Effects of Pigment Indicators on the Color Expression of Leaves of the Colored-leaf Garden Plants

[Objective] In this study, the relationship between the pigments and the color expression of leaves of colored-leaf plants was discussed. [Method] The colors of leaf blades of 6 kinds of plants were analyzed with the Royal Horticultural Soci-ety Colour Chart. The chlorophyl content, carotenoids content and anthocyanin con-tent in leaf blades were determined. In addition, the color types of leaf blades, kinds of pigments, pigment contents and pigment distributions of 6 kinds of plants were compared. [Result] The chlorophyl contents ranked as Populus canadensis Moench （green leaves） 〉 Populus deltoids cv. Zhonghuahongye （purple green leaves） 〉 Populus euramericana cv. Quanhong （red leaves）; Acer palmatum Thunb. （green leaves） 〉 Acer palmatum cv. Atropurpureum （purple red leaves） 〉 Acer pal-matum Thunb. cv. Atropurpureum （red leaves）. The ranking of anthocyanin contents was just opposite. The chlorophyl content was negatively related to the anthocyanin content. The leaf color of plants is determined by various pigments. The more the chlorophyl is, the greener the leaf is. The more the anthocyanin is, the redder the leaf is. In the colored-leaf plants, the chlorophyl content represents about 80% of the content of pigments, the carotenoids content represents about 17%, and the an-thocyanin represents about 3%. There is a difference in the chlorophyl content be-tween colored-leaf plants and green plants. However, the relatively low chlorophyl content wil not hamper the normal life activities of colored-leaf plants. [Conclusion] We hoped to provide reference and basis for the production and landscaping of col-ored-leaf plants.

Study on the Pigments of the Colored Cotton

The ecological characteristics and fiber structure of the colored cotton were introduced briefly. The color changing mechanisms of the pigments extracted from colored cottons and some plants were discussed with the results of different experiments, which could offer an academic reference for the color fixations of the colored cotton textile produces and promote the development of the natural colored cotton industry.

Study on the Genetics and Development of Fiber Pigments and Color Deviation After Wetting Process of Naturally Colored Cotton

The genetic control of fiber pigment color in naturally colored cotton was studied. The expression of brown and green fiber color was controlled by incompletely dominant single genes and incompletely dominant major genes, respectively. Production and accumulation of the fiber pigment were related to special expression of enzymatic genes for pigment synthesis in fiber cells. At the stage of fiber lengthening, naturally colored cotton, like white cotton, appeared purely white. But when fiber cell walls entered the thickening stage, pigment appeared by degrees. When the fiber was completely matured (on boll dehiscence), the color reached its darkest level. After wetting process treatment, the hues of the fiber pigment changed in regular patterns. The hue circle for brown and green cotton changed in the opposite direction with wetting process treatment. In general, the treated cotton color and luster became dark and vivid, and this trend provided the possibility for enhancing the fiber quality by suitable environmental friendly finishing. The analysis showed that the color and luster of the cotton may be controlled by a series of pigments which show different chemical performance.

New clues concerning pigment biosynthesis in green colored fiber provided by proteomics-based analysis

To separate the proteins related to pigment synthesis in green colored fiber （GCF）, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins between green cotton fiber and a white near-isogenic line （NIL）. One differential spot identified as phenylocumaran benzylic ether redutase-like protein （PCBER） was expressed only in GCF, but was not found in white colored fiber （WCF） at any time points. Since PCBER was a key enzyme in lignans biosynthesis, total lignans were extracted from GCF and WCF and their content was determined by using a chromotropic acid spectrophotometric method. The results showed that total lignans content in GCF was significantly higher than that in WCF. The qPCR analysis for two PLR genes associated with lignans biosynthesis showed that the expression level of two genes was much higher in GCF than that in WCF at 24 and 27 days post anthesis （DPA）, which may be responsible for the higher lignans content in GCF. Our study suggested that PCBER and lignans may be responsible for the color difference between GCF and WCF. Additionally, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde （DMACA） staining demonstrated that the pigment in GCF was not proanthocyanidins, and was different from that in brown colored fiber （BCF）. This study provided new clues for uncovering the molecular mechanisms related to pigment biosynthesis in GCF.

Preparation of Cr-Doped YAlO3 Red Ceramic Pigment and the Coloration Mechanism

The red ceramic pigment is widely used in industrial production, but the pigments with pure color and bright red performance are rare. Therefore, it is important to study and develop new red ceramic pigment with perfect color performance. This paper reports the preparation of Cr-doped YAlO_3 red ceramic pigment rendering by sol-gel method with high temperature resistance, good color and proposed color mechanism. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and UV-vis, and the effects of Cr on the crystal structure, color rendering properties and color mechanism were discussed. The results showed that the optimum concentration of coloring agent（Cr） in Cr：YAlO_3 red ceramic pigment was 3 at.%. The main color mechanism was also discussed. Compared with the solid phase sintering and precipitation methods for the synthesis of red ceramic pigment, the sol-gel method possessed obvious advantages, such as perfect mixing of the raw materials, uniform dispersion of doping ions and the pure color.

Effects of feeding a pigmented or non-pigmented diet to Arctic charr, <i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>, on flesh color and sexual maturity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding pigmented feed (50 ppm astaxanthin) to diploid or triploid Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, on growth rate, color of fillets, and the variability of color within fillets. Arctic charr with an average weight of 419.9 g ± 83.3 g, including both diploid (n = 72) and triploid (n = 72) fish, were allotted to each treatment: 0, 3 or 6 months of pigmented feed before slaughter. Color assessment was made using a portable reflected light colorimeter in the CIE 1976 L* a* b* color system mode. Feeding a pigmented diet to Arctic charr delayed sexual maturity in male Arctic charr and to a certain extent in females, but also slightly reduced the rate of growth. With increasing time on the pigmented diet, color parameters of the flesh increased as well as the variability in color. Triploid fish had more intense color assessments for each dietary treatment than the diploid fish.

Color Vision Defects with Variation in the Exon 5 of Red and Green Pigment Genes

Purpose : To investigate correlation of variation in the exon 5 of red and green pigment genes with color vision defects.Methods : Exon 5 of the red and green pigment genes in 11 protans, 19 deutans and 38 normal controls were analyzed by heteroduplux-SSCP analysis.Results : In all 11 protans and 8 of the 19 deutans, defects of the red or green pigment gene could be identified. The C polymorphism (A/C at codon 283) in green pigment gene was present in 8 of 44 trichromats and 5 of 24 dichromats. Specific electrophoretic bands were found in 2 normal controls and a deutan.Conclusions: Variation in the exon 5 of the red and green pigment genes is the most common cause for color vision defects. Heteroduplex-SSCP analysis is a suitable way in screening specific variation in visual pigment genes. Eye Science 1998; 14 : 130 - 133.

Preparation and Optical Patterning of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Color-Filter Films Using Latent Pigments by Utilizing Photo-Acid-Generator and Microwave Irradiation

Preparation and photo-patterning characteristics of organic-inorganic hybrid thin film containing latent pigment by using photo-acid-generator (PAG) and microwave irradiation have been investigated. The acrylic thin film modified with methoxysilane containing PAG was formed on a glass substrate and irradiated with ultraviolet rays to promote sol-gel reaction by catalytic action of acid which was generated from PAG. And then the film was hardened with microwave irradiation, yielding organic-inorganic hybrid polymer film having hardness, highly transparency and strong adhesion with a glass substrate. Since this reaction only occurred in the optically (UV) irradiated regions, by exploiting the difference between the adhesivenesses of these regions photo-irradiated through photomask with a glass substrate, it was possible to form a patterned film with pitch of 100 to 50 μm by a simple lift-off method. A pigment-containing film using latent pigments (with subtractive three primary colors of coloring materials) and a patterned film were prepared, and it was possible to make these films multi-colored by varying the mixing ratio of the pigments. This multi-colored film-preparation method is effective for simply and efficiently forming a color-filter film by applying optical and microwave irradiation.

Comparison of pigment composition and melanin content among white,light-green,dark-green,and purple morphs of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus（Selenka）, is a commercially important marine species in China. Among the differently colored varieties sold in China, white and purple sea cucumbers have the greatest appeal to consumers. Identification of the pigments that may contribute to the formation of different color morphs of sea cucumbers will provide a scientific basis for improving the cultivability of desirable color morphs. In this study,sea cucumbers were divided into four categories according to their body color： white, light green, dark green, and purple. The pigment composition and contents in the four groups were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）. The results show that the pigment contents differed significantly among the white, lightgreen, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers, and there were fewer types of pigments in white sea cucumber than in the other color morphs. The only pigments detected in white sea cucumbers were guanine and pteroic acid.Guanine and pteroic acid are structural colors, and they were also detected in light-green, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers. Every pigment detected, except for pteroic acid, was present at a higher concentration in purple morphs than in the other color morphs. The biological color pigments melanin, astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lutein were detected in light-green, dark-green, and purple sea cucumbers. While progesterone and lycopene,which are also biological color pigments, were not detected in any of the color morphs. Melanin was the major pigment contributing to body color, and its concentration increased with deepening color of the sea cucumber body. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that white sea cucumbers had the fewest epidermal melanocytes in the body wall, and their melanocytes contained fewer melanosomes as well as non-pigmented pre-melanosomes. Sea cucumbers with deeper body colors contained more melanin granules. In the body wall of dark-green and purple sea cucumbers, melanin granules were secreted out of the cell. The results of this study provide evidence for the main factors responsible for differences in coloration among white, light-green, darkgreen, and purple sea cucumbers, and also provide the foundation for further research on the formation of body color in sea cucumber, A. japonicus.

Anatomy of Vitis Berries During Their Coloring

During 1998 - 1999, the course of the berry coloring and the development of the pigment cells from veraison to ripeness were studied by freeze sectioning 43 accessions of 12 Vitis species (including 10 Chinese wild species). External observation showed that the berries of most species began coloring on the fruit top surface or on the sun-lit surface, and the berry surface color was evenly distributed when the berry was ripe. Internal observation revealed that the pigment cells in a few layers between cuticle and sub-cuticle colored first, the cuticle colored from inner layers to outer layers while the sub-cuticle from outer to inner, and the cuticle cells began coloring a little earlier than the sub-cuticle ones in most species. The pigment cells developed unevenly during the berry ripening. In the beginning of berry coloring, the cell pigment density among the layers or among the cells in the same layer was different. Both the numbers of the pigmented cells and the cell pigment density increased during the berry coloring, while the former lasted a short time; however, the latter kept increasing from veraison to ripeness, and they reached the deepest color when the berry was ripe.

Variability of phytoplankton absorption in the northern South China Sea:influence of the size structure and pigment composition of algal populations

Data from three cruises conducted in the Zhujiang River （ZR）, coastal waters of Guangdong （CWGD） and the northern South China Sea （NSCS） during 2003 and 2004 were examined for assessing the relative importance of pigment composition and packaging effect in modifying the specific absorption coefficients of phytoplankton. The three survey regions differ widely in their phytoplankton community with large cells dominating the ZR and CWGD waters and small cells dominating the NSCS region. Variations in the size structure and the accessory pigments have much effect on the chlorophyll a-specific absorption coefficient of phytoplankton. The size index accounted for about 42% and 33% of the variation of the specific absorption coefficient at 440 and 675 nm, respectively. Using the multiple regression analysis approach, pigment concentrations for each sample were calculated. The accessory pigments other than chlorophyll a contribute to absorption mainly in the blue - to - green region of the spectrum and their absorptions account for about 44%, 43% and 53% on the average of the total phytoplankton absorption at 440 nm for the ZR, CWGD and NSCS regions. Among the accessory pigments, the photosynthetic carotenoids （noted PSC） play a dominant role in the ZR and CWGD waters, while in the NSCS the nonphotosynthetic carotenoids （noted PPG） as well as PSC have important contributions. Because the variations of both the size structure and accessory pigments in algal populations contributed to the variability of the specific absorption coefficient in the study regions, these factors may be considered explicitly in future bio - optical algorithms to derive chlorophyll a concentration more accurately.

A Review on Resistance to Biotic Stress in Leaf-Colored Plant

As sessile organisms, plants have to be subjected to insect attack. Over the long course of evolution, plants have produced many mechanisms to resist this biotic stress such as pigment accumulation. Pigment levels determined depth and distribution of leaf color, thereby indirectly or directly affecting the behavior of insect attack. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of mutual recognition between leaf color and insect will provide important theoretical insight for the cultivation and improvement of new cultivars. This paper outlines leaf-color formation and the effect of pigment on the behavior of insect attack, and explores the challenge of research in the interaction between leaf color and insect, as soon as the potential direction for future development. This will give a broad background for improvements of colored plants with resistance to insect attack.

Genetics and Characteristics of a Pigmentation Defective Laboratory Strain of the Lady Beetle, Coleomegilla maculata

Beetles in the family Coccinellidae, commonly known as ladybugs, lady beetles, or ladybirds, are easily identifiable and popular beneficial insects. Current research aims to support conservation efforts of beneficial insects in agroecosystems by exploring genetic processes related to nutrition. As a part of this research, colonies of Coleomegilla maculata have been maintained in culture and inbred over many generations since 2009. One result of this inbreeding has been the discovery of novel morphological phenotypes unique to laboratory strains or present in wild populations at such low levels that they have not yet been described. One such phenotype is described here. The strain described here, ye (yellow elytra and eyes) was characterized with classical Mendelian breeding and digital image analysis. This phenotype differs from wild populations by possessing yellow pigment in the elytra and pale grey to white eyes. In contrast, wild populations of C. maculata possess pink or red pigmented elytra with black spots, and black eyes. C. maculata is not known to exhibit polymorphism in the field. Inheritance is autosomal and recessive. This species was not previously known to exhibit the dramatic variation of color described here. The strain is stable in the homozygous recessive form, and retains laboratory rearing characteristics similar to the wild type laboratory strain.

Synthesis of Ceramic Pigments ACr₂O₄Using the Non-Conventional Method of Co-Precipitation Assisted by Ultrasound and High Energy Milling

In this research ceramic pigments have been synthesized with crystalline spinel structure and chromium based with a stoichiometry ACr2O4. A was an element with +2 valence metal, in this case, metals were zinc and iron, these pigments have been synthesized by non-conventional methods like the co-precipitation assisted by ultrasound and high milling energy. Pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectrophotometry, and colorimetric CIELab method. Results showed that it was possible to obtain a crystallin desired structure at temperatures below 900&#176C by non-conventional methods. These results showed the advantages of ceramic pigments obtained by alternative routes, because it was possible to have a better control over stoichiometry and colorimetric structure properties. Furthermore, they were obtained at temperatures lower than those used by the traditional ceramic route.

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)发育中体色花纹时序发生的色素细胞变化和控制基因表达的分析Ⅱ.仔稚幼鱼时期

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)属于鲈形目、雀鲷科、双锯鱼属,是热带珊瑚礁观赏鱼类的首选品种,其不同发育时期各种色素细胞的动态变化及其控制基因表达情况有待深入研究。记录了眼斑双锯鱼仔稚幼鱼体色花纹模式建成的发育过程,对比不同发育时期体色变化的特点,筛选出仔稚幼鱼时期体色花纹变化较为明显的9个发育时期,并利用荧光定量PCR检测了眼斑双锯鱼各发育时期的10个体色控制基因的表达情况。结果显示:眼斑双锯鱼的体色发生存在明显的时序性,仔鱼时期鱼体呈现半透明状,黑色素细胞排列在身体两侧,随着生长发育数量逐渐增多;稚鱼时期,体表开始出现红色素细胞和黄色素细胞,身体慢慢变得不透明,9 dph开始出现第一道条纹,虹彩色素细胞数量逐渐增多,10 dph时期观察到第二道条纹出现;幼鱼时期,三道白色条纹完全形成,体表的橙红色和白色条纹被黑色素细胞分隔开来,界线逐渐清晰,长成完整的花纹。结合荧光定量PCR结果分析发现:在仔稚幼鱼阶段,10个体色控制基因在各发育时期均有表达,不同功能分类的基因在不同发育时期的表达变化趋势差异较大,在仔稚幼鱼前期表达量变化较大的基因主要为TYR、Dct、Ednrb、Sox10等与黑色素细胞迁移、分化、合成相关的基因;随着幼鱼不断的生长发育,白色条纹逐条出现,与虹彩色素细胞相关的Fms、Foxd3等基因也开始出现表达量显著上升的趋势。

Determination of Color Gamut of Higher Plant Leaves Using the Law of Additive Color Mixing

Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the main pigments in leaves of higher plants. They combine to give color to leaves. Based on the CIE1931 chromaticity coordinates of chlorophylls and cartotenoids, which were obtained from their classical absorption spectra and the law of additive color mixing, the theoretical color gamut of higher plant leaves is determined. The theoretical prediction agrees well with our experimental results.

天子蓝盘丽鱼皮肤组织的单细胞转录组测序

【目的】通过单细胞转录组测序比较天子蓝盘丽鱼和野生阿莲卡盘丽鱼皮肤组织中与体色形成相关的基因表达模式,为深入研究鱼类体色及良种选育提供数据基础,也为盘丽鱼或其他水产鱼类进行单细胞转录组研究提供技术借鉴。【方法】利用单细胞转录组测序技术对天子蓝(人工选育)和阿莲卡(野生型)2种盘丽鱼的皮肤组织进行转录组测序,经fastp质控过滤后,通过Cell Ranger比对参考基因组生成单细胞表达矩阵文件,使用Seurat进行降维聚类后构建转录组图谱,筛选出细胞类型识别与鉴定的标记基因;同时以阿莲卡盘丽鱼为对照,通过DEGseq筛选出2个样本间的差异表达基因(DEGs),并进行GO功能注释分析和KEGG信号通路富集分析。【结果】经单细胞转录组测序,从天子蓝、阿莲卡盘丽鱼样本中获得的原始序列(Raw reads)分别为815237286和728886552条;将2个样本整合后共捕获17035个细胞,经过滤及降维聚类后得到18个细胞簇(C0~C17),参考已知和潜在的标记基因,被注释为13种细胞类型及其亚型,基本涵盖了鱼类皮肤组织中的大部分细胞类型。基于伪批量(Pseudo-bulk)处理,从2个样本间筛选出20个DEGs(8个在天子蓝盘丽鱼皮肤组织中高表达,12个在阿莲卡盘丽鱼皮肤组织中高表达),主要注释到与气体传递、氧化代谢相关的GO功能条目。在单细胞维度,选择黑色素细胞和虹彩细胞2个细胞集群进行样本间差异分析,结果显示:在黑色素细胞中存在8个DEGs,主要富集于热应答、未折叠蛋白结合、生长因子活性、金属离子结合等信号通路。在虹彩细胞中存在25个DEGs,KEGG信号通路富集分析发现主要富集于凋亡、沙门氏菌感染和MAPK等信号通路,涉及细胞生存、应激响应和信号传导等功能。【结论】TSPAN3A、PTGES、ATF3、JUNK、GADD45GA、HSP70L、FOSAB等基因在调节天子蓝盘丽鱼皮肤体色、色素合成与沉着等方面发挥重要作用,而黑色素合成不活跃可能是导致天子蓝盘丽鱼体色较阿莲卡盘丽色更加鲜艳和绚丽的主要原因之一。

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)发育中体色花纹时序发生的色素细胞变化和控制基因表达的分析Ⅰ.胚胎时期

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)属于鲈形目、雀鲷科、双锯鱼属,是热带珊瑚礁观赏鱼类的首选品种。不同体色和花纹与色素细胞相关基因的表达直接相关,在其胚胎发育的过程中,色素细胞的形态和数量一直在变化,但不同发育时期各种色素细胞的动态变化及其控制基因表达情况等仍需明确研究。记录了眼斑双锯鱼胚胎时期色素细胞变化较为明显的6个发育时期,观察了不同时期的体色及色素细胞的变化特点,并利用荧光定量PCR检测了各发育时期的10个体色控制基因的表达情况。结果显示:在胚胎发育阶段,整个胚胎的颜色从橙黄逐渐转变为暗红、黑红、黑色到最终透明,观察到卵黄囊表面幼体黑色素细胞到成体黑色素细胞的转变过程,鱼体表面在翻转期出现成体黑色素细胞、在器官形成期出现红色素细胞,眼睛及腹部在孵化期出现虹彩色素细胞。结合荧光定量PCR结果分析发现:卵黄囊表面幼体黑色素细胞推测是外胚层中的神经嵴细胞直接发育而成,不需要迁移过程;Ednrb、TYR、Tbx2b基因对幼体黑色素细胞的形成和发育有重要作用,Pax3、Dct、Aim1基因与成体黑色素细胞的分化、迁移、形成过程密切相关;其中TYR基因的相对表达量在体节期出现显著增加,说明TYR基因在胚胎发育初期就参与黑色素细胞的形成;Tbx2b基因不仅对黑色素细胞形成有影响,对眼斑双锯鱼心脏的形成也有一定作用;Fms基因对红色素细胞形成有重要作用;Ltk基因的表达要早于虹彩色素细胞的出现;相关性分析发现各基因之间存在相互作用。

茜草色素对莫代尔织物染色研究

采用单因素变量法研究了染色方法及染色工艺对茜草色素染莫代尔织物效果的影响,并测试了染色织物的色牢度及强力。结果表明,茜草色素上染莫代尔织物的最佳染色方法是预媒法。媒染最佳工艺为媒染温度60℃,媒染时间40 min,媒染剂用量1.5×10^(-3)mol/L;染色最佳工艺为染色时间50 min,染色温度80℃,茜草色素用量3%(owf),氯化钠用量20 g/L。预媒染色后莫代尔织物色牢度良好,顶破强力与未染色时相比没有明显变化。明矾作媒染剂染色织物的耐皂洗色牢度及湿摩擦色牢度优于硫酸亚铁作媒染剂染色织物。

橡壳色素对棉织物染色工艺研究

为丰富天然染料染色织物的色谱,使用橡壳色素对棉织物进行染色,研究了染色方法及染色工艺对染色效果的影响,测试了染色织物的色牢度及强力,结果表明橡壳色素上染棉织物的最佳染色方法是预媒染色法。媒染最佳工艺为温度50℃,时间50 min,媒染剂用量2 mmol/L;染色最佳工艺为时间50 min,温度80℃,橡壳色素用量3%(owf)。预媒染色后织物色牢度良好,顶破强力与未染色时相比没有明显变化。