The deformation of 304 stainless steel strips with a spherical inclusion during cold rolling was simulated by 3D finite element method, and the strain distribution was calculated for a variety of the material attribut...The deformation of 304 stainless steel strips with a spherical inclusion during cold rolling was simulated by 3D finite element method, and the strain distribution was calculated for a variety of the material attribution of inclusion (hard inclusions and soft inclusions) and the inclusion size (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μm). During rolling, the strain in front of inclusion is larger than that in rear of inclusion for both the hard and soft inclusions. For hard inclusions, the strain in front and rear of inclusions is larger than that of inclusions, and the maximum and minimum strains increase with the increase of inclusion diameter (from 10 μm to 50 μm). For soft inclusions, the strain in front and rear of inclusions is smaller than that of inclusions, and the maximum and minimum strains decrease with the increase of inclusion sizes when the inclusion diameter is larger than 20 μm but increase when the inclusion diameter is smaller than 20 μm. Finally, the relationship between the inclusion deformation and the crack generation was discussed.展开更多
An experimental study on degeneration of the coldworking residual strainduring different cyclic loadings is presented. The expenmental results obtained showthat the residual strain of squcezing dislributes under power...An experimental study on degeneration of the coldworking residual strainduring different cyclic loadings is presented. The expenmental results obtained showthat the residual strain of squcezing dislributes under power series law ε= axb overthe horizontal line of the stress on both sides of the cenual hole. and that when the max-imum real stress at the hole is lower than the yield stress of the material. the degeneration of residual strain has a sudden change during cyclic loading, and the closer to thehole side, the more serious the degcneration.展开更多
Flat workpieces have been tested in order to investigate the influence of stress path change （loading mode） while keeping strain path unchanged. These investigations are pertinent to the testing of cold rolled strip...Flat workpieces have been tested in order to investigate the influence of stress path change （loading mode） while keeping strain path unchanged. These investigations are pertinent to the testing of cold rolled strips and to subsequent forming. The workpieces which first compressed by plane strain compression in thickness direction were then tested in perpendicular direction in order to measure the influence of strain and stress path. The tension workpieces came from flat die compression test at different deformation histories. Two different materials were investigated： 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium. The results show that the plastic flow by tension in lengthwise direction after pre-strain by compression in thickness direction will begin at an appreciably lower stress than that of the workpieces unloaded after pre-compression. Comparing with two materials, it can be seen that both 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium behave similarly. The drop in yield stress is lower for AW-1050 aluminium than that for 18/8 Ti stainless steel. However, reloading in different directions than in the precious step results in significantly higher strain hardening.展开更多
The deformation and densification laws of preform upsetting and closed-die forging were researched based on experimental results of cold forging of deoxidized Fe powder sintering porous material under different initia...The deformation and densification laws of preform upsetting and closed-die forging were researched based on experimental results of cold forging of deoxidized Fe powder sintering porous material under different initial conditions such as friction factor, ratio between height and diameter and relative density. The fracture limit criteria＂ for powder cold-forging upsetting and the limit strain curve were achieved. The effect of friction facto,, ratlt, between height and diameter and relative density on fracture strain limitation was emphatically analyzed. The limit process parameter curves for the deformation of upsetting were also confirmed. Laws of deformation, densification and density distribution for closed-die forging of powder perform during cold-forging were further analyzed and discussed with the help of experimental phase analysis. As a result, this experiment established theoretical foundations for the design of preform and die as well as optimization of technological process parameters.展开更多
A two-phase Mg-9Li-2Zn alloy sheet is made by cold-rolling at room temperature, and the formability of it at room temperature is investigated in this study. Uniaxial tension tests are carried out for various strain ra...A two-phase Mg-9Li-2Zn alloy sheet is made by cold-rolling at room temperature, and the formability of it at room temperature is investigated in this study. Uniaxial tension tests are carried out for various strain rates between 0.5 mm/min and 250 mm/min, and the microstructural changes during the tests are observed. The sheet has high formability at comparatively low strain rates. Maximum elongation amounts to 40%. However, ductility decreases with the increase of strain rate. Even at room temperature, the stress is also sensitive to the strain rate. There are many large dimples at comparatively low strain rates, and small dimples occur at high strain rates, it shows fine sub-grains come into being.展开更多
Polymers have a wide diversity of applications, ranging from therapeutics delivery to tissue engineering. While advances in polymer chemistry have facilitated synthesis and development of new polymers, increasing effo...Polymers have a wide diversity of applications, ranging from therapeutics delivery to tissue engineering. While advances in polymer chemistry have facilitated synthesis and development of new polymers, increasing efforts have also been directed to engineer properties of existing polymers. One of the common approaches to modify polymer properties is cold drawing, which can align polymer chains and orient the chains in a crystalline manner. Regarding the industrial significance of cold drawing in polymer engineering, this study used semi-crystalline high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a model to examine the effect of cold drawing on the anisotropic mechanical properties of polymers. During cold drawing, the yield strength of the polymer was shown to be in a positive relationship with the strain rate, and the hardness of the cold-drawn region was demonstrated to be significantly enhanced. Our results confirmed the feasibility of engineering the properties of polymers by applying tension for plastic deformation, and highlighted the importance of precise control of the strain rate in the treatment.展开更多
Low carbon steel metal is used for the manufacture of nails. Steel wire with <0.3% C content is cold-drawn through a series of drawing dies to reduce the diameter of the wire to the required diameter of the nails. ...Low carbon steel metal is used for the manufacture of nails. Steel wire with <0.3% C content is cold-drawn through a series of drawing dies to reduce the diameter of the wire to the required diameter of the nails. A 0.12%w C steel wire cold drawn progressively by 20%, 25%, 40% and 50% was investigated. The influence of the degree of cold drawing on the mechanical properties of the carbon steel material were studied using the tensile test, impact test and hardness test experiments in order to replicate the service condition of the nails. The tensile test was done on a Montanso? tensometer to investigate the yield strength and the tensile strength of the material as the degree of deformation increases. An Izod test was used to determine the impact toughness of the steel using the Hounsfield impact machine and the hardness numbers were obtained for the different degrees of drawn deformation of the steel on the Brinnel tester. The study used the stress-strain relationship of the tensile test experiment to study the effect of the degree of cold-drawing deformation on the yield strength and tensile strength properties of the low carbon steel. The yield strength of the material was observed to reduce with increasing degree of cold-drawing, an indication of reduction in the ductility and the tensile strength of the material reduced with increasing degree of cold-drawn deformation. The ability of the material to resist impact loads when nails are hammered reduced with increasing degree of drawn deformation as a result of strain hardening of the material after the drawing operation. However the resilience of the material to further cold drawn deformation increased with increasing degree of deformation as evident in the Brinnel hardness number which increases with the degree of drawing deformation. This is an indication of the material’s approach to brittleness as the degree of drawn deformation increases.展开更多
基金Project(50534020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2006CB605208-1) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The deformation of 304 stainless steel strips with a spherical inclusion during cold rolling was simulated by 3D finite element method, and the strain distribution was calculated for a variety of the material attribution of inclusion (hard inclusions and soft inclusions) and the inclusion size (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μm). During rolling, the strain in front of inclusion is larger than that in rear of inclusion for both the hard and soft inclusions. For hard inclusions, the strain in front and rear of inclusions is larger than that of inclusions, and the maximum and minimum strains increase with the increase of inclusion diameter (from 10 μm to 50 μm). For soft inclusions, the strain in front and rear of inclusions is smaller than that of inclusions, and the maximum and minimum strains decrease with the increase of inclusion sizes when the inclusion diameter is larger than 20 μm but increase when the inclusion diameter is smaller than 20 μm. Finally, the relationship between the inclusion deformation and the crack generation was discussed.
文摘An experimental study on degeneration of the coldworking residual strainduring different cyclic loadings is presented. The expenmental results obtained showthat the residual strain of squcezing dislributes under power series law ε= axb overthe horizontal line of the stress on both sides of the cenual hole. and that when the max-imum real stress at the hole is lower than the yield stress of the material. the degeneration of residual strain has a sudden change during cyclic loading, and the closer to thehole side, the more serious the degcneration.
文摘Flat workpieces have been tested in order to investigate the influence of stress path change （loading mode） while keeping strain path unchanged. These investigations are pertinent to the testing of cold rolled strips and to subsequent forming. The workpieces which first compressed by plane strain compression in thickness direction were then tested in perpendicular direction in order to measure the influence of strain and stress path. The tension workpieces came from flat die compression test at different deformation histories. Two different materials were investigated： 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium. The results show that the plastic flow by tension in lengthwise direction after pre-strain by compression in thickness direction will begin at an appreciably lower stress than that of the workpieces unloaded after pre-compression. Comparing with two materials, it can be seen that both 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium behave similarly. The drop in yield stress is lower for AW-1050 aluminium than that for 18/8 Ti stainless steel. However, reloading in different directions than in the precious step results in significantly higher strain hardening.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50175086)
文摘The deformation and densification laws of preform upsetting and closed-die forging were researched based on experimental results of cold forging of deoxidized Fe powder sintering porous material under different initial conditions such as friction factor, ratio between height and diameter and relative density. The fracture limit criteria＂ for powder cold-forging upsetting and the limit strain curve were achieved. The effect of friction facto,, ratlt, between height and diameter and relative density on fracture strain limitation was emphatically analyzed. The limit process parameter curves for the deformation of upsetting were also confirmed. Laws of deformation, densification and density distribution for closed-die forging of powder perform during cold-forging were further analyzed and discussed with the help of experimental phase analysis. As a result, this experiment established theoretical foundations for the design of preform and die as well as optimization of technological process parameters.
基金Project supported by National High Tech Research Programof China (2001AA335010)
文摘A two-phase Mg-9Li-2Zn alloy sheet is made by cold-rolling at room temperature, and the formability of it at room temperature is investigated in this study. Uniaxial tension tests are carried out for various strain rates between 0.5 mm/min and 250 mm/min, and the microstructural changes during the tests are observed. The sheet has high formability at comparatively low strain rates. Maximum elongation amounts to 40%. However, ductility decreases with the increase of strain rate. Even at room temperature, the stress is also sensitive to the strain rate. There are many large dimples at comparatively low strain rates, and small dimples occur at high strain rates, it shows fine sub-grains come into being.
文摘Polymers have a wide diversity of applications, ranging from therapeutics delivery to tissue engineering. While advances in polymer chemistry have facilitated synthesis and development of new polymers, increasing efforts have also been directed to engineer properties of existing polymers. One of the common approaches to modify polymer properties is cold drawing, which can align polymer chains and orient the chains in a crystalline manner. Regarding the industrial significance of cold drawing in polymer engineering, this study used semi-crystalline high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a model to examine the effect of cold drawing on the anisotropic mechanical properties of polymers. During cold drawing, the yield strength of the polymer was shown to be in a positive relationship with the strain rate, and the hardness of the cold-drawn region was demonstrated to be significantly enhanced. Our results confirmed the feasibility of engineering the properties of polymers by applying tension for plastic deformation, and highlighted the importance of precise control of the strain rate in the treatment.
文摘Low carbon steel metal is used for the manufacture of nails. Steel wire with <0.3% C content is cold-drawn through a series of drawing dies to reduce the diameter of the wire to the required diameter of the nails. A 0.12%w C steel wire cold drawn progressively by 20%, 25%, 40% and 50% was investigated. The influence of the degree of cold drawing on the mechanical properties of the carbon steel material were studied using the tensile test, impact test and hardness test experiments in order to replicate the service condition of the nails. The tensile test was done on a Montanso? tensometer to investigate the yield strength and the tensile strength of the material as the degree of deformation increases. An Izod test was used to determine the impact toughness of the steel using the Hounsfield impact machine and the hardness numbers were obtained for the different degrees of drawn deformation of the steel on the Brinnel tester. The study used the stress-strain relationship of the tensile test experiment to study the effect of the degree of cold-drawing deformation on the yield strength and tensile strength properties of the low carbon steel. The yield strength of the material was observed to reduce with increasing degree of cold-drawing, an indication of reduction in the ductility and the tensile strength of the material reduced with increasing degree of cold-drawn deformation. The ability of the material to resist impact loads when nails are hammered reduced with increasing degree of drawn deformation as a result of strain hardening of the material after the drawing operation. However the resilience of the material to further cold drawn deformation increased with increasing degree of deformation as evident in the Brinnel hardness number which increases with the degree of drawing deformation. This is an indication of the material’s approach to brittleness as the degree of drawn deformation increases.
