Change in Urban Wetlands and Their Cold Island Effects in Response to Rapid Urbanization

The cold-island effect of urban wetlands has received increasing attention in recent years due to its important role in the alleviation of urban heat islands.Hangzhou,a representative rapidly urbanizing city with rich wetlands in China,was selected as a case study for researching the changes that the urban wetlands have undergone and their impact on the urban thermal environment.Land surface temperature(LST) was acquired from the thermal infrared data of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper(TM) images in 1990,1995,2000,2006,and 2010,using the single-channel method.The results are as follows:1) considering the changes in land use,the urban wetlands located to the west of Hangzhou have decreased significantly during 1990–2010 because of rapid urbanization.In the Xixi Wetland,the change in land use was relatively small and most of the water body and vegetation were preserved.However,to the east of the Xixi Wetland,large areas of water body and vegetation have been replaced by built-up land as a result of the urbanization process;2) considering the change in LST,it was found from land surface temperature retrieval that the changing spatial pattern of the thermal field was highly correlated with land use changes.Low temperature regions of the eastern Xixi Wetland were gradually eroded by high temperature regions,and the centroid of the heat island in East Xixi was found to be constantly shifting westward.In addition,the difference in LST between the Xixi Wetland and East Xixi has increased;3) considering the impact factors for this area,land use structure and patch shape were found to have a significant impact on LST,shown by the results of multiple linear stepwise regressions.Increasing the size of the wetlands in urban planning is considered to be the most effective measure in alleviating the urban heat island effect.Moreover,reducing the spatial complexity of landscape patches also contributes to the alleviation of the urban heat island effect.

Therapeutic Actions of the Chinese Herbal Formulae with Cold and Heat Properties and Their Effects on Ultrastructures of Synoviocytes in Rats of the Collagen-Induced Arthritis

The therapeutic actions of Qing Luo Yin (QLY清络饮) with heat property and Wen Luo Yin (WLY温络饮) with cold property on pain, swelling of the ankle, arthritis index and ultrastructures of synoviocytes were compared in rats of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), with tripterygium glycosidorum (TG) used as control. The results indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce pain, swelling of the ankle and the arthritis index of CIA, and QLY had better effects in reducing the swelling of the ankle and controlling the secondary pathological lesions as compared with WLY. Investigation on the ultrastructures of synoviocytes indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce the number of Golgi apparatus, rough surface endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies, matrix filaments and vacuoles so as to suppress the excessive secretion of synoviocytes in rats of CIA.

COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION ON ACPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS WITH DZHUī (大椎GV14) IN COMMON COLD PATIENTS WITH HIGH FEVER

Objective To probe into the effective acupuncture treatment for high fever and other clinical relevant symptoms in common cold. Methods Based on randoming and multi-central clinical trial principle, the included 276 cases were randomized into experimental group （138 cases） and control group （138 cases） in statistics. Electric acupuncture on Dazhui（大椎 GV14） was applied in experimental group and the injection with antondine was in control group. The immediate antipyretic and clinical therapeutic effects were observed in 24 h. Results The body temperatures at different times in experimental group were all lower than those in control group after treatment （P〈 0.01 ）. The scores of relevant symptoms in 3- 24 h after treatment were lower than those in control group （P〈0.05）. The response time （1.42± 1.79） h in experimental group was shorter than that （3.44±5.10） h in control group （P〈0.05）. The response times for chills, soreness of limbs, headach and sweating in experimental group were shorter than those in control group （P〈0. 01 ）. The recovery times for chills and headache in experimental group were shorter than those in control group （P〈0.05）. The systematic therapeutic effects were different significantly between two groups in 24 h （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Acupuncture on Dazhui（大椎 GV14） had achieved definite effects on treatment for high fever in common cold. It released remarkably chills, soreness of limbs, headache and sweating and improved the systematic therapeutic effects on common cold.

Oasis cold island effect and its influence on air temperature: a case study of Tarim Basin, Northwest China

Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold island effect （OCIE） intensity, spatial-temporal variation of OCIE, factors influencing the OCIE and impacts of OCIE on air temperature using geographical statistics and GIS methods based on the MODIS land surface temperature, land use/cover change （LUCC） and observed air temperature data. Results showed that all the oases in the Tarim Basin exhibited cold island effects, with the OCIE intensity highest in summer （-9.08℃）, followed by autumn （-4.24℃） and spring （-3.85℃）. The total area of oasis cold island （OCI） and the comprehensive OCIE index showed the same seasonal change trend as the OCIE intensity. However, the changing trends in areas of OCI with strong, medium and weak OCIEs were inconsistent across different seasons. Farmland and water areas were found to be the key contributors that affected the OCIE, and the area and aggregation metrics of these two land use/cover types directly contributed to the OCIE. By contrast, natural vegetation, such as forest and grassland, almost had no contribution to the OCIE. Simulation of observed air temperature data showed that if farmland is replaced by forest or grassland in the oasis, the mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures will increase significantly. This heating effect will be higher in summer （reaching 1.14℃ to 2.08℃） and lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the heating effect of farmland being replaced by forest will be higher than that of farmland being replaced by grassland. These results can provide a basis for understanding the cold island effect of oases in arid regions.

Dick Effect in the Integrating Sphere Cold Atom Clock

The Dick effect is an important factor limiting the frequency stability of sequentially-operating atomic frequency standards. Here we study the impact of the Dick effect in the integrating sphere cold atom clock （ISCAC）. To reduce the impact of the Dick effect, a 5 MHz local oscillator with ultra-low phase noise is selected and a new microwave synthesizer is built in-house. Consequently, the phase noise of microwave signal is optimized. The contribution of the Dick effect is reduced to 2.5× 10^-13τ-1/2 （3- is the integrating time）. The frequency stability of 4.6 × 10-13τ-1/2 is achieved. The development of this optimization can promote the space applications of the compact ISCA C.

Effect of seed soaked with urea solution on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings

In the Yangtze river aera,the first crop of indi-ca rice is sown in late Mar to early Apr andtransplanted in early May.Usually,seedlingsperish when abnormal low temperature of 6-10℃ lasted for 3 d or longer.The effect ofsocking seed with urea solution on increasingthe cold tolerance at the seedling stage was

Effects of Forest Filtering and Cold Trapping on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Distribution in Southeast Tibet

New pollutants in remote regions have become a global issue of concern.This study collected soil,lichen,moss,and air samples from the high mountain area of southeastern Tibet to analyze the altitude pollution distribution of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and the related influencing factors.The results revealed that the average levels ofΣ6PAH in soil,moss,lichen,and air samples were 46.8 ng/g dry weight(dw),140.6 ng/g dw,712.0 ng/g dw,and 60.1 ng/m^(3),respectively.Naphthalene and phenanthrene were the most abundant individual isomers,and 2–4 rings PAHs accounted for approximately 90%of the totalΣPAH concentration in the samples.Source apportionment analysis highlighted the impact of atmospheric PAH inputs on this region.Octanol/air distribution factor(K_(oa)),altitude,plant coverage,and soil organic matter were the key determinants of PAH concentration along the altitudinal gradient.Across all the soil sampling sites,the average contribution of the forest filter effect(FFE)was greater than that of the mountain cold trapping effect based on the principal component analysis and multiple linear regression.The findings of this study strengthened the reasons for the preferential accumulation of organic pollutants in the high-altitude mountainous area,and provided important insights for effective environmental strategies of new pollutants.

A modified explanation of cold nuclear matter effects on J/ψ production in p+A collisions

A modified explanation of the cold nuclear matter （CNM） effects on J/ψ production in p＋A collisions is presented in this paper. The advantage of the modified explanation is that all the CNM effects implemented in this model have clear physical origins and are mostly centered on the idea of multiple parton scattering. With the CNM effects presented in this paper, we calculated the nuclear modification factor RpA in J/ψ production under different collision energies. The results are compared with the corresponding experiment data and the factors calculated with classic nuclear effects. The factors calculated with CNM effects presented in this paper can accurately reproduce almost all existing J/ψ measurements in p-A collisions, which is much better than results obtained with the factors calculated with classic nuclear effects. The new model is therefore a more suitable approach to explain CNM effects in the hardproduction of quarkonium.

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT WITH PROCESSES FOR EFFECT OF AUSTRALIAN COLD AIR ACTIVITY ON EAST-ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

Based on diagnostic results,a numerical study is made of the processes of Australian cold air activity affecting East Asian summer monsoon by using Kuo-Qian P-σ incorporated coordinate five-layer primitive equation spherical band model.Analysis is done of the response to the Southern Hemisphere circulation with and without cold air activity in Australia of the flow,rainfall and diabatic heating fields in the monsoon area of Asia,especially,East Asia,with special attention to the intensification and northward march of the monsoon due to the activity.It is found that the processes for the effect transmission are very analogous to the meridional propagation of quasi-40-day oscillation,together with the meridional wind disturbance showing south-north travel and the flow/rainfall fields exhibitirg corresponding movement in this direction,only with a 12-day lag.

Expression of Acyl-lipid 12-desaturase Gene in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Its Effect on Cold Stress Tolerance of Potato

We report the expression profile of acyl-lipid △12-desaturase （desA） gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and its effect on cell membrane lipid composition and cold tolerance in prokaryotic （Escherichia coil） and eukaryotic （Solanum tuberosum） cells. For this purpose, a hybrid of desA and reporter gene encoding thermostable lichenase （licBM3） was constructed and used to transform these cells. The expression of this hybrid gene was measured using qualitative （Petri dish test, electrophoregram and zymogram） and quantitative methods （spectrometry and gas liquid chromatography assays）. The maximum level of linoleic acid in the bacterial cells containing hybrid gene was 1.9% of total fatty acids. Cold stress tolerance assays using plant damage index and growth parameters showed that cold tolerance was enhanced in primary transgenic lines because of increased unsaturated fatty acid concentration in their lipids. The greatest content of 18：2 and 18：3 fatty acids in primary transgenic plants was observed for lines 2 （73%） and 3 （41%）. Finally, our results showed that desaturase could enhance tolerance to cold stress in potato, and desaturase and lichenase retain their functionality in the structure of the hybrid protein where the enzymatic activity of target gene product was higher than in the case of reporter lichenase gene absence in the construction.

SIMULATION STUDY OF THE EFFECT ON COLD SURGE OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU AS A HUGE OROGRAPHY

Using a limited-area P-σ incorporated coordinate five-level primitive equation model fed with the ECMWF 5°×5°grid data,a simulation is made of a large-scale cold surge of late December 1982.Results show that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau has no profound thermal but dynamic effect on the East-Asian winter monsoon that forces cold air to go southwards by its east side,exciting Kelvin waves behind the cold front to result in the maximum NE wind.Besides,gravitational waves independent of the Plateau occur ahead of the front advancing towards the south.They may be due to the excitation involved in the front itself. The cold surge is propagated under the Hadley cell,making it strengthened and moved southwards.

THEORETICAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU UPON COLD SURGE

Starting from the linear shallow-water wave equations including in themselves the effect of a large-scale orograpny, two types of gravity wave solutions are derived on the assumption that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau serves as an orography in question inclined from west to east at the same slope. One type contains two solutions of high-frequency inertia-gravitational waves and the other solution of low-frequency topography-excited gravity waves, bearing some similarity to Kelvin mode. Both types are similar, respectively, to the gravity waves of the front of the cold surge during the rapid southward advance, and to the strong velocity center of the surge when it propagates southward slowly along the east brim of the Plateau, as shown by the numerical study. Results indicate that the low-frequency wave vanishes whereas its counterpart remains especially in the absence of the orography. In addition, we find that the propagation of the gravity-wave rays is in the form of a trochoid equation, a result in good agreement with the curved path of the strong velocity center going down the east fringe of the Plateau as shown by the numerical study. And probably a waveguide tube of topographic gravity mode is present in the coastwise area downstream of the orography.

Systematic studies on the nuclear parton distribution with photon and hadron productions in nuclear collisions at the LHC

A systematic study on the impact of widely-used nuclear-modified parton distribution function(nPDF)parameterizations on the production of direct photons and charged hadrons is performed by employing a next-toleading order Monte Carlo event generator JETPHOX in hadronic collisions at LHC energies.The nuclear modification factors of photon and charged hadron productions are studied in three types of collision systems,i.e.,small(p+p and p+Pb),medium(O+O),and large(Pb+Pb),in a wide rapidity acceptance.The results illustrate that the direct photon production process is a sensitive probe to decipher the difference of the nPDF parameterization implementations,which provides new insights for the experimental measurements to refine the nuclear modifications of the parton distributions.To provide a benchmark for searching for quark gluon plasma in the upcoming small system measurements at LHC energies,we carry out detailed studies on the cold nuclear matter effect in(O+O)collisions.Our outcomes show that the cold nuclear matter effects are negligible for the charged hadron production in(O+O)collisions,which can be used as a baseline to subtract the initial state contribution.

SOME NEW UNDERSTANDINGS OF LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES IN ARID AREA FROM THE HEIFE

The survey for the HEIFE(Atmosphere-Land Surface Processes Experiment at Heihe River Basin,Western China)is given in the paper.The following basic subjects for land-surface process- es in arid areas are studied:(1)the general characteristics of the energy budget on ground surface in arid areas;(2)the parameterization of the land surface processes;(3)the interaction between oasis and its desert circumstances,a special phenomenon in arid areas.The analysis shows that the sensible heat flux in the surface energy budget is in the majority,and the latent heat flux may be neglected.The influence of atmospheric stratification stability on the turbulent transfer of energy and substance must be considered in parameterization of land surface processes in arid areas.The “cold island effect”phenomenon in oasis and the“humidity inversion”phenomenon in desert near oasis are the result of the interaction between them.The results would improve the understanding of land surface processes in arid areas.

Drell-Yan dilepton production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC

We investigate the lepton pair production with the Drell-Yan process in relativistic heavy ion collisions by computing the double differential cross section dσ/dM2dy and dσ/dM2dxF at the next-to-leading order in p＋Au and Au＋Au collisions with √SNN = 200 GeV at RHIC. The resulting nuclear modification factors RpAu and RAuAu show strong sensitivity to the cold nuclear matter （CNM） effects and could probe the CNM effects at a very wide region of the longitudinal momentum fraction x. The variation of R with the invariant mass M, the rapidity y and the Feynman variable XF is shown and we find that the nuclear modification factor for the double differential cross section could be smaller than 0.4 in some kinematic regions of high-energy nucleus-nucleus reactions at RHIC.