The paper is entitled“Coinage in Akan Among Senior High School Students”.It aims to investigate coinage used by senior high school students.This paper also investigates other word formation processes involved in coi...The paper is entitled“Coinage in Akan Among Senior High School Students”.It aims to investigate coinage used by senior high school students.This paper also investigates other word formation processes involved in coined words and the reasons why the students use them in their everyday conversation.The collected data from direct elicitation and interviews were categorized into the types of coined words and analyzed in terms of their formation processes by using a method of analysis based on theories as proposed by Yule(1985),Potter(1975),O’Grady and Guzman(1996),and Gerber(1968).The findings show that there are 10 groups of word formation processes in this study.This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the findings of a sociolinguistic survey geared towards coinage as used by students of both Osei Tutu Senior High School and Bisease Community/Senior High School speech communities.It is also imperative to state that these two schools are located in typical Akan speaking communities.Osei Tutu Senior High School,situated in Akropong,in the Ashanti region of Ghana,is a single sex school(boys’school)and Bisease Community/Senior High School on the other hand is situated in Ajumako-Bisease in the central region.The latter is a mixed school.展开更多
The present work aims to demonstrate the capabilities of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)coupled with a multivariate technique for rapid quantification and classification of old Indian coins made of various ...The present work aims to demonstrate the capabilities of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)coupled with a multivariate technique for rapid quantification and classification of old Indian coins made of various alloys.Thirteen old Indian coins in different years of circulation,(1922–1986)were selected for the study.The concentrations were determined by Calibration free LIBS(CF-LIBS)method.The concentration of cuprum(Cu)is negligible,and aluminum(Al)is maximum in the first five coins,and vice-versa in the remaining eight coins.Two different multivariate methods,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy(SIMCA)have been used to classify and identify the coins.PCA classified all thirteen samples into four main alloy categories.The discernment of unknown samples to their probable class membership of alloy was performed using SIMCA.The surface hardness(Brinell hardness number)is linearly correlated with the plasma temperature and LIBS intensity ratios.The sample surface of the first and fifth coin belongs to Al-alloy,having the least surface hardness,and it became harder for Cu–Ni alloy,Ni-brass alloy,and bronze alloy.The hardness of the surface is more for bronze sample twelve.It is also observed that the plasma temperature increases monotonically with the Brinell hardness number.This analysis provides valuable information on fabrication methodology and explains large diversification in the elementary composition of old coins.展开更多
As prior researchers have suggested,a firm’s success in an international market depends on how well its strategy fits the nonmarket environment,such as formal institutions.This paper examines the determinants of form...As prior researchers have suggested,a firm’s success in an international market depends on how well its strategy fits the nonmarket environment,such as formal institutions.This paper examines the determinants of formal institutions around new areas of economic activities.Specifically,we propose a framework for understanding how the quality of formal institutions in promoting entrepreneurship drives the focus of such institutions concerning initial coin offering(ICO),which is emerging as a popular fundraising method.The paper uses inductive analysis to examine how nonmarket factors—such as a jurisdiction’s tax haven nature,regulators’perceptions of ICOs as threats to national or political interests,and trade and industry associations—might moderate the relationship between the quality of institutions and the focus of such institutions regarding ICOs.One of this study’s key findings is that an economy’s quality of entrepreneurship-related institutions,perceived threats to national/political interests,and tax haven nature lead to different policy orientations.Consequently,regulators assign different importance when promoting crypto-entrepreneurship and dealing with associated risks.Regulators focusing mainly on promoting crypto-ventures have taken measures to enrich the blockchain ecosystem and provided tax and non-tax incentives to attract such ventures.Regulators focusing mainly on dealing with crypto-venture risks rely on a regulatory sandbox and close regulatory monitoring of such ventures.展开更多
Coin flipping by telephone protocol(CFP) is utilized in a system to exchange a binary sequence at random between two person apart far from each other. However, CFP cannot he used in a system with many users like in ...Coin flipping by telephone protocol(CFP) is utilized in a system to exchange a binary sequence at random between two person apart far from each other. However, CFP cannot he used in a system with many users like in a group environment system. A transmutation of CFP named T-CFP is proposed in this paper. The precondition of T-CFP is the system's user trusts the system center and center's cheating is meaningless at the same time. The significant difference between CFP and T-CFP is that CFP supports only two users while T-CFP can support many users to exchange special information. The security and efficiency of T-CFP are discussed with a detailed example on T-CFP utilization is demonstrated in this paper.展开更多
The paper relies on the language management model. First of all, the thousands of new words coined each year in China can be roughly divided into eight groups. Besides, it exemplifies the problems that have occurred i...The paper relies on the language management model. First of all, the thousands of new words coined each year in China can be roughly divided into eight groups. Besides, it exemplifies the problems that have occurred in communication. Last but not least, to reflect language management acts/processes, it reports the efforts the language authorities and governmental bodies have made in the struggle to solve the problems. It attempts to remind the language management agencies of the point that for the use of new words, the language users are always right as long as communication flows without problems in understanding.展开更多
In natural environment, tarnish was observed on the surface of historic and contemporary gold coins in several countries. Few years after the emergence of panda gold coins, several red spots were appeared on the surfa...In natural environment, tarnish was observed on the surface of historic and contemporary gold coins in several countries. Few years after the emergence of panda gold coins, several red spots were appeared on the surface. To identify the stains and to examine the spots, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used. It was found by microscopic observation that the stain has a dark blue central area surrounded by a large area with a nuance of colors from brown to red. Red spots usually contain holes in the center, which are distributed along the forging stress zones formed in the struck process. From the surface analyses using EMPA, sulfur and silver are detected besides gold, and the contents of Ag and S at the tarnish part are higher than those at the other part. Furthermore, distributions of Ag and S are correlated with the morphology of stains. XPS shows that components of stains are Ag2S and Ag2SO4 and the former is much predominant. These results are confirmed using XRD analysis. Accelerated tarnish test of gold in an atmosphere containing sulfur compound proves that the similar phenomenon appears when a small amount of silver is present on the surface of gold. It can be concluded that the occurrence of tarnish stains is caused by the presence of Ag and S.展开更多
Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according...Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according to the results. Group 1 represents the coins minted before AD 1 728 and group 2 represents the coins minted after AD 1 728. At concentration range (0.00%–5.13%), the distribution of lead is not homogeneous in the coins, and the largest diameter of lead inclusion is less than 15 μm. The official fineness degrade is supported. Key words archaeometry - Yongzheng coins - dating - SEM-EDS CLC number O 69 - K 854.2 Foundation item: Supported by the Project of Instrument Upgraded of Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaBiography: Lei Jun-feng (1975-), male, Ph. D, research direction: numismatic archaeology and instrument analysis.展开更多
Recent literature has addressed initial coin offering(ICO)projects,which are an innovative form of venture financing through cryptocurrencies using blockchain technology.Many features of ICOs remain unexplored,leaving...Recent literature has addressed initial coin offering(ICO)projects,which are an innovative form of venture financing through cryptocurrencies using blockchain technology.Many features of ICOs remain unexplored,leaving much room for additional research,including the success factors of ICO projects.We investigate the success of ICO projects,with our main purpose being to identify factors that influence a project’s outcome.Following a literature review,from which several potential variables were collected,we used a database comprising 428 ICO projects in the banking/financial sector to regress several econometric models.We confirmed the impacts of several variables and obtained particularly valuable results concerning project and campaign variables.We confirmed the importance of a well-structured and informative white-paper.The proximity to certain markets with high availability of financial and human capital is also an important determinant of the success of an ICO.We also confirm the strong dependency on cryptocurrency and the impact of cryptocurrency valuations on the success of a project.Furthermore,we confirm the importance of social media in ICO projects,as well as the importance of human capital characteristics.Our research contributes to the ICO literature by capturing most of the success factors previously identified and testing their impacts based on a large database.The current research contributes to the building of systems theory and signaling theory by adapting their frameworks to the ICO environment.Our results are also important for regulators,as ICOs are mainly unregulated and have vast future potential,and for investors,who can benefit from our analysis and use it in their due diligence.展开更多
On 26^th Feb. 2014, the biggest Bitcoin trading platform all over the world was offline. It was bankrupt due to data theft. Global Bitcoin players got into a panic. Is Bitcoinpromising? Below I will analyze this ques...On 26^th Feb. 2014, the biggest Bitcoin trading platform all over the world was offline. It was bankrupt due to data theft. Global Bitcoin players got into a panic. Is Bitcoinpromising? Below I will analyze this question on several aspects, which are Bitcoins' traits, demerits, and contrasts.展开更多
Cancer and neurodegeneration include a group of diseases that are mechanistically distinct but may share common therapeutic targets.Autophagy is a common quality control mechanism shared by mitotic and post-mitotic ce...Cancer and neurodegeneration include a group of diseases that are mechanistically distinct but may share common therapeutic targets.Autophagy is a common quality control mechanism shared by mitotic and post-mitotic cells and it can be exploited to accelerate clearance of unwanted oncogenes and reduce accumulation of toxic proteins in cancer and neurodegeneration,respectively.Tyrosine kinase inhibition is a therapeutically relevant strategy that can induce autophagy, leading to normal cell survival. This article provides insights into how tyrosine kinase inhibition is clinically used to arrest mitotic cell division and tumor growth, and may promote survival of post-mitotic neurons in neurodegeneration.展开更多
Bitcoin transactions are pseudo-anonymous,which can be exploited to reveal a user’s private information.To eliminate this threat,this paper presents FairMixer,a highly secure and efficient Bitcoin mixing system using...Bitcoin transactions are pseudo-anonymous,which can be exploited to reveal a user’s private information.To eliminate this threat,this paper presents FairMixer,a highly secure and efficient Bitcoin mixing system using the trusted execution environments(TEEs).With the TEE’s confidentiality and integrity guarantees for code and data,FairMixer enables a correct and privacy-preserving mixing process.However,a TEE-based implementation cannot prevent the manipulation of inputs to the mixer,such as mixing request submissions and blockchain feeds.Against this background,FairMixer captures users’ mixing requests via Bitcoin transactions for deterring a malicious service provider from dropping benign participants.To constrain misbehavior during a mixing mission,a misconduct monitoring mechanism and a penalty mechanism are introduced.The proposed scheme is fully compatible with Bitcoin and forces mixes to be accountable.Finally,a prototype of FairMixer is provided using Intel Software Guard Extensions(SGX) and its performance is evaluated in the Bitcoin Testnet.FairMixer mixes 700 inputs in just 8.39 s,which outperforms most existing decentralized mixers.展开更多
Mixed-model U-shaped assembly line balancing problems (MMUALBP) is known to be NP-hard resulting in it being nearly impossible to obtain an optimal solution for practical problems with deterministic algorithms. This p...Mixed-model U-shaped assembly line balancing problems (MMUALBP) is known to be NP-hard resulting in it being nearly impossible to obtain an optimal solution for practical problems with deterministic algorithms. This paper pre-sents a new evolutionary method called combinatorial optimisation with coincidence algorithm (COIN) being applied to Type I problems of MMUALBP in a just-in-time production system. Three objectives are simultaneously considered;minimum number workstations, minimum work relatedness, and minimum workload smoothness. The variances of COIN are also proposed, i.e. CNSGA II, and COIN-MA. COIN and its variances are tested against a well-known algo-rithm namely non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) and MNSGA II (a memetic version of NSGA II). Experimental results showed that COIN outperformed NSGA II. In addition, although COIN-MA uses a marginal CPU time than CNSGA II, its other performances are dominated.展开更多
We investigated discrete-time quantum walks with an arbitary unitary coin.Here we discover that the average position x=max(x) sin(α+γ),while the initial state is 1/2~(1/2)(|0L+i|0R).We verify the result...We investigated discrete-time quantum walks with an arbitary unitary coin.Here we discover that the average position x=max(x) sin(α+γ),while the initial state is 1/2~(1/2)(|0L+i|0R).We verify the result,and obtain some symmetry properties of quantum walks with a U(2) coin with |0L and |0R as the initial state.展开更多
Introduction: Esophageal foreign bodies are important and serious cause of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults, usually as a result of serious complications, such as perforation, necrosis, mediastiniti...Introduction: Esophageal foreign bodies are important and serious cause of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults, usually as a result of serious complications, such as perforation, necrosis, mediastinitis, and fistulation. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis with subsequent removal is very important. Clinical Case: We present and discuss the presentation, diagnosis and surgical management of a 6-year-old with a 2-year history of ingested coin locked in the oesophagus. Discussion: Diagnosis was established by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, barium swallow and chest x-ray. The coin was removed by open surgery via oesophagotomy through right thoracotomy after failed retrieval via rigid oesophagoscopy. Conclusion: Surgical treatment in the form of esophagotomy via thoracotomy may be necessary in some cases of impacted foreign bodies in the esophagus where endoscopic removal is unsuccessful.展开更多
We numerically study the effect of the quantum coins on the two-particle quantum walks on an infinite line. Both non-interacting and interacting particles are considered. The joint probability as well as the bunching ...We numerically study the effect of the quantum coins on the two-particle quantum walks on an infinite line. Both non-interacting and interacting particles are considered. The joint probability as well as the bunching or anti- bunching behavior are greatly affected by the phase factors in the coin operation. Further, the spatial correlation can be maximized by choosing appropriate coin parameters. The entanglement between the two particles can be adjusted in the same manner.展开更多
文摘The paper is entitled“Coinage in Akan Among Senior High School Students”.It aims to investigate coinage used by senior high school students.This paper also investigates other word formation processes involved in coined words and the reasons why the students use them in their everyday conversation.The collected data from direct elicitation and interviews were categorized into the types of coined words and analyzed in terms of their formation processes by using a method of analysis based on theories as proposed by Yule(1985),Potter(1975),O’Grady and Guzman(1996),and Gerber(1968).The findings show that there are 10 groups of word formation processes in this study.This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the findings of a sociolinguistic survey geared towards coinage as used by students of both Osei Tutu Senior High School and Bisease Community/Senior High School speech communities.It is also imperative to state that these two schools are located in typical Akan speaking communities.Osei Tutu Senior High School,situated in Akropong,in the Ashanti region of Ghana,is a single sex school(boys’school)and Bisease Community/Senior High School on the other hand is situated in Ajumako-Bisease in the central region.The latter is a mixed school.
文摘The present work aims to demonstrate the capabilities of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)coupled with a multivariate technique for rapid quantification and classification of old Indian coins made of various alloys.Thirteen old Indian coins in different years of circulation,(1922–1986)were selected for the study.The concentrations were determined by Calibration free LIBS(CF-LIBS)method.The concentration of cuprum(Cu)is negligible,and aluminum(Al)is maximum in the first five coins,and vice-versa in the remaining eight coins.Two different multivariate methods,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy(SIMCA)have been used to classify and identify the coins.PCA classified all thirteen samples into four main alloy categories.The discernment of unknown samples to their probable class membership of alloy was performed using SIMCA.The surface hardness(Brinell hardness number)is linearly correlated with the plasma temperature and LIBS intensity ratios.The sample surface of the first and fifth coin belongs to Al-alloy,having the least surface hardness,and it became harder for Cu–Ni alloy,Ni-brass alloy,and bronze alloy.The hardness of the surface is more for bronze sample twelve.It is also observed that the plasma temperature increases monotonically with the Brinell hardness number.This analysis provides valuable information on fabrication methodology and explains large diversification in the elementary composition of old coins.
文摘As prior researchers have suggested,a firm’s success in an international market depends on how well its strategy fits the nonmarket environment,such as formal institutions.This paper examines the determinants of formal institutions around new areas of economic activities.Specifically,we propose a framework for understanding how the quality of formal institutions in promoting entrepreneurship drives the focus of such institutions concerning initial coin offering(ICO),which is emerging as a popular fundraising method.The paper uses inductive analysis to examine how nonmarket factors—such as a jurisdiction’s tax haven nature,regulators’perceptions of ICOs as threats to national or political interests,and trade and industry associations—might moderate the relationship between the quality of institutions and the focus of such institutions regarding ICOs.One of this study’s key findings is that an economy’s quality of entrepreneurship-related institutions,perceived threats to national/political interests,and tax haven nature lead to different policy orientations.Consequently,regulators assign different importance when promoting crypto-entrepreneurship and dealing with associated risks.Regulators focusing mainly on promoting crypto-ventures have taken measures to enrich the blockchain ecosystem and provided tax and non-tax incentives to attract such ventures.Regulators focusing mainly on dealing with crypto-venture risks rely on a regulatory sandbox and close regulatory monitoring of such ventures.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(60473072)
文摘Coin flipping by telephone protocol(CFP) is utilized in a system to exchange a binary sequence at random between two person apart far from each other. However, CFP cannot he used in a system with many users like in a group environment system. A transmutation of CFP named T-CFP is proposed in this paper. The precondition of T-CFP is the system's user trusts the system center and center's cheating is meaningless at the same time. The significant difference between CFP and T-CFP is that CFP supports only two users while T-CFP can support many users to exchange special information. The security and efficiency of T-CFP are discussed with a detailed example on T-CFP utilization is demonstrated in this paper.
文摘The paper relies on the language management model. First of all, the thousands of new words coined each year in China can be roughly divided into eight groups. Besides, it exemplifies the problems that have occurred in communication. Last but not least, to reflect language management acts/processes, it reports the efforts the language authorities and governmental bodies have made in the struggle to solve the problems. It attempts to remind the language management agencies of the point that for the use of new words, the language users are always right as long as communication flows without problems in understanding.
文摘In natural environment, tarnish was observed on the surface of historic and contemporary gold coins in several countries. Few years after the emergence of panda gold coins, several red spots were appeared on the surface. To identify the stains and to examine the spots, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used. It was found by microscopic observation that the stain has a dark blue central area surrounded by a large area with a nuance of colors from brown to red. Red spots usually contain holes in the center, which are distributed along the forging stress zones formed in the struck process. From the surface analyses using EMPA, sulfur and silver are detected besides gold, and the contents of Ag and S at the tarnish part are higher than those at the other part. Furthermore, distributions of Ag and S are correlated with the morphology of stains. XPS shows that components of stains are Ag2S and Ag2SO4 and the former is much predominant. These results are confirmed using XRD analysis. Accelerated tarnish test of gold in an atmosphere containing sulfur compound proves that the similar phenomenon appears when a small amount of silver is present on the surface of gold. It can be concluded that the occurrence of tarnish stains is caused by the presence of Ag and S.
文摘Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according to the results. Group 1 represents the coins minted before AD 1 728 and group 2 represents the coins minted after AD 1 728. At concentration range (0.00%–5.13%), the distribution of lead is not homogeneous in the coins, and the largest diameter of lead inclusion is less than 15 μm. The official fineness degrade is supported. Key words archaeometry - Yongzheng coins - dating - SEM-EDS CLC number O 69 - K 854.2 Foundation item: Supported by the Project of Instrument Upgraded of Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaBiography: Lei Jun-feng (1975-), male, Ph. D, research direction: numismatic archaeology and instrument analysis.
基金supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,grant UIDB/00315/2020.
文摘Recent literature has addressed initial coin offering(ICO)projects,which are an innovative form of venture financing through cryptocurrencies using blockchain technology.Many features of ICOs remain unexplored,leaving much room for additional research,including the success factors of ICO projects.We investigate the success of ICO projects,with our main purpose being to identify factors that influence a project’s outcome.Following a literature review,from which several potential variables were collected,we used a database comprising 428 ICO projects in the banking/financial sector to regress several econometric models.We confirmed the impacts of several variables and obtained particularly valuable results concerning project and campaign variables.We confirmed the importance of a well-structured and informative white-paper.The proximity to certain markets with high availability of financial and human capital is also an important determinant of the success of an ICO.We also confirm the strong dependency on cryptocurrency and the impact of cryptocurrency valuations on the success of a project.Furthermore,we confirm the importance of social media in ICO projects,as well as the importance of human capital characteristics.Our research contributes to the ICO literature by capturing most of the success factors previously identified and testing their impacts based on a large database.The current research contributes to the building of systems theory and signaling theory by adapting their frameworks to the ICO environment.Our results are also important for regulators,as ICOs are mainly unregulated and have vast future potential,and for investors,who can benefit from our analysis and use it in their due diligence.
文摘On 26^th Feb. 2014, the biggest Bitcoin trading platform all over the world was offline. It was bankrupt due to data theft. Global Bitcoin players got into a panic. Is Bitcoinpromising? Below I will analyze this question on several aspects, which are Bitcoins' traits, demerits, and contrasts.
基金supported by Georgetown University funding to CEHM
文摘Cancer and neurodegeneration include a group of diseases that are mechanistically distinct but may share common therapeutic targets.Autophagy is a common quality control mechanism shared by mitotic and post-mitotic cells and it can be exploited to accelerate clearance of unwanted oncogenes and reduce accumulation of toxic proteins in cancer and neurodegeneration,respectively.Tyrosine kinase inhibition is a therapeutically relevant strategy that can induce autophagy, leading to normal cell survival. This article provides insights into how tyrosine kinase inhibition is clinically used to arrest mitotic cell division and tumor growth, and may promote survival of post-mitotic neurons in neurodegeneration.
基金Supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China (No.2018YFB0904503)。
文摘Bitcoin transactions are pseudo-anonymous,which can be exploited to reveal a user’s private information.To eliminate this threat,this paper presents FairMixer,a highly secure and efficient Bitcoin mixing system using the trusted execution environments(TEEs).With the TEE’s confidentiality and integrity guarantees for code and data,FairMixer enables a correct and privacy-preserving mixing process.However,a TEE-based implementation cannot prevent the manipulation of inputs to the mixer,such as mixing request submissions and blockchain feeds.Against this background,FairMixer captures users’ mixing requests via Bitcoin transactions for deterring a malicious service provider from dropping benign participants.To constrain misbehavior during a mixing mission,a misconduct monitoring mechanism and a penalty mechanism are introduced.The proposed scheme is fully compatible with Bitcoin and forces mixes to be accountable.Finally,a prototype of FairMixer is provided using Intel Software Guard Extensions(SGX) and its performance is evaluated in the Bitcoin Testnet.FairMixer mixes 700 inputs in just 8.39 s,which outperforms most existing decentralized mixers.
文摘Mixed-model U-shaped assembly line balancing problems (MMUALBP) is known to be NP-hard resulting in it being nearly impossible to obtain an optimal solution for practical problems with deterministic algorithms. This paper pre-sents a new evolutionary method called combinatorial optimisation with coincidence algorithm (COIN) being applied to Type I problems of MMUALBP in a just-in-time production system. Three objectives are simultaneously considered;minimum number workstations, minimum work relatedness, and minimum workload smoothness. The variances of COIN are also proposed, i.e. CNSGA II, and COIN-MA. COIN and its variances are tested against a well-known algo-rithm namely non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) and MNSGA II (a memetic version of NSGA II). Experimental results showed that COIN outperformed NSGA II. In addition, although COIN-MA uses a marginal CPU time than CNSGA II, its other performances are dominated.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10974192 and 61275122)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos. 2011CB921200 and 2011CBA00200)K. C. Wong Education Foundation and the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘We investigated discrete-time quantum walks with an arbitary unitary coin.Here we discover that the average position x=max(x) sin(α+γ),while the initial state is 1/2~(1/2)(|0L+i|0R).We verify the result,and obtain some symmetry properties of quantum walks with a U(2) coin with |0L and |0R as the initial state.
文摘Introduction: Esophageal foreign bodies are important and serious cause of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults, usually as a result of serious complications, such as perforation, necrosis, mediastinitis, and fistulation. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis with subsequent removal is very important. Clinical Case: We present and discuss the presentation, diagnosis and surgical management of a 6-year-old with a 2-year history of ingested coin locked in the oesophagus. Discussion: Diagnosis was established by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, barium swallow and chest x-ray. The coin was removed by open surgery via oesophagotomy through right thoracotomy after failed retrieval via rigid oesophagoscopy. Conclusion: Surgical treatment in the form of esophagotomy via thoracotomy may be necessary in some cases of impacted foreign bodies in the esophagus where endoscopic removal is unsuccessful.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11104128,61205119 and 41206084the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi-Provincial Office of Education under Grant No GJJ13485the Doctor Start-up Foundation of Nanchang Hangkong University under Grant No EA201008229
文摘We numerically study the effect of the quantum coins on the two-particle quantum walks on an infinite line. Both non-interacting and interacting particles are considered. The joint probability as well as the bunching or anti- bunching behavior are greatly affected by the phase factors in the coin operation. Further, the spatial correlation can be maximized by choosing appropriate coin parameters. The entanglement between the two particles can be adjusted in the same manner.