Research on the Relationship between the School-Running Characteristics of Private Colleges and Universities and the Development Objectives of the Government

The development objectives of the Chinese government have a guiding effect on the school-running characteristics of private colleges and universities.This paper explores the relationship between the characteristics of private colleges and universities and the development objectives of the provincial government,using Jiangsu Province as a case study.All the schools have the consciousness of fully considering the development objectives of Jiangsu Province when formulating the school-running characteristics.Their characteristics all contain some training methods,training courses,or institutional construction aiming at the development objectives.Most universities can support the government’s objectives on employment and innovation.Only a third of the schools provide government support for science research.Private colleges and universities should make full use of the free and flexible advantages of private education,combine them with the continuous changes of policies and markets,and create clear,scientific,and dynamic school-running characteristics,in order to achieve long-term development.

Informationized Technological Path for the School-running Risk Prevention and Supervision of Private Colleges and Universities under the Background of the Internet

At present,with the decrease of the educational population and the gradual deepening of the higher educational reform,the development of the private colleges and universities is facing various contradictions and challenges.The development concept of"innovation,coordination,green,open and sharing"put forward at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the CPC provides the value guidance and the practical basis for the private colleges and universities to renew their development concepts and solve their development problems.

Redefine Chinese collectivism/individualism

Chinese culture, which has been regarded as a collectivistic one by such great heads as G. Hofstede and Triands for a long time, seldom receives challenge on its very nature. The authors, however, found at least three critical mistakes in Hofstede＇s work, and raised their argument that Chinese culture is not a collectivistic one, but a ＂shi＂ culture which relies heavily on context. The split of mind is the fundamental cause of this ＂shi＂ culture.

Peer Review in Collective Context of China

Peer review, which incorporates the U.S. ideology of individualism, is regarded as an effective tool in writing classes for improving students' writing proficiency and fostering their critical writing/revising skills (Ramanathan& Atkinson, 1999). Collectivism seems to be an impediment in peer reviewing according to Ramanathan&Atkinson (1999); however, it may not be the case due to the different contexts or cultural beliefs that students carry with.

A Comparison between American Individualism and Chinese Collectivism-From the View of Cherishing Life in War

There is a large discrepancy in the value concept of life.We know that the ways of cherishing life are different in war to the soldiers from different cultures.We may perceive that people's concept has been much influenced by the different cultural background and social environment.And similar cultural background and social environment may make people's value trend introject.

On Collectivism-Individualism dimension in Chinese and Western Family Relationships

Western culture emphasizes on individualism,individual freedom and personal choice,while Chinese people put more emphasis on collectivism.Collectivism-Individualism value differences can also be reflected in Chinese and Western Family Relationships,which may sometimes lead to conflicts between the couples in the cross-cultural marriage and their families.

On Chinese Collectivism and American Individualism in Food Culture

The thesis analysis Chinese collectivism and American individualism mainly from food culture.The thesis has four parts.The first part expounds the two different values' concept.The second part analysis the two different values in detail from the way of cooking,diet style,dietary ideas and different types of payment through comparison.Chinese pay attention to seasoning,while America natural taste in the way of preparing;Chinese diet style is group dining system,while American diet style is individual dining system;Chinese dietary idea is emotional,while American dietary idea is rational;Chinese like my treat,American like go Dutch.The third part expounds the reasons of different values reflected in the two food culture.And it analysis the main reason from four part above mentioned in detail.The fourth part expounds that the paper aims at letting us learn about two countries' deep-structure culture hidden in food culture.And then we can keep the communication open.

The ＂Minister of Production in the Collectivist State＂ as a Third Way of the Market： China Between Ethics and Growth

This paper proposes a comparison between the Chinese social-economic system of today and the economic planning system theorized by Enrico Barone in 1908, which described in his famous paper ＂The minister of production in the collectivist state＂. The work stems from a critical reflection on the premises of the capitalist market system. From Adam Smith to J. M. Keynes （included）, economists have identified in traditional capitalist models （search for maximum profit, economic efficiency, free competition system） the best economic system, universally implementable, feasible and infallible in democratic capitalist contexts. In the history of economic ideas have always been clear gap between the ＂capitalist system＂ and the ＂collectivist system＂. The choice of a government had to fall back on one or on the other system. The first considered ＂good＂, the second considered ＂bad＂ for economic growth. Times since September 11, 2001, however, seem to have debunked the myth of capitalism as the only model of democratic growth： Asia and China have given the world a lesson in humility. China has shown that although not being a democratic country could developed a robust and highly competitive economic model that has weakened the pillars of the western capitalism. China through Confucianism and Taoism has been able to establish the new global economic laws： low labour costs, low prices, mass production of low quality with a mixed mercantilist philosophy which is unknown to the Western world： the silent, smooth, radical trade expansion. As in a game of dominoes, China has been able to drop the capitalism safeties and America had to bow its head and agree to no longer be the only great power in the international scenario. But the peculiarity of this work is not only to define the root causes of China＇s success in the West; also reflects the fact that an Italian economist （Enrico Barone）, in 1908, predicted analytically and developed a theoretical system very similar to that of China nowadays, between capitalism and collectivism （a third way of the market）. The Asian culture has developed a market system that has proven to be accommodating to the needs of the capitalist market and to grasp the development opportunities that the same Western capitalism has offered.

Research on the Leadership of School Managers under Collectivization

In order to realize the high-quality and balanced development of the obligation education,school of collectivization has become an important measure.It promotes the fairness of education by expanding the coverage of high-quality education resources and sharing experience of education management.Its essence is the process of combining multiple individual schools in the region to form an organic organization of education group.In this process,school managers are faced with many problems such as remote management,increased difficulty in management,and increased cost of management.How to improve their leadership under collectivization has become a key issue of research.This study takes Jing'an District of Shanghai as an example,pays attention to the leadership of school managers under collectivization,in order to provide targeted suggestions for improving the leadership of school managers.This study analyzes the concept of school management leadership,and investigates the performance of three education groups and eight school managers in the aspects of structural leadership,teaching leadership,curriculum leadership and cultural value leadership.The study finds that school managers think that the main challenge after collectivization is the increase of management difficulty,followed by the expansion of school scale,insufficient policy support and insufficient resource allocation.In a word,these problems greatly affect the leadership level of school managers under collectivization.It thinks that school managers should optimize the organizational structure,build a modern school system,improve the professional level,promote the common development of teachers,build school culture and create a good organizational atmosphere to continuously improve their leadership.

Educational Collectivization:A New Exploration of Modern School System

The construction of modern school system has a rich connotation,its essence is system innovation,and the core is the construction of school internal management system.It is also a dynamic improvement process.Shanghai is one of the leading cities to run schools in collectivization in China.Through innovative collectivization of school running content,it has increasingly become an innovation mechanism of regional education governance,which not only complies with the construction of modern school system but also plays an important role in promoting modern school governance in reform and practice.This research believes that educational collectivization is a new exploration of modern school system construction and provides a reference for future research.

Different Cultural Values between China and America:Collectivism and Individualism in Business Negotiation

Along with the advancement of globalization and China's further integration into the global market, business negotiations between Chinese and American enterprises have been increasing rapidly. In order to successfully communicate with each other and promote the progress of business negotiation, this paper analyzes differences between America's individualism and China's collectivism in Business Negotiation, and uses the case of Lenovo's acquisition of IBM's PC unit as an example. The last part provides Chinese negotiators with some recommendations to achieve successful negotiations.

社会变迁中心理与行为的稳定性: 以谦虚效应为例

面对百年未有之大变局及生活质量生活方式的剧烈变迁,人们的心理行为乃至文化会如何变异?作者假设尽管社会变迁会影响和改变人类的某些心理和行为,但有些心理行为,因其受深层文化影响,会十分稳定,不受社会变迁的影响。近30年的有关谦虚效应的跨文化研究为这一假设提供了佐证。谦虚是中国传统文化深层结构中的集体主义的产物,这种跨文化差异本质上来源于东西方文化中个人主义与集体主义的差异。总结谦虚效应的30年系列研究结果表明尽管中国的经济社会发生了前所未有的发展,这个跨文化效应基本不变,说明源于深层文化的心理和行为存在高度的稳定性。

Individualism and Collectivism

The world could be analyzed in many dimensions,like rich and poor,peace and warfare,equal and oppressive,but one of the most important dimensions may be the difference between different societies of individualist and collectivist.This article is trying to discuss is the difference between individualism and collectivism in the western and eastern cultures,and also will explain and discuss it in some aspects,such as their viewpoint,their attitude on self-enhancement and self-criticism,and the goal setting and motivation,and take some cases which some researches and psychologists did and some cases found for example to describe it.Also it presents that social orientation and environment,and culture background will take important role to impact people’s mind and choice on individualism and collectivism.No matter individual or collective,it all have advantage and disadvantage for each,it needs comprehensive evaluation for differential environment which can obtain relative reasonable conclusion.

南稻北麦与公司违规——基于水稻理论的实证研究

利用2003—2018年中国上市公司违规行为的数据,研究了水稻种植与公司违规之间的联系及其内在机制。研究表明,随着CEO籍贯地种植水稻的比例提高,公司违规的概率也相应增大,稻作经济所带来的低社会信任度和风险偏好文化是其传导机制。儒家文化影响力与稻作文化在影响公司违规方面存在一定的替代关系,CEO学历的提高能在一定程度上抑制稻作文化对公司违规的正向影响。基于舞弊三角理论,检验了在不同压力与机会要素下,水稻种植的异质性影响,发现CEO籍贯地水稻种植比例在经营压力小、违规机会大的公司能够对公司违规起到更大影响。

从集体化到个体化:青海同仁六月会研究

仪式和社会的关系一直是人类学研究的主题,社会的变迁可以通过仪式呈现出来。在城镇化过程中,青海同仁地区的仪式也在发生变化,这种变化与社会变迁密切相关。本文从仪式起源、功能和活动的村落化来分析传统的集体运作逻辑,同时从仪式实践的家庭化、神与人关系的私密化以及村落共同体的弱化三方面讨论其个体运作逻辑。在城镇化背景下探讨宗教仪式实践的变迁,对于理解转型时期的民族地区社会特征具有现实意义,也进一步推进对人类学仪式理论中关于仪式如何反映社会内部不同部分关系的理解。

不合规任务对员工工作退缩行为的影响

基于情感事件理论,构建并检验被调节的中介模型,探讨不合规任务对员工工作退缩行为的影响机制。采用不合规任务量表、消极情感量表、集体主义取向量表、工作退缩行为量表对486名来自全国多个地区的员工进行匿名调查。研究结果表明:(1)不合规任务对工作退缩行为具有正向影响;(2)消极情感在不合规任务和工作退缩行为间具有部分中介作用;(3)集体主义取向对不合规任务与消极情感的关系以及对不合规任务通过消极情感影响员工工作退缩行为的间接效应均具有负向调节作用。以上结论为领导者干预不合规任务给员工带来的消极影响提供了启示:一是完善人岗匹配制度,优化人力资源配置;二是重视管理员工情绪,制定员工心理辅导计划;三是营造集体主义文化氛围,强化员工对组织的认同感。

考虑文化因素的团队揭短型知识共享生成机理研究

随着中国企业从“中国制造”加速迈向“中国智造”,高效的团队知识共享日益成为中国企业自主创新的重要基石。聚焦团队情境中的揭短型知识共享,将揭短型知识共享细分为“揭自短”和“揭他短”两种类型,探究了在集体主义、面子取向和团队成员交换协同作用下团队揭短型知识共享意愿的生成机理。通过对长三角地区高新技术企业的286份问卷和情境脚本数据分析,结果表明:(1)集体主义与面子取向对团队揭短型知识共享意愿存在正负二元功效,其中集体主义促进两类揭短型知识共享意愿,面子取向抑制两类揭短型知识共享意愿;(2)在注重“礼尚往来”的关系型中国社会,团队交换关系作为重要的权变机制可同步削弱集体主义和弱面子取向对两类揭短型知识共享意愿的影响功效。

自杀率全球分布:集体主义和5-羟色胺转运体短等位基因协同进化的解释

为解释自杀率的全球分布,本研究基于世界卫生组织等权威机构公开数据,提出并检验了集体主义文化和5-羟色胺转运体短等位基因协同进化的解释模型。分析发现:集体主义文化和抑郁障碍患病率在5-羟色胺转运体短等位基因携带者人口占比与自杀率之间起链式中介作用。集体主义文化和5-羟色胺转运体短等位基因之间存在协同进化的假设获得初步支持,即集体主义文化可能缓冲了携带5-羟色胺转运体短等位基因给个体和群体带来的负面影响,降低了地区抑郁障碍患病率和自杀率。

如何激发团队环保行为? 环保服务型领导的作用

本研究基于情感事件理论,探讨环保服务型领导对团队环保行为的影响。118份团队数据分析结果表明:环保服务型领导正向影响团队环保行为;团队自然敬畏情感在上述过程中起中介作用;团队集体主义取向正向调节环保服务型领导与团队自然敬畏情感的关系,也正向调节环保服务型领导经由团队自然敬畏情感对团队环保行为的间接效应。本研究揭示了团队环保行为的诱发机制,这对环保行为理论与环保管理实践具有一定启发意义。

社会网络视角下企业集体主义文化对组织韧性的影响研究

为了深入研究企业集体主义文化与组织韧性之间的关系,本文从社会网络视角出发,以2012—2021年我国沪深A股上市公司面板数据作为样本,研究了企业集体主义文化对组织韧性的影响作用,以及企业商业社会资本、企业政治社会资本在企业集体主义文化与组织韧性之间发挥的中介效应。研究结果表明:1)企业集体主义文化对组织韧性的影响系数为0.5137,且在1%的水平上显著,表明企业集体主义文化对组织韧性起着正向的促进作用。2)企业集体主义文化对企业商业社会资本的回归系数为11.9419,且在5%的水平上显著,表明企业集体主义文化与企业商业社会资本之间存在正相关关系,即企业集体主义文化能够促进企业商业社会资本的积累。企业集体主义文化对组织韧性的影响在加入中介变量企业商业社会资本后依然显著,回归系数为0.5171,且在1%的水平上显著,而企业商业社会资本对组织韧性的回归系数为0.0003,且在5%的水平上显著,表明企业商业社会资本在企业集体主义文化与组织韧性之间发挥着中介效应。3)企业集体主义文化对企业政治社会资本的回归系数为0.9354,且在10%的水平上显著,表明企业集体主义文化与企业政治社会资本之间存在正相关关系,即企业集体主义文化能够促进企业政治社会资本的积累。企业集体主义文化对组织韧性的影响在加入中介变量企业政治社会资本后依然显著,回归系数为0.5087,且在1%的水平上显著,而企业政治社会资本对组织韧性的回归系数为0.0054,且在10%的水平上显著,表明企业政治社会资本在企业集体主义文化与组织韧性之间同样也发挥着中介效应。