive the difference of seed technology;psychology seeking the innovation and learning and cognition ability affect the farmer's perception on supplydemand matching status of new variety via affecting the farmer's cognition on technical difference.展开更多
基金included in"Studies in High–tech Ethics"(12&ZD117)--a major program of National Social Sciences Fund"Studies in the Ethics of Extended–cognitive Technology"(2016M592432)--a program funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"Ethical Issues and Governance of Extended–cognitive Technology"(2015QNKT03)--a program funded by Science Foundation for Young Scholars,Hunan Academy of Social Sciences
文摘Extended cognitive technology refers to technology that extends cognitive activity from the human brain,or body,to an external cognitive environment.This technology is best represented by the Internet.While significantly benefiting humanity and social development,extended cognitive technology has also triggered a range of ethical controversies.This paper first defines extended cognitive technology and analyzes related concepts,then explores five major ethical issues it raises.Suggestions regarding ethical governance are then proposed.
基金The work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China("973" Program) under Grant No. 2009CB320403the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60832008.
文摘Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent radio communication system, whose intelligence mostly comes from the Cognitive Engine (CE). Based on the techniques of software-defined radio and with the support of machine reasoning and learning in artificial intelligence, cognitive engine implements the cognitive loop to realize the abilities of sensing, adaptation and learning in CR. Cognitive engine consists of the modeling system, knowledge base, reasoning engine, learning engine and interfaces. The key techniques are knowledge representation, machine reasoning and machine learning.
基金National "863"Program of China (No. 2005AA123910) and NSFProject (No.620572144)
文摘With the penetration of wireless communications technologies, the number of wireless subscribers has increased dramatically. Therefore, wireless bandwidth resources are becoming increasingly limited over time. How to improve the efficiency of radio resources is a pressing problem. The cognitive radio technology brings a new idea for solving this problem. Its basic idea is to make wireless terminals have the abilities of detecting 'spectrum holes' and making full use of them. This technology can be used to manage the valuable radio resources in a more flexible way, but for its practical use, some crucial technical problems still need to be solved, including spectrum detection, adaptive bandwidth allocation and spectrum management technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 60832009.
文摘Based on spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum allocation and reconfiguration technologies in Cognitive Radio (CR), this paper fully considers the matching issues between short-term spectrum characteristic and service characteristic. In the communication process, the network-side selects switch terminals to initiate handover command to solve problems due to limited capacity of the system, such as overload and new session decline, improving the success rate of switching on the premise of ensuring user’s QoS, reducing blocking probability with more session admission, eliminating overload, increasing system throughput, and improving the whole system performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60772110.
文摘As a smart spectrum sharing technology, Cognitive Radio (CR) is becoming a hot topic in the field of wireless telecommunications. Besides providing traditional services, the cognitive radio network Media Access Control (MAC) layer is required to perform an entirely new set of functions for effective reusing spectrum opportunity, without causing any harmful interference to incumbents. Spectrum sensing management selects and optimizes sensing strategies and parameters by the selection of sensing mode, sensing period, sensing time, sensing channel, and sensing quiet period. Access control avoids collision with primary users mainly by cooperation access and transparent access. Dynamic spectrum allocation optimizes the allocation of uncertain spectrum for binary interference model and accumulative interference model. Security mechanism adds authentication and encryption mechanisms to MAC frame to defense MAC layer security attacks. Cross-layer design combines MAC layer information with physical layer or higher layers information, such as network layer, transmission layer, to achieve global optimization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60632030the E3 Project(FP7-ICT-2007-216248) with in Community’s Seventh Framework Program.
文摘The End-to-End Reconfigurability (E2R) project aims at realizing the convergence of the heterogeneous radio networks and the optimal utilization of the radio resources. With the continuous development of E2R technology and cognitive theory, the evolution from existing radio networks to future reconfigurable radio networks with the cognitive ability becomes possible. Nowadays the research aspects of E2R include the system architecture of reconfigurable radio networks and some key technologies for their evolution.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023JBZX029)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61931001 and 62202035)the S&T Program of Hebei,China(SZX2020034)。
文摘As the communication needs in the smart distribution grid continue to rise,using existing resources to meet this growing demand poses a significant challenge.This paper researches on spectrum allocation strategies utilizing cognitive radio(CR)technology.We consider a model containing strong time-sensitive and regular communication service requirements such as distribution terminal communication services,which can be seen as a user with primary data(PD)and weak time-sensitive services such as power quality monitoring,which can be seen as a user with secondary data(SD).To fit the diversity of services in smart distribution grids(SDGs),we formulate an optimization problem with two indicators,including the sum of SD transmission rates and the maximum latency of them.Then,we analyze the two convex sub-problems and utilize convex optimization methods to obtain the optimal power and frequency bandwidth allocation for the users with SD.The simulation results indicate that,when the available transmission power of SD is low,Maximization of Transmission Sum Rate(MTSR)achieves lower maximum transmit time.Conversely,when the available transmission power is high,the performance of Minimization of the Maximum Latency(MML)is better,compared with MTSR.
文摘Using disordered multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression method,385 copies of questionnaires on farmer are analyzed to explore the relationship between peasant's psychological traits,peasant's cognition on seed technology and perception on supplydemand matching of new variety.Research results show that the vast majority of farmers think that current new variety is at high-level supplydemand balance and the oversupply status,and updating speed of new variety on the market is faster;the farmers preferring risk,seeking innovation and having strong learning and cognition ability may select high-level supply-demand matching state,and the farmers understanding the importance and difference of seed technology tend to choose high-level supply-demand matching situation;the farmers with strong learning and cognition ability can acknowledge the importance and difference of seed technology,while the farmers preferring risk can perceive the difference of seed technology;psychology seeking the innovation and learning and cognition ability affect the farmer's perception on supplydemand matching status of new variety via affecting the farmer's cognition on technical difference.