This analysis focuses on what effects the decline of both domestic and wild bee populations has on the environment. It will analyze the 21st century-coined phenomenon known as “Colony Collapse Disorder,” and will in...This analysis focuses on what effects the decline of both domestic and wild bee populations has on the environment. It will analyze the 21st century-coined phenomenon known as “Colony Collapse Disorder,” and will investigate research methods that have improved numbers within bee populations over the last two decades. Within this study, the impacts and interactions between the Colony Collapse Disorder phenomenon and various environmental factors will be discussed, as well as the interactions between the four main spheres of the Earth (i.e., the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere). In so doing, this study will evidence how and why bee populations are declining, why that decline affects each Earth sphere, as well as how this condition could create both loophole and contagion effects. Finally, this analysis will also briefly touch upon NASA’s increasing involvement with replenishing the world’s bee populations, the agency’s monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> levels, various ecosystems, and other such relevant and ongoing research.展开更多
The aim of this study was to draw a retrospective analysis on the lethality of Imidacloprid(Gaucho®)and Fipronil(Régent TS®)on Apis mellifera between 1992 and 2016 in France.Early monitoring reports in ...The aim of this study was to draw a retrospective analysis on the lethality of Imidacloprid(Gaucho®)and Fipronil(Régent TS®)on Apis mellifera between 1992 and 2016 in France.Early monitoring reports in the 1992-2002 period notified these two embedded insecticides to be at the origin of massive colony collapse disorders.Ecotoxicological analyses based on the LD50 of Imidacloprid and Fipronil highlighted their differential lethality by both contact(Imidacloprid:81 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:5.9 ng/honeybee)and ingestion(Imidacloprid:3.7 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:4.2 ng/honeybee),but failed to point Imidacloprid’s high solubility as a higher lethal agent.Chemical properties and action mode of these two insecticides originated neural disfunction in the case of Imidacloprid,and honeybee brood immune depression for Fipronil.Despite the conduction of these monitoring reports and laboratory researches,Fipronil was completely banned in 2005 but Imidacloprid only in 2016.展开更多
文摘This analysis focuses on what effects the decline of both domestic and wild bee populations has on the environment. It will analyze the 21st century-coined phenomenon known as “Colony Collapse Disorder,” and will investigate research methods that have improved numbers within bee populations over the last two decades. Within this study, the impacts and interactions between the Colony Collapse Disorder phenomenon and various environmental factors will be discussed, as well as the interactions between the four main spheres of the Earth (i.e., the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere). In so doing, this study will evidence how and why bee populations are declining, why that decline affects each Earth sphere, as well as how this condition could create both loophole and contagion effects. Finally, this analysis will also briefly touch upon NASA’s increasing involvement with replenishing the world’s bee populations, the agency’s monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> levels, various ecosystems, and other such relevant and ongoing research.
文摘The aim of this study was to draw a retrospective analysis on the lethality of Imidacloprid(Gaucho®)and Fipronil(Régent TS®)on Apis mellifera between 1992 and 2016 in France.Early monitoring reports in the 1992-2002 period notified these two embedded insecticides to be at the origin of massive colony collapse disorders.Ecotoxicological analyses based on the LD50 of Imidacloprid and Fipronil highlighted their differential lethality by both contact(Imidacloprid:81 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:5.9 ng/honeybee)and ingestion(Imidacloprid:3.7 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:4.2 ng/honeybee),but failed to point Imidacloprid’s high solubility as a higher lethal agent.Chemical properties and action mode of these two insecticides originated neural disfunction in the case of Imidacloprid,and honeybee brood immune depression for Fipronil.Despite the conduction of these monitoring reports and laboratory researches,Fipronil was completely banned in 2005 but Imidacloprid only in 2016.
