Oxytocin decreases colonic motility of cold water stressed rats via oxytocin receptors

AIM: To investigate whether cold water intake into the stomach affects colonic motility and the involvement of the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor pathway in rats.METHODS: Female Sprague Dawley rats were used and some of them were ovariectomized. The rats were subjected to gastric instillation with cold(0-4℃, cold group) or room temperature(20-25℃, control group) saline for 14 consecutive days. Colon transit was determined with a bead inserted into the colon. Colonic longitudinal muscle strips were prepared to investigate the response to oxytocin in vitro. Plasma concentration of oxytocin was detected by ELISA. Oxytocin receptorexpression was investigated by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to locate oxytocin receptors.RESULTS: Colon transit was slower in the cold group than in the control group(P < 0.05). Colonic smooth muscle contractile response to oxytocin decreased, and the inhibitory effect of oxytocin on muscle contractility was enhanced by cold water intake(0.69 ± 0.08 vs 0.88 ± 0.16, P < 0.05). Atosiban and tetrodotoxin inhibited the effect of oxytocin on colonic motility. Oxytocin receptors were located in the myenteric plexus, and their expression was up-regulated in the cold group(P < 0.05). Cold water intake increased blood concentration of oxytocin, but this effect was attenuated in ovariectomized rats(286.99 ± 83.72 pg/mL vs 100.56 ± 92.71 pg/mL, P < 0.05). However, in ovariectomized rats, estradiol treatment increased blood oxytocin, and the response of colonic muscle strips to oxytocin was attenuated.CONCLUSION: Cold water intake inhibits colonic motility partially through oxytocin-oxytocin receptor signaling in the myenteric nervous system pathway, which is estrogen dependent.

Transcriptional Profi le by Cold Water Stress at the Booting Stage of japonica Rice

This study was carried out to identify molecular responses of the two varieties with different cold tolerance under cold water stress (13℃) at the booting stage. Transcriptional responses of the genes were analyzed in

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.

Application of brassinolide alleviates cold stress at the booting stage of rice

The objective of the study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of plants in response to brassinolide(BR) alleviating cold water stress on rice. In this study, physiological responses of rice to exogenous BR and cold water submergence were investigated using the chilling-tolerant cultivar Kongyu 131(KY131) and the chilling-sensitive cultivar Kenjiandao 6(KJD6). A total of 2 mg L^-1 BR increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) and the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and chlorophyll, but decreased the malondialdehyde(MDA) content in KY131 and KJD6 under cold water stress. The observed decreases in SOD and POD activities and MDA content recovered quickly after plants were returned to irrigation with water at temperatures of about 23.0°C in 2014. Additionally, the contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), and potassium(K) were increased by BR treatment under cold water stress. Exposure to BR also raised the percentage of high effective leaf area and leaf area index at the heading stage. Furthermore, it promoted soluble sugar synthesis, increased the rate of dry matter accumulation, and enhanced the export and translocation rates of the stem-sheath. The yield in KJD6 was significantly(P≤0.01 and P≤0.05) higher than that of the control in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The effect of BR treatment on rice leaf SOD and POD activities, MDA, chlorophyll, P, and stem-sheath K contents were more significant in KJD6 than in KY131. In conclusion, exogenous BR effectively reduced the physiological and metabolic damage in rice due to cold stress at the booting stage, promoted functional recovery in plants that received irrigation with water at a normal temperature following cold stress, and mitigated the effects of cold water stress on yield.The two varieties exhibited differential responses to BR;the weaker cold-resistant variety was more sensitive to BR and displayed stronger responses to exogenous BR.

Cold water swimming pretreatment reduces cognitive deficits in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

A moderate stress such as cold water swimming can raise the tolerance of the body to potentially injurious events. However, little is known about the mechanism of beneficial effects induced by moderate stress. In this study, we used a classic rat model of traumatic brain injury to test the hypothesis that cold water swimming preconditioning improved the recovery of cognitive functions and explored the mechanisms. Results showed that after traumatic brain injury, pre-conditioned rats（cold water swimming for 3 minutes at 4℃） spent a significantly higher percent of times in the goal quadrant of cold water swim, and escape latencies were shorter than for non-pretreated rats. The number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells was significantly higher in pre-conditioned rats than those without pretreatment at 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Immunohistochemical staining and Von Willebrand factor staining demonstrated that the number of CD34~＋ stem cells and new blood vessels in the injured hippocampus tissue increased significantly in pre-conditioned rats. These data suggest that pretreatment with cold water swimming could promote the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis in the peripheral blood and hippocampus. It also ameliorated cognitive deficits caused by experimental traumatic brain injury.

温水灌溉对低温胁迫下不结球白菜生理指标的影响

为研究温水灌溉对低温胁迫下不结球白菜生理应激响应的影响,以不结球白菜抗热品种‘新夏青’为试验材料,在低温胁迫条件下进行温水浇灌处理。结果表明:与对照相比,35℃温水灌溉处理不结球白菜的生物量,包括干鲜重、茎粗、叶面积显著提高,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别增加30.1%和46.0%,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量提高32.5%和13.2%,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著提升,相对电导率、丙二醛和过氧化氢含量显著降低,光合速率和蒸腾速率分别提高47.3%和61.6%,光系统I和II的实际光合效率分别提高42.3%和60.9%。该研究可为未来设施园艺作物对抗冷害相关研究提供新思路。

高海拔寒区隧道衬砌背后积水冻胀分析

高海拔寒区隧道围岩内部裂隙水的冻结膨胀会对隧道结构的安全产生重要影响。基于寒区隧道衬砌背后积水冻胀理论建立高海拔寒区公路隧道地层结构模型,研究了隧道衬砌背后积水冻胀过程中围岩与支护结构相互作用关系演变,分析了不同冻胀率下空洞储水冻胀对衬砌应力分布和结构变形的影响。研究结果表明:衬砌最大主应力随冻胀率的增大而增加,在冻胀率为6%时达到峰值;冻胀率低于5%时,冻胀对结构的最小主应力的影响不大,结构开裂后冻胀对结构最小主应力的影响显著;V级围岩隧道储水空洞向围岩侧的冻胀变形大于向衬砌侧的变形,且冻胀率越小,向围岩侧变形量的占比越大。在寒区隧道的设计和施工中要充分重视衬砌背后空洞的处置,衬砌和围岩紧密贴合可有效减弱衬砌背后积水冻胀压力。

阵列涡流检测不同深宽比裂纹的研究

设计有不同深宽比裂纹的2组对比样管,探究阵列涡流对于不同深宽比裂纹的敏感性。使用阵列涡流检测方法,对样管上的缺陷进行检测对比。结果表明:在对裂纹深宽比特征参数研究中发现,当宽度一定、深宽比大于1时,涡流幅值随深宽比增加逐渐变大,深宽比小于1时,涡流幅值与深宽比无明显对应关系;当深度一定、深宽比大于1时,涡流幅值大小随深宽比增加逐渐变大。在宽度相同、深度不同和的深度相同、宽度不同的深宽比研究中发现,深宽比相同时,阵列涡流检测到的模拟裂纹的涡流幅值均随检测频率的增加而逐渐变大。

Isolation and Expression Analysis of a Novel Abiotic Stress-Induced Gene W89 from Wheat

Water stress and cold stress are important factors restricting plant growth. However, there is little knowledge on the function of stress-responsive genes in plants. Therefore, it is necessary to clone some important genes to study the mechanism of plant adaptation to abiotic stress for improvement of plant resistance. A putative water stress-induced gene, W89, was cloned from the eDNA library of drought-treated wheat seedlings by phage hybridization in situ, and its entire length was obtained using 5＇-rapid amplification of eDNA ends （RACE） and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. The full-length eDNA of W89 consists of 2 392 bp and contains a 1 896 bp open reading frame （ORF） encoding a 631 amino acid protein. Southern blot analysis indicated that W89 was a single-copy gene. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of W89 was upregulated by drought, cold, and abscisic acid （ABA）. Amino acid sequence analysis discovered that W89 had a conserved region of DUF248 （pfam03141）, which contained a methyltransferase domain with a sterile alpha motif （SAM）-binding motif. Phylogenetic analysis showed that W89 was 66% identical to Oryza sativa dehydration-responsive protein （BAD67956）. It was supposed that W89 was a novel dehydration-responsive protein encoding gene. On the basis of the functions of methyltransferase and the SAM-binding motif, the SAM-binding motif of W89 was supposed to be connected with other proteins or transcription factors to transduce stress signals and finally regulate the expression of stress-responsive genes on the early stage of drought stress.

淬火入水及冷变形方式对大型铝合金缘条锻件残余应力演化影响研究

采用有限元计算方法,研究了淬火入水及冷变形方式对某航空用7050铝合金大型缘条锻件残余应力演化的影响规律。结果表明,入水方式将显著改变热处理过程中缘条锻件的温度梯度分布,并影响残余应力的大小;采用筋条顶端先入水的方式可以最大程度地降低温度分布不均匀性及热处理残余应力;对淬火后的铝合金缘条锻件进行冷变形加工可以有效降低热处理残余应力,且采用T7454工艺对锻件进行恒定速度加载的拉压复合变形消残效果最好。研究将为大型铝合金航空锻件的热处理工艺优化及尺寸稳定性提升提供指导。

不同耐冷性杂草稻和栽培稻抗氧化系统对冷水胁迫的响应

【目的】从孕穗期到抽穗开花是水稻对温度最为敏感的阶段,这一阶段的低温冷害严重制约了东北地区水稻生长和种植面积的进一步扩大,探明水稻耐冷生理机制,将为东北水稻生产提供重要保障。探索耐冷性不同的杂草稻和栽培稻在冷水胁迫下开花期剑叶的活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的变化规律,为耐冷性水稻品种的选育和栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以耐冷性强的杂草稻WR03-45、栽培稻丽江新团黑谷和冷敏感的杂草稻WR03-26、栽培稻秀子糯为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,根据剑叶叶枕距判断主穗进入孕穗期的时间,于孕穗期在冷水池中进行低温处理,未经冷水处理的参试材料作为对照。在开花期,剪取参试材料的剑叶保存于-85℃的超低温冰箱中,用于测定超氧阴离子自由基()产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)5种抗氧化酶活性和还原型抗坏血酸(As A)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)两种抗氧化剂含量,研究孕穗期低温冷害对剑叶的活性氧(ROS)积累、抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的影响。【结果】冷水胁迫下,冷敏感的杂草稻WR03-26开花期剑叶仅有CAT和GR活性显著增加,冷敏感的栽培稻秀子糯开花期剑叶SOD、CAT和GR活性显著增加;WR03-26和秀子糯剑叶的As A和GSH含量及As A/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值与对照无显著差异;WR03-26和秀子糯剑叶产生速率显著增加,H2O2含量极显著增加,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量显著增加。耐冷性强的杂草稻WR03-45开花期剑叶SOD活性显著升高,POD、APX、CAT和GR极显著升高,耐冷性强的栽培稻丽江新团黑谷开花期剑叶SOD、POD和APX活性显著升高,CAT和GR活性极显著升高;WR03-45和丽江新团黑谷剑叶的抗氧化剂(As A和GSH)含量及As A/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值在冷水胁迫下显著高于对照;WR03-45和丽江新团黑谷剑叶产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量与对照相比无显著差异。【结论】冷水胁迫下,耐冷性强的水稻通过提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量,减少ROS的积累以及膜脂过氧化,增强对冷水胁迫的耐性。水稻的耐冷性与胁迫下抗氧化系统清除ROS的能力有关,杂草稻WR03-45作为一种强耐冷性的种质资源可以用于栽培稻耐冷性的遗传改良。

灌浆结实期冷水胁迫对寒地粳稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

采用寒地粳稻田间试验,研究灌浆结实期冷水胁迫(17℃,持续3,6,9,12,15d)对三个不同寒地粳稻品种(东农428、松粳10、龙稻7号)籽粒淀粉合成与积累、产量构成因素的影响,并探讨冷水胁迫下淀粉合成关键酶活性变化与淀粉组分及其含量的关系。结果表明,与对照相比,灌浆结实期17℃冷水胁迫下,不同寒地粳稻品种灌浆结实期可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性、淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性降低,籽粒总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量显著下降,直链淀粉含量显著上升。相关分析表明,SSS活性、SBE活性与淀粉及其淀粉组分密切相关,对淀粉及淀粉组分含量变化均有同等重要的作用。同时,冷水胁迫下,灌浆结实期不同寒地粳稻品种的每穗实粒数、千粒重及结实率均显著降低,随着冷水胁迫时间的延长,不同寒地粳稻品种各指标的变化幅度逐渐加大。寒地粳稻产量构成因素各相关指标是不同耐冷性品种响应冷水胁迫的差异产物,可用于耐冷性鉴定。从不同寒地粳稻品种对冷水胁迫的反应指数看,松粳10受影响最大,东农428受影响最小,龙稻7号介于二者之间。

中国粳稻地方品种孕穗期耐冷性评价及聚类分析

用原产于中国18个省的329份粳稻地方品种为材料,分析了自然低温和冷水胁迫下不同省份粳稻地方品种孕穗期耐冷性及主要农艺性状表型差异和聚类特点。结果表明,在自然低温和冷水胁迫下各省份粳稻地方品种的孕穗期耐冷性状及主要农艺性状有明显的差异。在自然低温和冷水胁迫下,天津、四川和台湾品种的结实率及冷水反应指数均较高,表现较强的孕穗期耐冷性和迟钝的冷水反应。云南品种在自然低温下表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性(结实率),而在冷水胁迫下播种至抽穗天数和株高的冷水反应指数较高,表现为迟钝的冷水反应。从总体趋势上看,自然低温和冷水胁迫下,除个别省份外,纬度相对较高的北方省份品种的孕穗期耐冷性(结实率)强于纬度相对较低的南方省份品种。此外,在自然低温和冷水胁迫下,各省粳稻地方品种的聚类结果总体上与各省品种的地理位置及其耐冷性有密切的联系,而在冷水胁迫下品种的聚类结果与品种地理位置的关系比自然低温下更为密切。

强耐冷性水稻新品系J07-23抗氧化系统对长期冷水胁迫的响应

为了阐明强耐冷性水稻对长期冷水胁迫抗性的生理基础,以水稻新品系J07-23和冷敏感的栽培稻秀子糯为试验材料,研究长期冷水胁迫(19℃)下参试材料在开花期剑叶活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量的变化以及成熟后的穗部性状。结果表明,在长期冷水胁迫下,秀子糯剑叶的O产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著增加,抗氧化系统中SOD、CAT和GR活性显著升高;J07-23剑叶H2O2含量显著增加,而O产生速率和MDA含量无显著变化。J07-23的抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD、APX和GR)活性极显著升高,抗氧化剂(AsA和GSH)含量及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值也显著增加。依据耐冷性评价标准,J07-23具有极强耐冷性,冷水胁迫下高的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量是其耐冷性的生理生化基础。

兴奋性氨基酸受体的激活介导冷水应激诱导的tau蛋白磷酸化(英文)

为探讨兴奋性神经传递系统是否参与冷水应激引起的tau蛋白磷酸化,将小鼠于4℃冷水应激5min.采用免疫印迹和免疫组织化学方法分析应激后脑内c-fos和磷酸化tau蛋白的表达情况;运用HPLC检测冷水应激后小鼠脑内兴奋性或抑制性神经递质的变化;同时分析兴奋性氨基酸受体和L-型钙通道拮抗剂预处理后冷水应激小鼠脑内磷酸化tau蛋白的水平.冷水应激后1h,海马内磷酸化tau蛋白的水平显著升高,同时伴c-fos的染色增加.HPLC检测显示,兴奋性和抑制性神经递质呈现急剧上升而后又下降的趋势.冷水应激后15min,天冬氨酸和甘氨酸水平显著升高,1h后天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、牛磺酸和γ-氨基丁酸显著下降.NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801(5mg/kg)和AMPA受体拮抗剂DNQX(0.5,5mg/kg)可显著抑制冷水应激引起的磷酸化tau蛋白水平的升高,代谢性谷氨酸受体拮抗剂MAP-4不影响tau蛋白的磷酸化,另外,L-型钙通道阻断剂尼莫地平可抑制冷水应激引起的磷酸化tau蛋白水平的升高.这些结果表明,冷水应激可影响兴奋性神经传递系统,通过离子型兴奋性氨基酸受体和异常神经激活来调节tau蛋白的磷酸化.兴奋性神经传递系统的激活在冷水应激诱导的海马tau蛋白的磷酸化中发挥作用.

孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地水稻干物质生产的影响

以黑龙江省30份主栽水稻品种或品系为试材,在孕穗期设置17℃冷水灌溉处理(20d),以常规栽培管理为对照,分析冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响。结果表明,冷水胁迫导致所有试材每穴实粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量下降,并根据相对结实率将试材耐冷性分为1、3、5、7和9级,以7和9级最多,1级最少,分别占总材料的30%和10%。在冷水处理下,全部材料抽穗期至成熟期干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比、收获指数、叶面积指数、剑叶叶基角、剑叶和倒2叶与倒3叶披垂度均下降,但高效叶面积率增加。相关分析表明,冷水处理的相对结实率与收获指数(r=0.96**)、产量(r=0.91**)、粒叶比(r=0.84**)和干物质积累量(r=0.48**)的冷水反应指数(CRI)呈极显著正相关,与群体生长率(r=0.44*)、净同化率(r=0.44*)和干物质积累比例(r=0.43*)的CRI显著正相关。综上,孕穗期冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响在品种间存在很大差异,在冷水胁迫下耐冷性极强品种(系)干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比和收获指数对冷水反应迟钝,这是耐冷性极强品种(系)保持较高产量的重要形态特征和生理原因。

长期冷水胁迫对杂草稻和栽培稻农艺性状的影响

以杂草稻WR03-45、WR03-26和栽培稻丽江新团黑谷、秀子糯为试验材料,在孕穗期将参试材料放置于冷水池中至成熟,分析杂草稻和栽培稻的农艺性状对长期冷水胁迫的响应。结果表明:长期冷水胁迫使4个参试材料的株高、倒一节间长、穗颈节间长、穗长、千粒重、结实率、花药长、花药宽和花药体积显著降低,其中杂草稻WR03-45的这些参数分别降低了5.95%,22.90%,34.66%,11.52%,8.61%,3.87%,2.13%,3.27%和7.93%,降低比例最小。长期冷水胁迫对WR03-45的剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒二叶长和倒二节间长影响不显著,WR03-26和秀子糯则显著降低;参试材料的倒三节间长无显著变化,倒四节间长显著升高。综合以上分析表明杂草稻WR03-45具有极强的耐冷性。

分蘖期冷水胁迫下施氮量对寒地粳稻分蘖消长和产量形成的影响

以3个耐冷性不同的寒地粳稻品种东农428、龙稻7和松粳10为材料,设置7个施氮量水平,在分蘖期进行冷水处理,研究分蘖期冷水胁迫下施氮量对寒地粳稻分蘖消长和产量形成的影响。结果表明,冷水胁迫下寒地粳稻分蘖生长速度下降,最高分蘖数、有效分蘖率、有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重、结实率和产量均降低。随着氮肥用量的增加,分蘖生长速度加快,最高分蘖数增加,分蘖盛期推迟,有效分蘖率、千粒重、结实率下降。100 kg/hm2的氮肥用量下寒地粳稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数、产量及产量冷水反应指数最接近对照,最能够减轻低温冷害下寒地粳稻产量的损失。

水稻耐冷性对稻米品质冷水反应的影响

利用从密阳 2 3/通 88 7和密阳 2 3/TR2 2 183杂交组合F3 代选拔获得的水稻耐冷性强的系统群和弱的系统群以及 3个亲本品种 ,探讨了冷水胁迫对稻米品质特性的影响以及水稻耐冷性对稻米品质冷水反应的影响。研究结果表明 ,冷水胁迫使水稻糙米粒形变小 ,其中糙米粒长度、长宽比和千粒重比宽度和厚度更容易受到冷水胁迫的负面影响。冷水胁迫使稻米碱消值和蛋白质含量增加 ,而使稻米胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、最高粘度、冷胶粘度和崩解值下降。在水稻幼苗期对耐冷性进行选择 ,对糙米粒形并不产生显著影响。在自然条件下耐冷性强的和弱的2个系统群间品质特性未见显著差异 ,但在冷水胁迫下幼苗期耐冷性强或田间耐冷性强的系统群直链淀粉含量、最高粘度、热浆粘度、冷胶粘度显著高于幼苗期耐冷性弱或田间耐冷性弱的系统群 ,而蛋白质含量、消减值、崩解值和消减率则相反。认为耐冷性强的系统群的稻米品质比耐冷性弱的系统群表现出较迟钝的冷水反应 ,耐冷性对稻米品质的冷水反应产生一定影响。因此 ,提高水稻耐冷性对水稻品质的稳定和改善将产生积极的影响。

分蘖期冷水胁迫对水稻生长及产量的影响

以黑龙江省主栽品种东农428、松粳10、龙稻7为供试材料,常温灌溉为对照,研究了分蘖期不同历时(3、6、9、12、15d)冷水胁迫对水稻生长和产量的影响,并分析了冷水胁迫下生长指标与产量的关系。结果表明,随分蘖期冷水胁迫历时延长,水稻株高、分蘖数、出叶速度以及产量显著降低,最高分蘖数下降,最高分蘖出现日期和剑叶抽出时间推迟。冷水胁迫环境下,产量与株高、分蘖数和出叶速度显著或极显著正相关,与冷水胁迫历时极显著负相关。