Construction and realization of the knowledge base and inference engine of an IDSS model for air-conditioning cooling/heating sources selection

The knowledge representation mode and inference control strategy were analyzed according to the specialties of air-conditioning cooling/heating sources selection. The constructing idea and working procedure for knowledge base and inference engine were proposed while the realization technique of the C language was discussed. An intelligent decision support system (IDSS) model based on such knowledge representation and inference mechanism was developed by domain engineers. The model was verified to have a small kernel and powerful capability in list processing and data driving, which was successfully used in the design of a cooling/heating sources system for a large-sized office building.

Thermal partition of two asymmetric discrete heat sources by cold air curtain

A partition solution implemented by a cold air curtain for two asymmetric discrete heat sources in a twodimensional rectangular enclosure was numerically studied. Main attentions were focused on the effects of Reynolds number, Grashof number, separation distance between heat sources, and buoyancy ratio. It is found that the airflow and heat transfer are not only determined by governing parameters, but also affected by boundary conditions. It is also found that nearly symmetry of flow structure corresponds to nearly thermal partition, and the symmetry can be enhanced when Reynolds number, separation distance and buoyancy ratio increase. In addition, it is observed that there is a minimum Reynolds number for obtaining nearly thermal partition, which increases when Grashof number increases.

Optimization of Selecting Air Conditioning Cold/Heat Sources with Grey Relation Analysis

Selection of air conditioning（AC） cold/heat sources generally concerns about certain aspects and cannot reveal the whole profile of the problems. Grey relation analysis （GRA） is a data processing method to categorize the correlation extent of compared sequences and a certain reference sequence in a system with uncertain information. It is applied to evaluating and selecting AC cold/heat sources from four main aspects, which are technology, economy, reliability, and operation and management. Case study shows that the result for selecting AC cold/heat sources with the GRA method can be more reasonable and convincible. Thus it offers a new approach for designers in heating, ventilating and air conditioning field to compare and evaluate different AC cold/heat sou rces.

Study on Wheat Cold Source and Its Characters

On the basis of tests and studies for many years, wheat cold source has been discovered in natural world. It is a donor material supplying a low temperature and causing stronger cooling effect, that is, the canopy temperature of its progeny can be descended universally and some non-cold type acceptor wheat can turn into cold type wheat having good metabolic functions under the condition of that acceptor wheat accepts the gamete of donor wheat supplying a low temperature. Contrast between wheat cold source and general wheat having no the ability of supplying a low temperature shows that second heat source temperature and plant temperature of wheat cold source not only are lower than those of general wheat but its root vigor, rate of awn etiolation, functional duration of leaf, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, SOD activity, net photosynthetic rate, etc, are also more excellent than those of general wheat, and these all provide certain ecological and physiological bases for the distinction and selection of wheat cold source.

Characterization of a velocity-tunable ^(87)Rb cold atomic source with a high-speed imaging technology

This paper has developed and characterized a method to produce a velocity-tunable ^87Rb cold atomic source for atomic interferometry application. Using a high speed fluorescence imaging technology, it reports that the dynamic process of the atomic source formation is observed and the source performances including the flux and the initial velocity are characterized. A tunable atomic source with the initial velocity of 1.4-2.6 m/s and the atomic source flux of 2× 10^8 - 6 × 10^9 atoms/s has been obtained with the built experimental setup.

Field experimental study on the cooling effect of mine cooling system acquiring cold source from return air

With the increase of mining depth, more and deeper coal mines are limited by heat disaster. The cooling energy in deep mine cooling system comes from mine water inrush or ground cooling tower, but we cannot adopt the two methods because mine water inrush in many old coal mines in China is limited. What is more, the cooling pipelines cannot be put in narrow pit-shaft. To settle the problem above, according to the characteristics of Zhangxiaolou Coal Mine, this paper adopts the deep mine return air as the cooling energy for deep mine cooling system. In addition, we carried out cite test to extract cold energy from return air. Through monitoring the water quantity, water temperature of cooling system and air temperature, we got the thermodynamic equilibrium parameters during the cooling energy acquisition analysis and the effect of cooling system that the temperature and humidity on working face are respectively reduced to 8-12 ℃ and 8-15% through cooling. This research offers experimental reference for deep mine cooling which lacks cooling energy.

Working principle and application of HEMS with lack of a cold source

With the increase of mining depth, the temperature of the original rock in deep mines increases. High temperature heat hazards at working surfaces and driving faces are becoming increasingly more serious. Given the problem of mine cooling technologies at China and abroad and the actual conditions of a coal mine, we developed HEMS （High Temperature Exchange Machinery System） with inrushing mine water as the source of cold energy. Combined with the characteristics of a shortage of inrushing water in the coal mine, we proposed the Sanhejian model of HEMS with its lack of a cold source. The cooling engineer- ing construction, given the present conditions in the Sanhejian Coal Mine, consisted of two phases. In phase 1 horizontal water circulation was used as cold energy, while phase II was the geothermal utiliza- tion project. For the key equipment of HEMS-PT or HEMS-T, we provided the operational principle from theory and an actual application. Finally, we analyzed the operational effect of HEMS. After cooling, the temperature at the working face was below 30 ~C, which meets the national regulations. This system opens up new technology to solve the problem of deep mine heat hazards, which makes good sense in energy conservation and pollution reduction, improves the environment and realizes sustainable eco- nomic development.

EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COLD SOURCE OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE QUASI 4-YEAR OSCILLATION OF OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC-LAND INTERACTION

Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. In winter, the anomaly of the strong (weak) atmospheric cold source over the eastern plateau causes low-level anomalous north (south) winds to appear in eastern China and low-level anomaly zonal west (east) winds to prevail in the equatorial Pacific from spring to autumn. This contributes to the anomalous warm (cold) sea surface temperature the following autumn and winter. In addition, the anomalous variation of sea surface temperature over the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific in winter can influence the snow depth and intensity of the cold source over the plateau in the following winter due to variation of the summer west Pacific subtropical high.

A Modified Cold Molybdenum Cathode Penning Ion Source

In this paper, design and construction of a modified cold molybdenum cathode Penning ion source was described. It consists of copper cylindrical anode with two cone ends and two movable cold molybdenum cathodes. The two cathodes were placed symmetrically at two ends of the anode. The modifications were decrease the length of the cylindrical anode to 4 cm instead of 6 cm, transform the copper emission electrode shape from plate of 40 mm length, 25 mm width and 2 mm thickness to disc of 20 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness and transform the inner uncovered area of the emission electrode from slit of 30 mm length and 10 mm width to disc of 5 mm diameter. The copper emission electrode was placed in the middle of the cylindrical anode and has aperture in the center of different diameters. Faraday cup was placed at different distances from the emission electrode aperture. The electrical discharge and the output ion beam characteristics of the modified ion source were measured at different pressures using argon gas. It was found that the optimum operating conditions of the modified ion source are; anode-cathode distance equal to 6 mm, emission electrode aperture diameter equal to 2.5 mm and emission electrode aperture, Faraday cup distance equals 3 cm. The effect of axial samarium cobalt permanent magnet of intensity equal to 300 Gauss on the discharge characteristics of the ion source was determined.

Field experiment on coalmine heat disaster governance using cold source from surface water

Regarding the lack of cold source for underground cooling systems from either mine inflow or return air, field experiments were taken in a high temperature deep coal mine with abundant cold source from surface water. Taking Sanhejian coal mine as an example, this paper introduced the technology scheme of heat disaster governance using surface water cold source. The paper presents the basics of this field experiment at the beginning, following by the design and site layout of the cooling system including the analysis and calculation of cold source. Numerical calculation method is also applied based on the operation parameters to simulate the influence to the surface river ecosystem. The results suggest that the temperature of surface water shall be lower than 34 ℃ after heat exchange, and when more cooling capacities are needed in the future, increasing the water flow is more favorable than increasing the cooling range of water, which is better for the ecological environment protection,

Development of plasma sources for Dipole Research EXperiment(DREX)

Dipole Research EXperiment（DREX） is a new terrella device as part of the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility（SPERF） for laboratory studies of space physics relevant to the inner magnetospheric plasmas. Adequate plasma sources are very important for DREX to achieve its scientific goals. According to different research requirements, there are two density regimes for DREX. The low density regime will be achieved by an electron cyclotron resonance（ECR） system for the ‘whistler/chorus＇ wave investigation, while the high density regime will be achieved by biased cold cathode discharge for the desired ‘Alfvén＇ wave study. The parameters of ‘whistler/chorus＇ waves and ‘Alfvén＇ waves are determined by the scaling law between space and laboratory plasmas in the current device. In this paper, the initial design of these two plasma sources for DREX is described. Focus is placed on the chosen frequency and operation mode of the ECR system which will produce relatively low density ‘artificial radiation belt＇ plasmas and the seed electrons, followed by the design of biased cold cathode discharge to generate plasma with high density.

Explanation of Cold Nuclear Fusion and Biotransmutations

Low energy nuclear reactions are possible in condensed matter because of image forces. They result from induced charges at the surface of metals or very polarizable media. The height and width of the Coulomb barrier in free space can thus be reduced. Nuclear fusion requires also the formation of a compound nucleus in one of its excited states, but two deuterons yield an α particle that has 2 excited states. They are respectively accessible at high or low energies. Since the reduction of the Coulomb barrier depends on the local curvature of the interface, cold fusion becomes autocatalytic, but heat production is controllable. Even microbes, plants and animals can produce transmutations. They are also due to image forces. This solves a basic problem in nuclear physics and there are possible applications: facilitated synthesis of superheavy elements and development of a new type of energy sources. They are moderate, but safe.

严寒地区空气源热泵耦合电磁能系统模拟运行研究

目的 为了促进空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统在严寒地区住宅建筑中的应用,研究该系统的运行性能和稳定性。方法 以沈阳地区某住宅建筑为例,应用Trnsys软件建立了空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统仿真模型,并用实测值对模型进行了验证;深入探讨空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统在供热期的运行特点,并与空气源热泵和电磁能供热系统分别进行比较。结果 空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统模型可靠,相对误差可以控制在15%以内;在供热期,室内平均温度可保持在17.97~21.84℃;空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统比电磁能供热系统的COP提高了59.17%,空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统CO_(2)减排量比空气源热泵和电磁能供热系统分别提高1.47%和59.50%。结论 空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统运行和COP变化更为稳定,系统环境效益更佳,室内热舒适性更高。

基于土壤蓄冷的新型果蔬预冷方案的模拟计算

如何利用自然冷源一直都是热点话题。季节性土壤蓄冷目前在舒适性空调领域已经有了相关的应用案例,但冷链物流的温度都一般都在0~5℃或-18℃,空调的系统温度一般难以满足其要求,因此在冷链物流方向的应用还是较少。在冷链物流的各个环节中,果蔬等农产品采摘后的预冷是全程冷链的第一步也是关键一步,但由于其耗能较大,源头地缘限制等因素导致其不能大面积铺开,造成食品在冷链中出现腐烂和过熟。本文基于土壤蓄冷构造了一种新型的果蔬预冷方案,探讨其节能效果。

温和地区某数据中心暖通工程设计

文章主要介绍位于温和地区贵阳某数据中心暖通空调工程的设计,设计内容包含数据中心的负荷计算、机房区和其他区域空调系统设计、气流组织设计及模拟,冷热源选择,气灭后通风系统设计、水系统设计以及暖通空调系统的运行策略。冷热源方案充分考虑温和地区气候和资源条件,过渡季节和冬季条件允许时通过冷却塔利用自然冷源,夏季使用中温冷水机组提供冷水和数据机房设置热通道封闭等节能技术,整体降低空调系统的能耗,数据中心电能利用率(PUE)为1.39。

某超高层建筑空调冷源系统技术经济性分析

对于超高层建筑,其常用的空调系统为传统的空调水系统形式,以位于深圳的某超高层建筑为研究对象,基于超高层建筑的空调水系统需要竖向分区的特点,以常规集中式系统和竖向分布式系统为研究对象,探讨了这两种系统形式空调冷源的设备配置、初投资、运行费用、土建需求和竖向运输等方面的内容,得到了该超高层建筑适宜采用竖向分布式系统的空调冷源方案。

超冷离子源研究进展

纳米离子束是制备束斑直径在微纳米尺度荷能离子束的先进技术,主要应用于高分辨和高精度的离子束分析、离子束加工和离子束材料改性研究,在材料分析、微纳加工、微电子器件制造和量子计算等方面发挥着重要的作用.高品质离子源作为纳米离子束装置的关键部件,其性能指标直接决定着该装置的技术水平.然而,目前常用的传统离子源存在离子种类单一、能散高和结构复杂等问题,已经难以满足新应用场景下的多离子种类和高分辨的要求,突显出研发新型离子源的重要性和迫切性.随着激光冷却技术的日臻成熟,基于光电离冷原子和激光冷却离子技术可以获得温度在mK甚至μK量级的超冷离子,其低温和易于操控等典型特征极大地促进了超冷离子源的发展.超冷离子具有极小的横向速度发散,可以显著提升离子源的亮度和发射度等品质参数,为纳米离子束技术的革新带来了巨大的发展机遇.因此,超冷离子源的研究对于实现更高亮度、更小尺寸、更低能散、更多样化离子种类以及结构更简化的高品质离子源具有重要的意义.本文综述了近年来超冷离子源的研究进展,从制备原理、产生方式以及典型应用等方面介绍了磁光阱离子源、冷原子束离子源和超冷单离子源在基础研究和应用技术研发方面取得的重要成果,并对超冷离子源的未来发展和应用前景进行了展望.

活体牡蛎夏季运输过程中冰袋摆放方式对其品质的影响研究

为了研究包装箱中冰袋不同摆放方式对活体牡蛎夏季运输过程中品质的影响,筛选出合适的摆放组合。分别采用平铺于牡蛎上方(A)、贴于包装箱四周内壁(B)、依次穿插于牡蛎中间(C)3种冰袋摆放方式处理牡蛎,包装好后置于30℃的恒温箱中模拟夏季运输过程,检测不同摆放方式下各组牡蛎保活率、粗蛋白含量、乳酸含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化。结果表明:C组摆放方式模拟夏季运输2 d时牡蛎的保活率可达92%,并且粗蛋白含量降低和乳酸含量上升幅度最小;各组牡蛎在整个保活期内抗氧化酶活性均先升高后下降,但C组的变化幅度最小,说明其能够很好地应对应激反应。综上,采用方式C进行无水保活运输,有利于减缓牡蛎运输中高温胁迫对抗氧化酶活性及粗蛋白分解的影响,减少能量代谢和物质损失,提高牡蛎的保活率。

北京某大型商场空调系统节能改造方案分析

大型商场人流量大、散热设备多、空调系统运行时间长,有较大节能潜力。调研了北京某大型商场空调系统的能耗情况,针对其运行过程存在的问题,提出了一套基于空调系统节能控制技术的综合节能改造方案。研究表明,该空调系统节能改造后,年节电量为140.56万k Wh,每年节省电费160.24万元;节热量为601.82GJ,每年节省供热费用5.95万元,节能效果与经济效益较好,可为北京地区类似公建节能改造提供借鉴和参考。

2021年6月东北冷涡暴雨水汽来源和源区贡献分析

本文针对2021年6月2~3日发生在东北地区的冷涡暴雨过程,首先利用传统欧拉方法,初步分析了此次初夏东北冷涡暴雨过程的水汽输送与辐合特征,进而利用拉格朗日轨迹追踪模式FLEXPART和水汽来源与源区定量贡献分析方法,揭示出此次暴雨过程的水汽源地和源区定量贡献。结果表明:此次初夏冷涡暴雨过程期间,副热带高压偏南,东北地区主要受东北冷涡和其下游日本海弱高压脊影响,但对流层低层,副高主体与日本海弱高压脊之间存在气旋性切变流场,促成一支低空急流沿我国沿海地区北上,有利于东北地区南侧水汽向北输送,与东北冷涡后部干冷空气在辽宁和吉林省交汇,触发强降水。拉格朗日轨迹追踪显示,60%以上的目标气块来自降水区西侧和西北侧的亚欧大陆地区,这些气块初始位置高度较高,途径我国东海、黄海一带时,高度显著降低,并汇入偏南暖湿气流,进而流入目标降水区;还有部分气块来自贝加尔湖及其以东地区以及我国南海和中南部大陆地区,气块初始位置及行进过程中高度均较低。水汽源区对目标降水区的水汽定量贡献显示,东海—黄海至西北太平洋地区贡献最大(贡献率37.04%),中国大陆中东部紧随其后(贡献率30.05%),显著的水汽摄取和较低的沿途损失,使得上述两区域水汽贡献显著,而降水区局地摄取水汽的贡献排在第三位;此外,贝加尔湖及其以东地区和亚欧大陆中西部亦有一定贡献(尽管亚欧大陆中西部的水汽摄取总量亦较大,但绝大部分水汽在远距离输送过程中损耗),而印度半岛至中国南海地区水汽贡献最小。相对于传统的欧拉方法,拉格朗日方法可以更清晰地给出暴雨过程主要的水汽源地及其贡献。