Numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area in multi-field coupling

There were differences between real boundary and blast hole controlling boundary of irregular mined-out area in underground metal mines. There were errors in numerical analysis of stability for goaf, if it was analyzed as regular 3D mined-out area and the influence of coupling stress-seepage-disturbance was not considered adequately. Taking a lead zinc mine as the background, the model was built by the coupling of Surpac and Midas-Gts based on the goaf model precisely measured by CMS.According to seepage stress fundamental equations based on the equivalent continuum mechanical and the theory about equivalent load of dynamic disturbance in deep-hole blasting, the stability of mined-out area under multi-field coupling of stress-seepage-dynamic disturbance was numerically analyzed. The results show that it is more consistent between the numerical analysis model based on the real model of irregular 3D shape goaf and the real situation, which could faithfully reappear the change rule of stress–strain about the surrounding rock under synthetic action of blasting dynamic loading and the seepage pressure. The mined-out area multi-field coupling formed by blasting excavation is stable. Based on combination of the advantages of the CMS,Surpac and Midas-Gts, and fully consideration of the effects of multi-field coupling, the accurate and effective way could be provided for numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area.

Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions(FLAC3D) were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maximum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.

Instability identification on large scale underground mined-out area in the metal mine based on the improved FRBFNN

To identify the instability on large scale underground mined-out area in the metal mine effectively,the parameters of radial basis function were determined through clustering method and the improved fuzzy radial basis function neural network(FRBFNN)model of instability identification model about large scale underground mined-out area in the metal mine was built.The improved FRBFNN model was trained and tested.The results show that the improved FRBFNN model has high training accuracy and generalization ability.Parameters such as pillar area ratio,filling level and the value of rock quality designation have strong influence on instability of large scale underground mined-out area.Correctness of analysis about the improved FRBFNN model was proved by the practical application results about instability discrimination of surrounding rock in large-scale underground mined-out area of a metal mine in south China.

Quantitative analysis of biotechnical reinforcement for a steep slope consisting of composite coal-gangue-soil medium adjacent to a mined-out area

The engineering and geological characteristics of a steep slope consisting of coal gangue, rock and soil medium in Huating coal mine have been comprehensively investigated. Owing to humid weather, heavy rainfall, vegetation and porous characteristics of the soil and rock mass, the steep slope will be destabilized and induce mud-rock flow or derive hazard easily. Firstly, based on the classical slope reinforcement theory, some regularity between the shear and displacement in the destabilized zone of the slope with or without root strength contribution is presented. Then, based on the experimental and statistical analysis of root strength, hydrological characteristics and stability status, etc., some possible biotechnical techniques for reinforcement of the steep slope have been suggested. These methods are important for quantitative analysis of destabilization of the slope and design of the biotechnical reinforcement.

Time function of surface subsidence based on Harris model in mined-out area

The surface subsidence is a common environmental hazard in mined-out area. Based on careful analysis of the regularity of surface subsidence in mined-out area, we proposed a new time function based on Harris curve model in consideration of the shortage of current surface subsidence time functions. By analyzing the characteristics of the new time function, we found that it could meet the dynamic process, the velocity change process and the acceleration change process during surface subsidence. Then its rationality had been verified through project cases. The results show that the proposed time function model can give a good reflection of the regularity of surface subsidence in mined-out area and can accurately predict surface subsidence. And the prediction data of the model are a little greater than measured data on condition of proper measured data quantity, which is safety in the engineering. This model provides a new method for the analysis of surface subsidence in mined-out area and reference for future prediction, and it is valuable to engineering application.

Formation process of cover collapse sinkholes related to groundwater level decline in karst areas

The decline in groundwater level is a key factor contributing to cover collapse in karst areas.In this study,the model tests and numerical simulations are conducted to reveal the breeding process and formation mechanism of cover collapse sinkholes caused by the decline of groundwater level in karst area.Firstly,the model tests confirm that the decline of groundwater level generates negative pressure at the lower edge of overlying soil.The negative pressure experiences four distinct phases during the groundwater drawdown process:rapid rise,slow decline,rapid decline,and gradual dissipation.The maximum negative pressure is influenced by the particle size distribution of the overlying soil.Then,the numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the change process of negative pressure caused by the loss of fillers in karst pipe.The simulated results indicate that the rate of groundwater decline and the thickness and initial void ratio of the overlying soil can affect the maximum negative pressure.As groundwater level drops,a negative pressure zone forms underground,causing tensile failure in the surrounding soil and creating an arched soil hole,which weakens the support for the overlying soil.This phenomenon can also lead to the collapse of the overlying soil under its self-weight.Groundwater table decline in karst areas can result in both internal and surface collapses.When the overlying soil is thin,internal and surface collapses occur simultaneously.In contrast,for thick overlying soil,internal collapse happens first,followed by a layer-by-layer collapse,ultimately forming sinkholes.Finally,the breeding process and formation mechanism of the Yujiawan Reservoir sinkholes are discussed.Geological conditions and groundwater level decline significantly affect internal collapse in karst areas,requiring careful consideration from on-site engineers.

Mechanisms of root-soil reinforcement in bioembankments of sloping farmland in the purple hilly area,China

Bio-embankment is an important soil and water conservation measure in the purple hilly area in China,which can effectively improve the ability of cultivated soil layers to resist rainfall erosion and runoff scour.In contrast,the ecological effect of bioembankment depends on the stability of the earth bank.Taking the natural grass bank as a control(CK),the root distribution,root tensile properties and shear resistance of root-soil composites for 3 typical soil and water conservation bio-embankments,namely,Morus alba Linn(Morns),Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim(Zanthoxylum)and Medicago sativa(Medicago)were analysed.The results included the following:(1)The root system of the bio-embankments generally decreased in extent with the soil depth;fine roots in the o-io cm depth were most prevalent and significantly higher than those at the other depths,and coarse roots were mainly distributed in the o-30cm layer.(2)The stress-strain curves of the roots of each bio-embankment were single-peak curves without clear strain softening phenomena.The smaller the root diameters were,the smoother the stress-strain curves,and the lower the capability of the earth bank to resist collapse.The larger the root diameters were,the lower the tensile strength.The average root tensile force was highest for Zanthoxylum(73.91 N),followed by Medicago(68.07N)and Morus(61.88 N),and the average root tensile strength showed the same trend,16.52 MPa for Zanthoxylum,16.08 MPa for Medicago and 13.02MPa for Morus.(3)The bio-embankment measures significantly improved the soil shear resistance,especially under vertical loads of 1oo kPa and 200kPa.The soil internal friction angle showed a significant log-positive correlation with root morphological parameters of root length density(RLD),root surface area density(RSAD) and rootweight density(RWD),while the soil cohesion force showed a positive linear correlation with these parameters.The results provide effective parameters supporting for the design of bio-embankments and promoting the use of soil reinforcement with suitable species selection in protective earth banks for stability in the purple hilly area.

Experiments on self-excited oscillation in a thin-walled collapsible tube

Self-excited oscillation in a collapsible tube is an important phenomenon in physiology. An experimental approach on self-excited oscillation in a thin-walled collapsi- ble tube is developed by using a high transmittance and low Young＇s modulus silicone rubber tube. The elastic tube is manufactured by the method of centrifugal casting in our laboratory. An optical method for recording the evolution of the cross-sectional areas at a certain position along the longitudinal direction of the tube is developed based on the technology of refractive index matching. With the transparent tube, the tube law is measured under the static no-flow condition. The cross section at the middle position of the tube transfers from a quasi-circular configuration to an ellipse, and then to a dumbell-shape as the chamber pressure is increased. During the self-excited oscillation, two periodic self-excited oscillating states and one transitional oscillating state are identified. They all belong to the LU mode. These different oscillating states are related to the initial cross-sectional shape of the tube caused by the difference of the downstream transmural pressure.

Several Typical Geomechanical Models of Deformation Fracture of Mountain in High Earthquake Intensity Area

The deformation fracture and stability of mountain under the earthquake action is an important issue that arouses concern of researchers in the field of engineering geology.The authors,from 2000 to 2006, selected the 1933 earthquake in Diexi zone as a typical study site to carry out the genetic mechanism research of mountain deformation-fracture caused by earthquake; in order to have comparability,the breadth

湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构施工风险评估

为了提高针对湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构法施工安全评估的可靠性,从人员管理、机械材料、施工技术、施工环境4个方面构建较为完善的施工安全风险评估指标体系;利用灰色-DEMATEL方法对中心度进行处理得到风险指标权重;以风险发生概率和风险损失程度两个维度为基础构建二维云评估模型,其中发生概率由主、客观方法相结合来确定,损失程度通过改进雷达图法从人员伤亡、经济损失、工期延误、功能缺陷和环境影响5个方面来综合确定。将该评估模型运用到引汉济渭工程X输水隧洞盾构法施工项目的安全评估中。结果表明:该项目施工风险评估等级为Ⅱ级,施工安全风险程度较小,评价结果符合工程实际,验证了该评估模型的可行性和有效性。研究成果可为湿陷性黄土区类似输水隧洞盾构法施工安全风险评估提供借鉴和参考。

渭北黄土台塬区水库水下岸坡稳定形态预测模型研究

黄土地区水库塌岸预测仍以卡丘金法等经验图解法为主,此类方法预测结果的准确性取决于对岸坡剖面形态的准确描述。为了提高黄土地区水库塌岸宽度预测的准确性,选取渭北黄土台塬区选择典型水库进行现场调查,对原河道岸坡形态与蓄水后岸坡形态进行对比分析,在此基础上建立了水下岸坡形态预测模型。结果表明,渭北黄土台塬区水库岸坡塌岸稳定后,水上岸坡呈直立状,高度可达30 m以上,水下岸坡呈曲线形,受水深和岸坡高度共同影响,塌落物可能露出水面。在此基础上基于对数螺线方程建立了水下岸坡形态预测模型,并与经典图解法所用直线型岸坡进行对比,误差分析结果表明采用对数螺线方程进行水下岸坡形态预测时堆积体积误差为4.50%~39.70%,均值为12.64%,而直线型岸坡的预测误差为25.75%~124.69%,均值为75.69%。即采用对数螺线方程可以更好的测水下岸坡形态及水下堆积量。相关研究成果对黄土台塬区水库塌岸预测方法的改进,以及黄河流域的渭北黄土台塬区的环境保护与高质量发展具有实际意义。

安徽琅琊山风景区某崩塌的特征分析及治理措施

【目的】分析安徽琅琊山风景区某崩塌隐患点的特征并提出治理措施。【方法】采用现场调研、地形测绘、三维激光扫描仪、稳定性评价等手段,获得该崩塌点的特征和稳定性。【结果】该崩塌点具备倾倒式崩塌的特征,4个主要危岩体都是处于不稳定或欠稳定状态。【结论】采用设置锚杆、支撑墙、水泥浆充填等方法对危岩体进行加固,并采用人工清除松动石块、发挥截水沟的作用等方法进行治理,能够消除崩塌隐患,确保景点安全和景观价值。

岩溶典型区崩塌落石被动防护网失效概率模拟

贵州省位于我国西南地区,多山地丘陵,是典型的喀斯特地形地貌区,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害频发。思南县小屯岩崩塌带上现存危岩体方量大,裂隙、凹岩腔、溶蚀孔洞等发育。为研究岩溶典型区崩塌落石被动防护网失效概率,通过高精度实景建模技术,构建崩塌带三维模型,进行崩塌落石运动过程模拟,根据现场调查、无人机航拍和数值模拟结果,选择合适的位置布设落石被动防护网。基于落石粒径大小识别,选取不同粒径大小的落石,进行落石被动防护网拦截效果模拟,计算落石被动防护网失效概率。结果表明:13种粒径落石突破概率各不相同,(0.25,2.25)m粒径落石拦截效果良好,但落石被动防护网拦截率不能达到百分之百;落石粒径大于2.25 m,被动防护网出现失效现象,故将2.25 m粒径的落石为小屯岩崩塌带下被动防护网的设计上限。根据计算,所有粒径落石经被动防护网拦截后的失效概率低于5%,属可接受范畴。研究成果为小屯岩崩塌带的落石防护措施提供了有力的参考依据,对保护岩溶地区山区人民的生命安全和财产安全具有重要意义。

基于地球物理勘查技术的煤矿采空区探测研究

采用地球物理勘查技术,对煤矿采空区进行探测,通过EH-4连续电导率剖面法初步查明工作区500 m深度内的采空塌陷区分布情况及地层岩性、结构等。研究得出,本次物探工作共圈出采空塌陷区12处,将其分别投影至平面图上,做出了物探推测采空塌陷区分布图,推测测区中部和西北部采空塌陷区稳定性差、测区西部稳定性较差、测区西北角和东南大部稳定性一般。通过采空区验证钻孔(ZK0001)验证,与物探解释成果推断的采空区位置及情况较为吻合。因此,根据钻孔资料修正、完善的以上成果较为可信,可作为项目区地面塌陷及房屋裂缝分析工作使用。研究为项目区地面塌陷及房屋裂缝原因调查分析工作及钻探验证提供技术参考。

破碎地层井壁坍塌压力及井周失稳区域研究

地层裂缝发育状况对井壁坍塌压力及井周失稳区域的分布方位和深度存在一定影响,但常规井壁稳定分析方法将地层视为各向同性介质,未考虑到破碎地层的裂缝特征。为研究破碎地层井壁坍塌压力及井周失稳区域变化规律,文中结合修正的MC强度准则和三向应力作用下的裂缝面强度准则,建立了破碎地层井壁坍塌压力和井周失稳区域预测模型,研究了裂缝数量及井眼轨迹对井壁稳定的影响。研究发现:三向应力作用下,破碎地层井壁坍塌深度主要受裂缝倾角的控制,与裂缝倾向无关,而井壁的坍塌方位与裂缝倾角无关,仅随裂缝倾向的变化而改变;井壁坍塌主要受某条特殊产状裂缝的控制,可通过调整井眼轴向与该裂缝面的相对夹角,达到减轻或控制井壁失稳程度的目的。

村镇砌体结构民居地震倒塌易损性分析

为了快速定量评估我国村镇区域现存的大量居民自建砌体房屋的地震抗倒塌性能,提出了一种基于简化分析模型的地震倒塌易损性分析方法.针对不同抗震构造措施的村镇典型砌体结构民居,基于砌体墙片恢复力模型和刚性楼板假定,建立结构简化剪切层模型,并根据结构的典型地震倒塌破坏模式,确定对应的倒塌判断准则.通过对比所提模型与精细化有限元模型的模拟结果,验证该模型在倒塌分析中的可靠性.基于23条地震动的增量动力分析,得到各简化剪切层模型的倒塌易损性曲线,量化评价结构抗倒塌性能.结果表明:增加构造柱可以显著提高结构抗倒塌能力;相较于现浇楼板,采用预制楼板后结构抗倒塌能力减弱;不设置构造柱和圈梁且采用预制楼板的结构抗倒塌储备系数仅为采用完好抗震构造措施结构的10%.

某深埋TBM隧洞围岩地质变化区破坏特征与类型判别方法

某深埋TBM隧洞地质变化区开挖过程中岩爆和塌方交替发生,导致工期严重延误,严重威胁现场人员及施工安全。通过现场地质踏勘、微震监测和结构面统计,研究现场工程地质灾害与围岩岩性、地质条件的关系,建立基于岩性、地质及微震活动特征的地质灾害类型判别方法。结果表明,该隧洞破坏类型与围岩岩性有显著相关性,黑云母花岗岩洞段岩爆风险最高,混合花岗岩洞段次之,钾长石花岗岩与黑云母花岗岩围岩蚀变的洞段易发生塌方;岩性变化的交界面位置,破坏规模明显增大;破坏类型还与结构面密度相关,随着结构面密度减小,破坏类型由塌方转变为中等岩爆,进一步等级降低为轻微岩爆;微震特征分析表明,岩爆区域微震活动远大于塌方区域微震活动。当微震活动较低时,围岩破坏以塌方为主;当微震事件数>15,微震释放能>1000 J,围岩破坏以岩爆为主;当微震事件数>20,微震释放能>20000 J时,围岩可能发生中等岩爆。现场应用表明,该方法可准确预测掌子面前方潜在破坏类型,为类似工程灾害交替发生洞段的安全、高效施工提供参考。

湿陷性黄土地区明渠陡槽加墩消能工优化试验

明渠陡槽加墩是一种高效消能工布置方式,在特定条件下具有很高的技术竞争优势,但目前国内相关研究甚少。针对甘肃庆阳小崆峒沟雨水下塬排放工程的明渠陡槽加墩段进行了1∶30大比尺水工模型试验研究,试验发现初步方案沿程水流流态不稳定,存在向外泼溅溢出现象,危及黄土边坡的结构稳定。为此对初步方案进行了优化研究,试验发现,通过缩短消能墩排距,可以显著减小水面波动,使沿程水深分布均匀,流速降低,沿程不再出现水流向外泼溅溢出现象。消能墩排距由H/i缩短至0.5H/i后,在最大设计流量工况下,水面波动减小72.5%,平均流速降低40.1%,总消能率由87.9%提高至94.6%。

岩溶地区危岩和岩质崩塌易发性评价研究——以广西贺州市平桂区为例

本文利用专家—层次分析法对岩溶地区危岩和岩质崩塌地质灾害易发性进行评价,以贺州市平桂区地质灾害详细调查成果资料作为依据,选取了地质灾害发育密度、地貌类型、坡度、植被指数、地层岩性、岩土体类型、覆盖层厚度、岩溶发育程度、地质构造、多年平均降雨量、居民地密度、路网密度、矿山开采强度13个影响岩溶地区危岩和岩质崩塌地质灾害易发性的地质环境因素,创建了岩溶地区危岩和岩质崩塌地质灾害易发性评价指标体系,再通过GIS的空间分析功能对岩溶地区危岩和岩质崩塌地质灾害易发性进行评价研究,评价结果对岩溶地区地质灾害的防治具有指导意义。