Chronic effects of stretching on range of motion with consideration of potential moderating variables:A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background:It is well known that stretch training can induce prolonged increases in joint range of motion(ROM).However,to date more information is needed regarding which training variables might have greater influence on improvements in flexibility.Thus,the purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate the effects of stretch training on ROM in healthy participants by considering potential moderating variables,such as stretching technique,intensity,duration,frequency,and muscles stretched,as well as sex-specific,age-specific,and/or trained state-specific adaptations to stretch training.Methods:We searched through PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and SportDiscus to find eligible studies and,finally,assessed the results from 77 studies and 186 effect sizes by applying a random-effect meta-analysis.Moreover,by applying a mixed-effect model,we performed the respective subgroup analyses.To find potential relationships between stretch duration or age and effect sizes,we performed a meta-regression.Results:We found a significant overall effect,indicating that stretch training can increase ROM with a moderate effect compared to the controls(effect size=-1.002;Z=-12.074;95%confidence interval:-1.165 to-0.840;p<0.001;I^(2)=74.97).Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference between the stretching techniques(p=0.01)indicating that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching produced greater ROM than did ballistic/dynamic stretching.Moreover,there was a significant effect between the sexes(p=0.04),indicating that females showed higher gains in ROM compared to males.However,further moderating analysis showed no significant relation or difference.Conclusion:When the goal is to maximize ROM in the long term,proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation or static stretching,rather than ballistic/dynamic stretching,should be applied.Something to consider in future research as well as sports practice is that neither volume,intensity,nor frequency of stretching were found to play a significant role in ROM yields.

Static Stretching Combined with Conscious Slower Breathing May Increase Parasympathetic Activity and Reduce Stress in Adult Women

Background: Women are thought to be more susceptible to stress than men in a stressful society, and reducing stress is crucial for women to maintain their health. Static stretching (SST) is applied in various fields to not only increase muscle flexibility but also reduce stress. Additionally, conscious slower breathing (CSB) predominates parasympathetic activity, causing a relaxing effect. These results indicate that combining SST and CSB may be more useful in reducing stress. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of this combination remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of the combination of SST and CSB on autonomic activity and stress in adult women. Methods: Eleven healthy Japanese adult female participants performed SST with nonconscious natural breathing for 20 min. The same participants performed SST in combination with CSB (2 s inspiratory and 4 s expiratory) for 20 min on another day. Salivary cortisol and chromogranin A levels were measured before and after stretching as stress markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. The coefficient of variation of the R-R interval (CVR-R) and high-frequency component (HF), which reflect parasympathetic nerve activity, and heart rate and low-frequency component (LF)/HF ratio, which reflect sympathetic nerve activity, were measured before, during, and after stretching. Results: SST decreased cortisol levels but with no significant changes in chromogranin A, heart rate, CVR-R, HF, or LF/HF ratio. The combination of SST and CSB increased CVR-R and HF levels in addition to decreasing cortisol levels but with no significant changes in chromogranin A, heart rate, or LF/HF levels. Conclusion: These results indicate that the combination of SST and CSB may increase parasympathetic activity and reduce stress. However, future randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes should support this conclusion.

Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit:A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects

Background:When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance,authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews.However,effect sizes(ES)in previous reviews were extracted in major part from studies lacking control conditions and/or prepost testing designs.Also,currently available reviews conducted calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes,with ES:0.03 to 0.10,which would commonly be classified as trivial.Methods:Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles have appeared since 2013,we revisited the available literatures and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled prepost trials to provide updated evidence.Furthermore,previous research described reduced electromyography activity—also attributable to fatiguing training routines—as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance.The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine whether static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines.Results:Including 83 studies with more than 400 ES from 2012 participants,our results indicate a significant,small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss(ES=0.21,p=0.003),with high magnitude ES(ES=0.84,p=0.004)for stretching durations≥60 s per bout when compared to passive controls.When opposed to active controls,the maximal strength loss ranges between ES:0.17 to0.28,p<0.001 and 0.040 with mostly no to small heterogeneity.However,stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general(when compared to both passive and active controls);in fact,a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance(ES=0.15,p=0.006)was found in adults.Conclusion:Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles(e.g.,leg extensions or calf raises),our results confirm previous findings.Nevertheless,since no(or even positive)effects could be found for athletic performance,our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to,for example,jumping or sprinting.

Impact of a Magnetic Dipole on Heat Transfer in Non-Conducting Magnetic Fluid Flow over a Stretching Cylinder

The thermal behavior of an electrically non-conducting magnetic liquid flowing over a stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole is considered.The governing nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically using a finite element approach,which is properly validated through comparison with earlier results available in the literature.The results for the velocity and temperature fields are provided for different values of the Reynolds number,ferromagnetic response number,Prandtl number,and viscous dissipation parameter.The influence of some physical parameters on skin friction and heat transfer on the walls of the cylinder is also investigated.The applicability of this research to heat control in electronic devices is discussed to a certain extent.

Exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a permeable axisymmetric radially stretching/shrinking sheet

We report on the magnetohydrodynamic impact on the axisymmetric flow of Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu nanoparticles suspended in H_(2)O past a stretched/shrinked sheet.With the use of partial differential equations and the corresponding thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles,the physical flow process is illustrated.The resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using the suitable similarity transformations.The transformed differential equations are solved analytically.Impacts of the magnetic parameter,solid volume fraction and stretching/shrinking parameter on momentum and temperature distribution have been analyzed and interpreted graphically.The skin friction and Nusselt number were also evaluated.In addition,existence of dual solution was deduced for the shrinking sheet and unique solution for the stretching one.Further,Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O nanofluid flow has better thermal conductivity on comparing with Cu/H_(2)O nanofluid.Furthermore,it was found that the first solutions of the stream are stable and physically realizable,whereas those of the second ones are unstable.

Chemically Radiative MHD Flow of a Micropolar Nanofluid over a Stretching/ Shrinking Sheet with a Heat Source or Sink

This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into account.A similarity transformation is used to reduce the system of governing coupled non-linear partial differ-ential equations(PDEs),which account for the transport of mass,momentum,angular momentum,energy and species,to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The Runge-Kutta method along with shoot-ing method is used to solve them.The impact of several parameters is evaluated.It is shown that the micro-rota-tional velocity of thefluid rises with the micropolar factor.Moreover,the radiation parameter can have a remarkable influence on theflow and temperature profiles and on the angular momentum distribution.

A new model of flow over stretching(shrinking)and porous sheet with its numerical solutions

The viscous fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching(shrinking)and porous sheets of nonuniform thickness are investigated in this paper.The modeled problem is presented by utilizing the stretching(shrinking)and porous velocities and variable thickness of the sheet and they are combined in a relation.Consequently,the new problem reproduces the different available forms of flow motion and heat transfer maintained over a stretching(shrinking)and porous sheet of variable thickness in one go.As a result,the governing equations are embedded in several parameters which can be transformed into classical cases of stretched(shrunk)flows over porous sheets.A set of general,unusual and new variables is formed to simplify the governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions.The final equations are compared with the classical models to get the validity of the current simulations and they are exactly matched with each other for different choices of parameters of the current problem when their values are properly adjusted and manipulated.Moreover,we have recovered the classical results for special and appropriate values of the parameters(δ_(1),δ_(2),δ_(3),c,and B).The individual and combined effects of all inputs from the boundary are seen on flow and heat transfer properties with the help of a numerical method and the results are compared with classical solutions in special cases.It is noteworthy that the problem describes and enhances the behavior of all field quantities in view of the governing parameters.Numerical result shows that the dual solutions can be found for different possible values of the shrinking parameter.A stability analysis is accomplished and apprehended in order to establish a criterion for the determinations of linearly stable and physically compatible solutions.The significant features and diversity of the modeled equations are scrutinized by recovering the previous problems of fluid flow and heat transfer from a uniformly heated sheet of variable(uniform)thickness with variable(uniform)stretching/shrinking and injection/suction velocities.

Numerical Study on 3D MHD Darcy-Forchheimer Flow Caused by Gyrotactic Microorganisms of the Bio-Convective Casson Nanofluid across a Stretched Sheet

A review of the literature revealed that nanofluids are more effective in transferring heat than conventional fluids.Since there are significant gaps in the illumination of existing methods for enhancing heat transmission in nanomaterials,a thorough investigation of the previously outlined models is essential.The goal of the ongoing study is to determine whether the microscopic gold particles that are involved in mass and heat transmission drift in freely.The current study examines heat and mass transfer on 3D MHD Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson nanofluid-induced bio-convection past a stretched sheet.The inclusion of the nanoparticles is a result of their peculiar properties,such as remarkable thermal conductivity,which are important in heat exchangers and cutting-edge nanotechnology.The gyrotactic microorganisms must be included to prevent the potential deposition of minute particles.The proposed flow dynamics model consists of an evolving nonlinear system of PDEs,which is subsequently reduced to a system of dimensionless ODEs utilizing similarity approximations.MATLAB software was utilized to create an effective code for the Runge-Kutta technique using a shooting tool to acquire numerical results.This method is extensively used to solve these issues since it is accurate to fourth order,efficient,and affordable.The influence of submerged factors on the velocity,temperature,concentration,and density of motile microorganisms is shown in the figures.Additionally,tables and bar charts are used to illustrate the physical characteristics of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for the densities of both nanoparticles and motile microorganisms.The dimensionless velocities are observed declining when the casson,magnetic,porosity,and forchheimer parameters grow,whereas the dimensionless temperature and concentration rise as the thermophoresis parameter rises.This work provides insights into practical applications such nanofluidic,energy conservation,friction reduction,and power generation.Furthermore,in a concentration field,the Brownian and thermophoresis parameters exhibit very distinct behaviours.However,the work makes a significant point that the flow of a Casson fluid including nanoparticles can be regulated by appropriately modifying the Casson parameter,thermophoresis parameter,and Brownian motion parameter.

Casson Nanofluid Flow with Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux and Chemical Reaction Past a Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Porous Medium

In the current work,inclined magnetic field,thermal radiation,and the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux are taken into account as we analyze the impact of chemical reaction on magneto-hydrodynamic Casson nanofluid flow on a stretching sheet.Modified Buongiorno’s nanofluid model has been used to model the flow governing equations.The stretching surface is embedded in a porousmedium.By using similarity transformations,the nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a set of dimensionless ordinary differential equations.The numerical solution of transformed dimensionless equations is achieved by applying the shooting procedure together with Rung-Kutta 4th-order method employing MATLAB.The impact of significant parameters on the velocity profile f(ζ),temperature distributionθ(ζ),concentration profileϕ(ζ),skin friction coefficient(Cf),Nusselt number(Nux)and Sherwood number(Shx)are analyzed and displayed in graphical and tabular formats.With an increase in Casson fluid 0.5<β<2,the motion of the Casson fluid decelerates whereas the temperature profile increases.As the thermal relation factor expands 0.1<γ1<0.4,the temperature reduces,and consequently thermal boundary layer shrinks.Additionally,by raising the level of thermal radiation 1<Rd<7,the temperature profile significantly improves,and an abrupt expansion has also been observed in the associated thermal boundary with raise thermal radiation strength.It was observed that higher permeability 0<K<4 hinders the acceleration of Casson fluid.Higher Brownian motion levels 0.2<Nb<0.6 correspond to lower levels of the Casson fluid concentration profile.Moreover,it is observed that chemical reaction 0.2<γ2<0.5 has an inverse relation with the concentration level of Casson fluid.The current model’s significant uses include heat energy enhancement,petroleum recovery,energy devices,food manufacturing processes,and cooling device adjustment,among others.Furthermore,present outcomes have been found in great agreementwith already publishedwork.

Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Stretching Curved Surface with Induced Magnetic Field and Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions

This study explores the 2D stretching flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a curved surface influenced by a magnetic field and reactions. A steady laminar flow model is created with curvilinear coordinates, considering thermal radiation, suction, and magnetic boundary conditions. The nanofluid is made of water with copper and MWCNTs as nanoparticles. The equations are transformed into nonlinear ODEs and solved numerically. The model’s accuracy is confirmed by comparing it with published data. Results show that fluid velocity increases, temperature decreases, and concentration increases with the curvature radius parameter. The hybrid nanofluid is more sensitive to magnetic field changes in velocity, while the nanofluid is more sensitive to magnetic boundary coefficient changes. These insights can optimize heat and mass transfer in industrial processes like chemical reactors and wastewater treatment.

Mixed convectional and chemical reactive flow of nanofluid with slanted MHD on moving permeable stretching/shrinking sheet through nonlinear radiation,energy omission

Hybrid nanofluids are remarkable functioning liquids that are intended to reduce the energy loss while maximizing the heat transmission.In the involvement of suction and nonlinear thermal radiation effects,this study attempted to explore the energy transmission features of the inclined magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)stagnation flow of CNTs-hybrid nanofluid across the nonlinear permeable stretching or shrinking sheet.This work also included some noteworthy features like chemical reactions,variable molecular diffusivity,quadratic convection,viscous dissipation,velocity slip and heat omission assessment.Employing appropriate similarity components,the model equations were modified to ODEs and computed by using the HAM technique.The impact of various relevant flow characteristics on movement,heat and concentration profiles was investigated and plotted on a graph.Considering various model factors,the significance of drag friction,heat and mass transfer rate were also computed in tabular and graphical form.This leads to the conclusion that such factors have a considerable impact on the dynamics of fluid as well as other engineering measurements of interest.Furthermore,viscous forces are dominated by increasing the values ofλ_(p),δ_(m)andδ_(q),and as a result,F(ξ)accelerates while the opposite trend is observed for M andφ.The drag friction is boosted by the augmentation M,λ_(p)andφ,but the rate of heat transfer declined.According to our findings,hybrid nanoliquid effects dominate that of ordinary nanofluid in terms of F(ξ),Θ(ξ)andφ(ξ)profiles.The HAM and the numerical technique(shooting method)were found to be in good agreement.

逆合成孔径雷达中STRETCH信号畸变的分析

理想的STRETCH信号经过线性系统之后,再与理想的STREICH信号混频所得的中频信号中,包含了线性系统的幅相特性,本文分析指出,该中频信号的幅频特性被线性系统幅频特性所调制,其相频特性被线性系统相频特性中偏离直线部分所调制。

宽带相控阵雷达Stretch处理孔径渡越时间数字补偿技术

本文分析了宽带相控阵雷达采用线性调频(LFM)信号时孔径渡越时间对波束指向的影响,给出了经典的时间延时单元(TDU)补偿方法,针对用线性调频信号Stretch处理特点,提出了采用全数字方法实现孔径渡越时间补偿的方法,实验与模拟结果表明本文提出的方法是有效的.

宽带雷达STRETCH处理系统失真补偿新方法

为了解决STRETCH处理的系统失真补偿复杂困难的问题,该文详细分析了STRETCH处理的系统失真以及导致失真移变的机理,提出了一种先去除回波失真移变特性,再进行失真补偿的算法,并给出该算法的实现步骤。实测数据验证结果表明,该算法能对STRETCH处理的系统失真进行有效的补偿,使脉冲压缩旁瓣抑制达到45 dB以上,且运算量小,实现简单。

基于宽带Stretch处理的长时间积累方法

针对超宽频带制导雷达长时间积累过程中运动目标跨距离分辨单元走动,引起微弱目标检测性能下降的问题,提出一种基于Stretch处理的相参积累方法.该方法利用目标速度装订信息进行速度粗补偿,使用Keystone变换完成距离走动校正,采用脉冲多普勒处理完成相参积累.计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性.

Theoretical analysis on springback of L-section extrusion in rotary stretch bending process

The theoretical analysis of springback in rotary stretch bending process of L-section extrusion was studied. The models for characterizing the springback angle after unloading were established based on the stress and strain distributions in the cross-section of the part. With the proposed model, analysis of the effect of pre-stretch force and post-stretch force on springback angle shows that springback decreases as the pre-stretch force or post-stretch force increases. Comparative study with experiments clearly demonstrates that the prediction of springback can resort to the current model without the loss of accuracy.

基于ICCOS的STRETCH meat grinder电路中逆流回路的探讨

将ICCOS换流原理应用于STRETCH meat grinder电路中的电感储能型脉冲电源新型拓扑具有有效提高关断电流和降低系统成本的优势。为构建电气性能和非电性能最优的电感储能型脉冲电源系统,对基于ICCOS的STRETCH meat grinder电路的逆流回路的分析和优化设计是必要的。基于ICCOS的STRETCH meat grinder电路的理论分析,结合初步实验结果,本文提出了ICCOS逆流回路的基本设计约束,通过逆流电容值及其预充电压的优化取值,使逆流能量最小。仿真分析表明,ICCOS最小逆流能量和所要关断的电流大小直接相关,且受到一次直流电源的影响,而与所关断的电感初始储能大小无关。

基于Stretch处理的ISAR成像补偿新方法

针对Stretch体制的ISAR成像处理中本振信号延时误差的补偿问题,提出了基于延时量补偿的运动补偿方法。该算法先将每次回波的时间基准补偿到相同位置,用以消除时间量化误差的影响,再利用包络对齐和相位聚焦,用以补偿本振信号延时误差。同传统算法相比,该算法不受时间量化误差的影响,能够精确补偿本振信号延时误差。通过仿真实验证明了该算法的有效性。

Mechanical properties,electrical conductivity and microstructure of CuCrZr alloys treated with thermal stretch process

CuCrZr alloys were treated with the thermal stretch process at various temperatures from 100 to 300℃.The results reveal that the thermal stretch process is successfully developed to manufacture the precipitation hardening CuCrZr alloys with a good combination of microhardness and electrical conductivity.By increasing the tensile elongations at each temperature from 100 to 300℃,the microhardness increases whereas the electrical conductivity decreases slightly.Cr-containing precipitate phases with a Nishiyama-Wasserman orientation relationship to the copper matrix were observed by TEM.The achievement of high micro-hardness and acceptable electrical conductivity in the thermal stretch treated alloys is ascribed to the interactions of the heteroatom solution,dislocation increment,grain refinement and dispersive precipitation effect.

不同拉伸方式对健康人膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳表现的即刻影响

背景:静态拉伸可有效改善关节运动幅度,而动态拉伸通过肌肉的激活后增强效应,有效提高肌肉力量及运动表现。目的:探讨不同类型的拉伸方式对膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳表现产生的即刻影响,为寻求最佳拉伸方案、提高运动表现、预防训练损伤提供理论支撑。方法:随机招募30名健康大学生,采用Biodex等速肌力测试仪、Qualisys红外动作捕捉系统及AMTI三维测力台分别采集股四头肌/腘绳肌静态拉伸、股四头肌/腘绳肌动态拉伸、股四头肌动态/腘绳肌静态拉伸、股四头肌静态/腘绳肌动态拉伸后的膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳数据,利用膝关节峰值力矩、平均功率、纵跳高度、垂直地面反作用力峰值及关节运动幅度评估膝关节肌肉力量及垂直纵跳表现。结果与结论:(1)与股四头肌/腘绳肌静态拉伸相比,股四头肌/腘绳肌动态拉伸可显著提高膝关节峰值力矩、平均功率及纵跳高度(P<0.05),股四头肌动态/腘绳肌静态拉伸和股四头肌静态/腘绳肌动态拉伸分别提高伸膝和屈膝峰值力矩和平均功率(P<0.05);(2)与股四头肌/腘绳肌静态拉伸相比,股四头肌静态/腘绳肌动态拉伸后的第二垂直地面反作用力峰值显著下降(P<0.05);股四头肌/腘绳肌动态拉伸后的下肢关节运动幅度显著增加(P<0.05);(3)提示即刻的原动肌/拮抗肌动态拉伸和原动肌动态/拮抗肌静态拉伸可显著提高膝关节肌肉力量、垂直纵跳表现及关节运动幅度;较大的运动幅度有利于提高运动表现,并在着地时更好地吸收地面冲击力;同时,原动肌动态/拮抗肌静态拉伸对膝关节肌肉力量的提升效果优于原动肌/拮抗肌动态拉伸,原动肌静态拉伸/拮抗肌动态拉伸有利于提高垂直纵跳落地时的能量吸收能力,降低落地时损伤的风险。