Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

行政信访中的民众诉求与政府回应——基于A市来访数据的经验研究

在行政信访中,什么类型的信访诉求更可能得到政府的积极回应?基于A市的群众来访数据,文章综合考察了信访的各种特征(如信访强度、诉求内容以及访民个体特征等)与政府回应之间的关系。文章将行政信访中的政府回应分为“初次回应”和“二次回应”两种。“初次回应”指信访部门在群众来访现场对来访人的接谈方式,分为“告知”和“室谈”两种,以后者的回应更为积极。“二次回应”是信访部门对信访诉求作出的正式办理,本文主要有“转送”和“交办”两种方式,以后者更为积极。统计分析发现:(1)在信访的诸多特征中,信访强度是唯一一个与政府回应方式显著相关的因素;信访强度表现在信访规模和信访频率两个方面;(2)虽然没有明确规定,但政府对群众来访的初次回应在很大程度上影响了后续的二次回应方式,表现在室谈过的来访更有可能得到交办。除此之外,未发现信访的其他特征与政府回应之间存在统计学意义上的显著关系。这些发现将丰富学术界对行政信访过程中民众诉求与政府回应之间关系的认识。

渠道控制机制如何抑制关系退出倾向——兼论竞争强度的调节作用

已有对渠道关系的研究大多聚焦于如何建立、发展及维持现有的合作关系,而较少考虑企业如何运用控制机制抑制渠道成员的关系退出倾向。本文考察了合同与关系规范对关系退出倾向的直接及交互作用,并进一步探讨了竞争强度对这两种控制机制与关系退出倾向间关系的调节作用。实证研究表明:合同的包容性对渠道成员的关系退出倾向具有正向影响,合同的约束力对渠道成员的关系退出倾向无直接影响,而关系规范对渠道成员的关系退出倾向具有负向影响。同时,关系规范不会弱化合同的包容性对渠道成员关系退出倾向的正向影响,但会强化合同的约束力对渠道成员关系退出倾向的负向影响;竞争强度会强化合同的包容性和约束力对渠道成员关系退出倾向的影响,但对关系规范与渠道成员关系退出倾向间的关系并无显著的调节作用。本文的研究结论丰富了现有的有关渠道中关系退出和控制机制的研究,为渠道成员了解合作关系为何走向结束以及如何采取有效的控制机制来进行规避提供了指导。

重复集体访:诉求类型与信访强度

通过对A市在2010~2014年间发生的重复集体访案件进行分析,文章发现:第一,重复集体访主要发生在征地拆迁、民事纠纷、劳动争议等诉求领域,信访诉求多与访民切身利益密切相关。第二,如果从信访频率和信访规模这两个维度来理解信访强度,那么,民事纠纷和劳动争议类上访的强度显著高于征地拆迁类。第三,越是强度高的信访越不容易得到快速解决。强度高的信访行为主要发生在民事纠纷和劳动争议这样的"非行政信访"纠纷领域。这类纠纷与政府无直接关系,理应通过司法途径加以解决,却大量涌入了行政信访渠道。这可能是导致这类纠纷难以在行政信访系统得到快速解决的重要原因。

环境规制对污染密集型行业出口竞争力影响——要素产出弹性系数影响分析

TPP独立文件《环境合作协议》显示环境标准开始成为新贸易标准的重要方向,文章构建并推导两要素、三部门理论模型,分析不同行业的产品相对价格对于开征环境税的反应,证明环境税变动对产品竞争力的影响与要素产出弹性系数存在密切联系,并通过解析特殊案例和推导生产函数,证实环境税除了直接增加产品成本及价格外,还通过要素回报率变动对要素产出弹性系数所决定的总成本构成产生影响,间接地影响产品竞争力;然后分解投入产出模型计算中国各行业出口贸易形成国内碳排放情况,分析对碳税敏感度较高的出口行业及其对碳税设计与实施的意义,阐述相关政策含义。