Fast evaluation of ship-bridge collision force based on nonlinear numerical simulation

The max collision force of ship-bridge collision is one of the most important references for bridge design. By means of nonlinear digital simulation method, the collision forces of the collisions between rigid bridge pier and ship bow were calculated out for four different ships, whose tonnages are 5000,10000,50000 and 60000 DWT respectively. Curves of collision force-penetration and absorbed energy-penetration are obtained, and the data of the max loads are then summarized. On the basis of these curves and data, a set of curves describing the relationships between max collision forces and tonnages of the ships are successfully presented, by which the max collision forces of the ships-bridge with different tonnages and in different velocities can be estimated easily and reliably.

Calculation method of ship collision force on bridge using artificial neural network

Ship collision on bridge is a dynamic process featured by high nonlinearity and instantaneity. Calculating ship-bridge collision force typically involves either the use of design-specification-stipulated equivalent static load, or the use of finite element method (FEM) which is more time-consuming and requires supercomputing resources. In this paper, we proposed an alternative approach that combines FEM with artificial neural network (ANN). The radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) employed for calculating the impact force in consideration of ship-bridge collision mechanics. With ship velocity and mass as the input vectors and ship collision force as the output vector, the neural networks for different network parameters are trained by the learning samples obtained from finite element simulation results. The error analyses of the learning and testing samples show that the proposed RBFNN is accurate enough to calculate ship-bridge collision force. The input-output relationship obtained by the RBFNN is essentially consistent with the typical empirical formulae. Finally, a special toolbox is developed for calculation efficiency in application using MATLAB software.

Collision avoidance for a mobile robot based on radial basis function hybrid force control technique

Collision avoidance is always difficult in the planning path for a mobile robot. In this paper, the virtual force field between a mobile robot and an obstacle is formed and regulated to maintain a desired distance by hybrid force control algorithm. Since uncertainties from robot dynamics and obstacle degrade the performance of a collision avoidance task, intelligent control is used to compensate for the uncertainties. A radial basis function （RBF） neural network is used to regulate the force field of an accurate distance between a robot and an obstacle in this paper and then simulation studies are conducted to confirm that the proposed algorithm is effective.

The collision efficiency of spherical dioctyl phthalate aerosol particles in the Brownian coagulation

The collision efficiency in the Brownian coagulation is investigated. A new mechanical model of collision between two identical spherical particles is proposed, and a set of corresponding collision equations is established. The equations are solved numerically, thereby obtaining the collision efficiency for the monodisperse dioctyl phthalate spherical aerosols with diameters ranging from 100 to 760 nm in the presence of van der Waals force and the elastic deformation force. The calculated collision efficiency, in agreement with the experimental data qualitatively, decreases with the increase of particle diameter except a small peak appearing in the particles with a diameter of 510 nm. The results show that the interparticle elastic deformation force cannot be neglected in the computation of particle Brownian coagulation. Finally, a set of new expressions relating collision efficiency to particle diameter is established.

A new collision avoidance model for pedestrian dynamics

The pedestrians can only avoid collisions passively under the action of forces during simulations using the social force model, which may lead to unnatural behaviors. This paper proposes an optimization-based model for the avoidance of collisions, where the social repulsive force is removed in favor of a search for the quickest path to destination in the pedestrian＇s vision field. In this way, the behaviors of pedestrians are governed by changing their desired walking direction and desired speed. By combining the critical factors of pedestrian movement, such as positions of the exit and obstacles and velocities of the neighbors, the choice of desired velocity has been rendered to a discrete optimization problem. Therefore,it is the self-driven force that leads pedestrians to a free path rather than the repulsive force, which means the pedestrians can actively avoid collisions. The new model is verified by comparing with the fundamental diagram and actual data. The simulation results of individual avoidance trajectories and crowd avoidance behaviors demonstrate the reasonability of the proposed model.

Collision efficiency of two nanoparticles with different diameters in Brownian coagulation

The collision efficiency of two nanoparticles with different diameters in the Brownian coagulation is investigated. The collision equations are solved to obtain the collision efficiency for the dioctyl phthalate nanoparticle with the diameter changing from 100 nm to 750 nm in the presence of the van der Waals force and the elastic deformation force. It is found that the collision efficiency decreases as a whole with the increase of both the particle diameter and the radius ratio of two particles. There exists an abrupt increase in the collision efficiency when the particle diameter is equal to 550 nm. Finally, a new expression is presented for the collision efficiency of two nanoparticles with different diameters.

New expression for collision efficiency of spherical nanoparticles in Brownian coagulation

The collision efficiency of dioctyl phthalate nanoparticles in Brownian coag- ulation has been studied. A set of collision equations is solved numerically to find the relationship between the collision efficiency and the particle radius varying in the range of 50 nm to 500 nm in the presence of Stokes resistance, lubrication force, van der Waals force, and elastic deformation force. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data qualitatively. The results show that the collision efficiency decreases with the increase of the particle radii from 50 nm to 500 nm. Based on the numerical data, a new expression for collision efficiency is presented.

Study on Non-Collision Mineralizing Mechanism of Froth Cyclone

On the basis of the mineralizing mechanism of froth cyclone, this paper expounds that the froth cyclone flotation process is accomplished in a limited centrifugal field. The main feature of air bubble mineralizing in the froth cyclone is a synthetic mineralizing process, of which the non collision mineralization of minute air bubble separated out dominates, supplemented with the collision mineralization. Moreover, this paper points out that the hydrophobic separated out and centrifugal force strengthen the selectivity of fine coal particle, accelerate the flotation speed and improve the slime recovery.

长沙暮坪湘江特大桥主桥抗撞性能研究与防撞设计

为保证长沙暮坪湘江特大桥主桥船-桥碰撞安全性,对该桥进行了抗撞性能研究与防撞设计。采用LS-DYNA软件开展船-桥碰撞分析,确定设防船撞力;结合冲击谱近似方法确定设防船撞动力作用,计算桥墩动力需求与抗撞能力,评估结构安全性;针对主墩拱脚防护及过渡墩抗弯能力不足等问题,提出由UHPC面板、内置X型耗能钢板、EPS泡沫及D型防撞护舷等构成的钢-UHPC组合防撞设计方案,并开展防撞效果有限元分析。结果表明:除撞击力峰值外,最高水位工况下结构响应均大于最低水位工况;未设置防撞装置时主墩具有较好的抗撞能力,且有一定的安全富余,而过渡墩无法满足抗弯需求;主墩设置防撞装置能在1.5 s内将船舶侧撞速度降为0,有效地阻止了船舶侧向侵入,过渡墩防撞装置钢板厚10 mm时,撞击力峰值降低了35%,主要响应峰值降幅达40%~50%。

常泰长江大桥船撞抗力研究及安全性评估

为确保常泰长江大桥建设和服役安全,对大桥进行船撞抗力研究及安全性评估。采用单位荷载法计算各涉水下部结构船撞抗力及其船撞破坏控制模式;基于船-桥碰撞概率模型得到各墩碰撞概率,明确常泰长江大桥船撞风险等级,通过对比数值模拟和经验公式计算的船撞力,确定设防船型碰撞各下部结构船撞力;以船撞安全系数和实际防撞吨位为指标进行船撞安全评估。结果表明:1~4号墩船撞破坏模式均由碰撞截面抗剪强度控制,5号和6号塔船撞破坏模式均由基底地基竖向承载力控制;在目前船舶流量下全桥船舶年碰撞概率为1.58次/年,与同类桥梁相比船舶碰撞风险较低且处于安全可控水平,大桥孔跨布置和航道规划合理;全桥涉水下部结构船撞安全系数为1.10~6.54,各下部结构实际防撞吨位均大于相应设防船型吨位,常泰长江大桥涉水下部结构抗船撞性能满足要求。

独立式桥墩防撞结构防撞性能研究

为了解独立式桥墩防撞结构(由钢管混凝土立柱、钢横梁等结构组成)抵御船舶撞击的能力,并选取合适的结构方案,以广州明珠湾大桥为背景进行研究。采用显式动力软件LS-DYNA建立船舶与独立式桥墩防撞结构计算模型,分析立柱间距4.8 m且不设防撞套箱(方案1)、立柱间距6.7 m且不设防撞套箱(方案2)、立柱间距6.7 m且设防撞套箱(方案3)3种独立式桥墩防撞结构方案在3000 DWT船舶中心碰撞和偏心碰撞下的结构动力响应和船舶损伤。结果表明:在中心碰撞下,方案2较方案1能有效减少撞击时迎撞立柱的位移和轴向拉力峰值,提高了独立式桥墩防撞结构的防护性能和承载能力,方案3的防撞套箱能起到缓冲消能的作用;在偏心碰撞下,方案3防撞套箱的旋转能够使船舶远离桥墩,保护桥墩和拱脚下弦杆不受船舶的撞击作用,具有良好的导向能力。设防撞套箱的独立式桥墩防撞结构已在广州明珠湾大桥中应用。

三峡库区弯曲河段大偏角船桥碰撞力分析

为研究船舶在大角度和高流速下与大跨度斜拉桥发生的碰撞响应,结合国内外相关规范对船桥碰撞中最大撞击力计算方法和撞击方式,对内河航运过程中可能发生的碰撞角度和方式进行分析,并以重庆外环江津长江大桥作为依托工程,采用附加质量法建立了7 000 t级散货船和等比例斜拉桥模型,计算了船舶在四种通航水位下的正撞、侧撞和漂撞的最大撞击力,比较各规范的计算值与数值模拟结果,对不同情况下的计算结果进行对比研究。结果表明,国内外各规范更适用于船舶撞击桥塔,撞击点位于桥梁承台时最大撞击力将远高于规范计算值;在船舶与桥梁正面碰撞中,《美国公路桥梁设计规范》(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO)计算值与模拟值吻合程度高;在侧撞中,尤其在撞击角度为10°~25°时,建议采用《公路桥梁抗撞设计规范》;船舶漂撞桥塔产生的撞击力大约为正向撞击的1/4,该情况可采用《铁路桥涵设计规范》进行计算。多角度船桥碰撞研究结果可为三峡库区高变幅水位下船桥碰撞安全风险评估和桥梁抗撞设计提供参考。

船桥碰撞非线性数值仿真研究

为了研究湘江流域典型桥梁船桥碰撞时的撞击力和能量转换过程,为后续大桥的防船撞设计提供参考,以株洲建宁大桥为研究背景,按照实际尺寸建立货船和桥墩模型,并使用ABAQUS有限元软件对其进行非线性动力仿真分析,研究了船桥碰撞过程中,船的撞击速度、吨位和撞击角度对撞击力的影响,以及船的变形情况和船桥碰撞中的能量转化关系。研究结果表明:船撞力峰值和船速存在正相关关系;船舶的吨位越大,撞击力峰值越大并且撞击的时间越长;船的撞击角度与碰撞时间之间没有呈现出明显的规律;船的撞击速度、吨位和撞击角度3种影响因素对船桥碰撞的撞击力和船体变形均有影响,但主要因素还是船速和船的吨位;在碰撞过程中,船的撞击动能基本转化为塑性变形能,船体变形主要集中在船艏碰撞区域,远离碰撞区域的船身部位没有明显的变形。

力法原理在机器人碰撞点识别中的应用

随着机器人技术、人机协同作业技术被广泛关注,如何实现一个人机共融的安全系统至关重要。想要实现真正的人机共融,保证安全性、做好碰撞点的识别工作是重点。针对皮肤传感器应用包覆性来感知外力的局限性,提出了一种人机协同作业时当碰撞连杆已知,引入一种新的求解碰撞点处外部接触力的方法。利用力法原理求解超静定结构的方式,只需借助机器人本体输出的部分参数信息,即可根据受力信息,得到碰撞点的位置信息。最后,搭载实验平台对所提出的算法进行仿真实验,实验结果表明通过受力信息锁定碰撞点位置时,其受力情况的误差范围在可接受的范围之内,满足机器人碰撞点识别算法的精度要求。

基于有限元法的桥梁抗船撞性能计算分析

跨越内河通航水域的桥梁不断增多,船舶大型化发展已成为大发展趋势,船舶碰撞桥梁的风险日趋加大,迫切需要按照航道区段标准统一的要求,提出实施范围航道区段设防代表船型、船队,并在此基础上开展桥梁安全风险隐患自查评估。针对桥梁的船撞性能进行研究,包括:墩/柱抗弯强度验算、墩/柱抗剪强度验算、墩/柱弯曲变形性能验算等,在此基础上给出增设固定式钢覆复合材料防撞设施、加装主动预警装置等有效建议,提高桥墩的抗撞性能,对日后防范桥梁安全风险隐患有重要意义。

基于侧面柱碰撞工况驾驶员肩部损伤优化

对比三款车型假人肩部力曲线,发现在侧面柱碰撞工况中,肩部力超出capping值的情况较为常见。文章通过零部件布置、内饰关重件设计及气囊包型三个方面分析了其对于假人肩部力的影响。提出合理布置车门及B柱饰板内强度较硬的塑料件、选择合适的内饰材料、合理设计气囊包型对于假人肩部力有显著的改善效果。

Dynamic-based model for calculating the boulder impact force in debris flow

The boulder impact force in debris flow is generally calculated by static methods such as the cantilever beam models.However,these methods cannot describe the dynamic scenario of boulder collision on structures,so the inertia and damping effects of the structures are not involved causing an overestimation on the boulder impact force.In order to address this issue,a dynamic-based model for calculating the boulder impact force of a debris flow was proposed in this study,and the dynamic characteristics of a cantilever beam with multiple degrees of freedom under boulder collision were investigated.By using the drop-weight method to simulate boulders within debris flow,seven experiments of drop-weight impacting the cantilever beam were used to calibrate the error of the dynamicbased model.Results indicate that the dynamic-based model is able to reconstruct the impact force history on the cantilever beam during impact time and the error of dynamic-based model is 15.3%in calculating boulder impact force,significantly outperforming the cantilever beam model’s error of 285%.Therefore,the dynamic-based model can overcome the drawbacks of the static-based models and provide a more reliable theoretical foundation for the engineering design of debris flow control structures.

Force collision and next event estimation of pulse height tallies

Pulse height cannot be easily tallied with commonly used analog transport methods when the recording cells are much smaller than the whole particle transport system. This paper presents a new transport scheme and applies it to a simple modeling problem of an industrial CT. The results show that for an important class of problems, FC-NEE is much more efficient than geometry splitting with Russian roulette, DXTRAN or conventional analog transport methods. The new method has been tested on an MCNP benchmark.

车辆碰撞中驾驶员手部主动响应对人体损伤的特性

研究了车辆碰撞环境下驾驶员手部在方向盘上的主动响应及对人体损伤的影响,以便对于人体损伤标准完善及车辆安全防护设计,提供参考数据。将假人手部结构重建,使手部具备抓握能力。利用关节约束力矩模拟抓握力,设置手部具有抓握力及抓握方向盘不同位置的仿真模型,计算获得假人各部位损伤数值,与标准假人损伤对比。结果显示:抓握状态下,头部伤害指标(HIC)峰值增加37.5%,颈部伸张力矩最大值减少22.3%,胸部压缩量最大值减少3%,大腿压缩力峰值减少36.5%。将方向盘划分为表盘的位置方位,手部位置在11点和4点方位时,头部HIC峰值最大;手部位置在8点和4点方位时,胸部压缩量和大腿压缩力峰值最大。碰撞中驾驶员手部主动响应对人体损伤影响较大。