Resuscitation therapy for traumatic brain injuryinduced coma in rats:mechanisms of median nerve electrical stimulation

In this study, rats were put into traumatic brain injury-induced coma and treated with median nerve electrical stimulation. We explored the wake-promoting effect, and possible mechanisms, of median nerve electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation upregulated the expression levels of orexin-A and its receptor OX1R in the rat prefrontal cortex. Orexin-A expression gradually in-creased with increasing stimulation, while OX1R expression reached a peak at 12 hours and then decreased. In addition, after the OX1R antagonist, SB334867, was injected into the brain of rats after traumatic brain injury, fewer rats were restored to consciousness, and orexin-A and OXIR expression in the prefrontal cortex was downregulated. Our ifndings indicate that median nerve electrical stimulation induced an up-regulation of orexin-A and OX1R expression in the pre-frontal cortex of traumatic brain injury-induced coma rats, which may be a potential mechanism involved in the wake-promoting effects of median nerve electrical stimulation.

Prognosis in prolonged coma patients with diffuse axonal injury assessed by somatosensory evoked potential

A total of 43 prolonged coma patients with diffuse axonal injury received the somatosensory evoked potential examination one month after injury in the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University in China. Somatosensory evoked potentials were graded as normal, abnormal or absent （grades I-III） according to N20 amplitude and central conduction time. The outcome in patients with grade III somatosensory evoked potential was in each case unfavorable. The prognostic accuracy of grade III somatosensory evoked potential for unfavorable and non-awakening outcome was 100% and 80%, respectively. The prognostic accuracy of grade I somatosensory evoked potential for favorable and wakening outcome was 86% and 100%, respectively. These results suggest that somatosensory evoked potential grade is closely correlated with coma severity and degree of recovery. Somatosensory evoked potential is a valuable diagnostic tool to assess prognosis in prolonged coma patients with diffuse axonal injury.

Outcome of Surgically Treated Acute Traumatic Epidural Hematomas Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale

This study was a retrospective analysis of outcome of surgically treated acute traumatic epidural hematomas based on the Glasgow coma scale. The series enrolled forty-six consecutive cases of acute traumatic epidural hematomas. The mean age of patients was 29.56 years and 63.04% of the patients were between 21 and 30 years of age. Forty-tree out of 46 (93.47%) of the patients were males. Road traffic crash was the main mode of injury. The severity of the traumatic brain injury was classified according to the Glasgow coma scale score at admission. The injury was mild or moderate in 35 (76.08%) cases and severe in 11. Eight patients (17.39%) presented with pupillary abnormalities. The computed tomography scanning of the head has objectivized the epidural hematoma in all patients and has shown a mass effect with midline shift in all but one case (45/46). The most frequent surgical procedure done was craniotomy. Six (13.04%) patients died (GOS 1), but 38 (82.60%) recovered fully (GOS 5) and two (04.34%) were disabled but independent (GOS 4). The Glasgow coma score at admission was very predictive for good or poor outcome, since all patients but one who died and all survivors who were disabled were comatose at admission (GCS ≤ 8).

Correlation between Glasgow Coma Scale with central venous pressure and near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with acquired brain injury in the intensive care unit of Adam Malik Hospital Medan

Background:Acquired brain injury(ABI)is caused by trauma or nontrauma to the brain after birth.Increased intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic or nontraumatic brain injury affects the cerebral perfusion pressure.After traumatic brain injury,there is an increase in air content in the brain and an increase in volume of blood flow to the brain,which can cause increased intracranial pressure,herniation of brain tissue,impaired cerebral perfusion,and brain damage.Most patients with traumatic brain injury die from uncontrolled increases in intracranial pressure.Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and central venous pressure(CVP)monitoring are also associated with cerebral perfusion.This study aimed to determine the relationship between the Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)scores and CVP and NIRS values in patients with ABI.Methods:This prospective analytical study used a cross-sectional design to compareGCS scores with CVP and NIRS values in patients with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit(ICU)of Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan.GCS,CVP,and NIRS descriptive data in patients with brain injury were presented in terms of mean and standard deviation if the data were normally distributed,or median(interquartile range)values if the data were not normally distributed.The relationship between GCS scores and CVP and NIRS values was assessed using the Pearson correlation test if the data were normally distributed,or the Spearman test if the data were not normally distributed.Results:In this study,the mean GCS score and CVP values were 7.04±2.69 and 5.63±25.82 mmHg,respectively.The right tissue oxygen saturation(StO2)was 55.61%±18.72%,and the left StO2 was 57.57%±17.48%with normally distributed data.There was no correlation between GCS scores and CVP values(P=0.829),and no correlation between moderate GCS scores and right and left StO2(P=0.343;P=0.121);however,there was a significantly strong positive correlation between severe GCS scores and right and left StO2(P=0.028,r=0.656;P=0.005,r=0.777).Conclusion:There was no significant correlation between GCS scores and CVP values,and no correlation between moderate GCS scores and NIRS values;however,there was a significantly strong positive correlation between severe GCS scores and NIRS values in patients with ABI at the ICU of Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan.

Glasgow Coma Scale, brain electric activity mapping and Glasgow Outcome Scale after hyperbaric oxygen treatment of severe brain injury

Objective: To study the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment of severe brain injury. Methods: Fifty-five patients were divided into a treatment group (n=35 receiving HBO therapy) and a control group (n=20 receiving dehydrating, cortical steroid and antibiotic therapy) to observe the alteration of clinic GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale), brain electric activity mapping (BEAM), prognosis and GOS (Glasgow Outcome Scale) before and after hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Results: In the treatment group GCS,BEAM and GOS were improved obviously after 3 courses of treatment, GCS increased from 5.1 to 14.6 (P< 0.01- 0.001),the BEAM abnormal rate reduced from 94.3% to 38% (P< 0.01- 0.001),the GOS good-mild disability rate was 83.7%, and the middle-severe disability rate was 26.3% compared with the control group. There was a statistic significant difference between the two groups (P< 0.01- 0.001). Conclusions: Hyperbaric oxygen treatment could improve obviously GCS, BEAM and GOS of severe brain injury patients, and effectively reduce the mortality and morbidity. It is an effective method to treat severe brain injury.

Effect of arousal methods for 175 cases of prolonged coma after severe traumatic brain injury and its related factors

Objective: To determine the effect of arousal methods for prolonged coma of 175 patients with severe traumatic brain injury and related factors.Methods: There were 175 cases with persistent coma longer than 1 month after severe traumatic brain injury. Coma lasted 1-12 months. Arousal procedures included hyperbaric oxygen, physical therapy and arousal drugs. Results: In the 175 prolonged coma patients 110 got recovery of consciousness; in 118 cases with coma of 1-3 months, 86 cases recovered consciousness ((72.9)%); in 42 cases with coma of 4-6 months, 20 cases recovered consciousness ((47.6)); and in 15 cases with coma of longer than 6 months, only 4 cases recovered consciousness ((26.7)%). The recovery of consciousness depended on patient’s primary brain stem damage, cerebral hernia, GCS score, and age. Conclusions: Application of appropriate arousal procedures improves recovery of consciousness in patients with prolonged coma.

Gender differences in adult traumatic brain injury according to the Glasgow coma scale:A multicenter descriptive study

Purpose:Patients’gender,which can be one of the most important determinants of traumatic brain injury(TBI)outcomes,is also likely to interact with many other outcome variables of TBI.This multicenter descriptive study investigated gender differences in epidemiological,clinical,treatment,mortality,and variable characteristics in adult TBI patients.Methods:The selection criteria were defined as patients who had been diagnosed with TBI and were admitted to the hospital between January 1,2016 and December 31,2018.A total of 4468 adult TBI patients were enrolled at eight University Hospitals.Based on the list of enrolled patients,the medical records of the patients were reviewed and they were registered online at each hospital.The registered patients were classified into three groups according to the Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score:mild(13-15),moderate(9-12),and severe(3-8),and the differences between men and women in each group were investigated.The risk factors of moderated and severe TBI compared to mild TBI were also investigated.Results:The study included 3075 men and 1393 women and the proportion of total males was 68.8%.Among all the TBI patients,there were significant differences between men and women in age,past history,and GCS score.While the mild and severe TBI groups showed significant differences in age,past history,and clinical symptoms,the moderate TBI group showed significant differences in age,past history,cause of justice,and diagnosis.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge,this multicenter study is the first to focus on gender differences of adult patients with TBI in Korea.This study shows significant differences between men and women in many aspects of adult TBI.Therefore,gender differences should be strongly considered in TBI studies.

Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography Predicts Outcome in Patients with Coma After Acute Brain Injury

Prognostication of coma patients after brain injury is important, yet challenging. In this study, we evaluated the predictive value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography （aEEG） for neurological outcomes in coma patients. From January 2013 to January 2016, 128 coma patients after acute brain injury were prospectively enrolled and monitored with aEEG. The 6-month neurological outcome was evaluated using the Cerebral Performance Category Scale. aEEG monitoring commenced at a median of 7.5 days after coma onset. Continuous normal voltage predicted a good 6-month neurological outcome with a sensitivity of 93.6% and specificity of 85.2%. In contrast, continuous extremely low voltage, burst-suppression, or a flat tracing was correlated with poor 6-month neurological outcome with a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity of 100%. In conclusion, aEEG is a promising predictor of 6-month neurological outcome for coma patients after acute brain injury.

Effects of Sevoflurane and Propofol on Neurological Recovery of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in the Early Postoperative Stage: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective To investigate the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on neurological recovery of traumatic brain injury(TBI)patients in the early postoperative stage.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of TBI patients who underwent craniotomy or decompressive craniectomy.Generalized additive mixed model(GAMM)was used to analyze effects of propofol and sevoflurane on Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)on postoperative days 1,3,and 7.Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze effects of the two anesthetics on Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS)at discharge.Results A total of 340 TBI patients were enrolled in this study.There were 110 TBI patients who underwent craniotomy including 75 in the propofol group and 35 in the sevoflurane group,and 134 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy including 63 in the propofol group and 71 in the sevoflurane group.It showed no significant difference in GCS at admission between the propofol and the sevoflurane groups among craniotomy patients(β=0.75,95%CI:-0.55 to 2.05,P=0.260).However,elevation in GCS from baseline was 1.73 points(95%CI:-2.81 to-0.66,P=0.002)less in the sevoflurane group than that in the propofol group on postoperative day 1,2.03 points(95%CI:-3.14 to-0.91,P 0.001)less on day 3,and 1.31 points(95%CI:-2.43 to-0.19,P=0.022)less on day 7.The risk of unfavorable GOS(GOS 1,2,and 3)at discharge was higher in the sevoflurane group(OR=4.93,95%CI:1.05 to 23.03,P=0.043).No significant difference was observed among two-group decompressive craniectomy patients in GCS and GOS.Conclusions Compared to propofol,sevoflurane was associated with worse neurological recovery during the hospital stay in TBI patients undergoing craniotomy.This difference was not detected in TBI patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy.

有创颅内压监测下控制性阶梯式减压在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的:探讨有创颅内压监测下控制性阶梯式减压法治疗重型颅脑损伤者的应用价值。方法:选取2022年7月—2023年7月肇庆市第一人民医院收治的82例重型颅脑外伤者作为研究对象,将其分为对照组和试验组,每组各41例。患者均未行手术治疗,且处于急性期。对照组常规监测生命体征变化情况,试验组行脑室型有创颅内压监测探头植入术。比较两组颅内压、并发症发生率(迟发血肿、术后脑梗塞)、死亡率、格拉斯哥昏迷评分法(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)评分及预后情况。结果:术后6 h、12 h、24 h,对照组颅内压指标高于试验组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组术后并发症发生率高于试验组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后24 h、72 h、7 d,两组GCS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月,对照组恢复良好率低于试验组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:有创颅内压监测下控制性阶梯式减压疗法应用于重型颅脑损伤患者中效果理想,可改善患者颅内压指标,降低术后并发症发生率及死亡率,患者可更快恢复意识,改善预后。

早期和晚期气管切开术对重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者预后的影响

目的:观察并比较重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者行早期和晚期气管切开术的临床结果。方法:收集2020年3月到2023年9月期间赣州市人民医院NICU收治的重型颅脑损伤患者76例的临床资料,根据气管切开的时机分为早期组(n=42)和晚期组(n=34)。记录每位患者NICU住院时长、总住院时长、呼吸机使用时长、抗生素使用率、肺炎发生率、病死率。出院时,使用改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)评估神经功能恢复情况。在伤后6个月,采用格拉斯哥预后评分(GOC)评估预后。结果:早期组NICU住院时长、总住院时长、呼吸机使用时长明显较短,抗生素使用率和肺炎发生率明显较低(P<0.05),病死率间差异不显著(P>0.05)。出院时早期组mRS评分明显较低(P<0.05)。6 m后,早期组恢复良好率明显较高(P<0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者实施早期气管切开能改善其预后,减少肺部感染等事件发生率,促进病情更好恢复。

分析高压氧联合神经外科手术治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果

目的 探讨高压氧联合神经外科手术治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法 选取2020年2月—2022年11月青岛市黄岛区人民医院收治的66例重型颅脑损伤患者为研究对象,按照投掷硬币法分为参照组(33例,采用的治疗方法为神经外科手术)和研究组(33例,采用的治疗方法为参照组基础上的高压氧治疗)。比较两组患者的治疗总有效率、功能独立自主量表(Functional Indepence Measure,FIM)评分、Glasgow昏迷评分量表(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)评分、并发症(持续高热、上消化道出血、肺部感染、肾损伤)总发生率。结果研究组治疗总有效率(96.97%)高于参照组(75.76%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.304,P<0.05)。治疗前,两组FIM评分、GCS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);治疗后,研究组FIM评分、GCS评分均高于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组并发症(持续高热、上消化道出血、肺部感染、肾损伤)总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 高压氧+神经外科手术治疗方法的有效应用,对于重型颅脑损伤患者疗效提升、昏迷状态改善以及生活自理能力提升方面,可以获得明显效果,可促进重型颅脑损伤患者的良好预后。

Wake-promoting effects of vagus nerve stimulation after traumatic brain injury: upregulation of orexin-A and orexin receptor type 1 expression in the prefrontal cortex

Orexins, produced in the lateral hypothalamus, are important neuropeptides that participate in the sleep/wake cycle, and their expres- sion coincides with the projection area of the vagus nerve in the brain. Vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to decrease the amounts of daytime sleep and rapid eye movement in epilepsy patients with traumatic brain injury. In the present study, we investigated whether vagus nerve stimulation promotes wakefulness and affects orexin expression. A rat model of traumatic brain injury was established using the free fall drop method. In the stimulated group, rats with traumatic brain injury received vagus nerve stimulation （frequency, 30 Hz, current, 1.0 mA; pulse width, 0.5 ms; total stimulation time, 15 minutes）. In the antagonist group, rats with traumatic brain injury were intracerebroventricularly injected with the orexin receptor type 1 （OXIR） antagonist SB334867 and received vagus nerve stimulation. Changes in consciousness were observed after stimulation in each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot assay and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the levels of orexin-A and OX1R expression in the prefrontal cortex. In the stimulated group, consciousness was substantially improved, orexin-A protein expression gradually increased within 24 hours after injury and OX1R expres- sion reached a peak at 12 hours, compared with rats subjected to traumatic brain injury only. In the antagonist group, the wake-promoting effect of vagus nerve stimulation was diminished, and orexin-A and OX1R expression were decreased, compared with that of the stim- ulated group. Taken together, our findings suggest that vagus nerve stimulation promotes the recovery of consciousness in comatose rats after traumatic brain injury. The upregulation of orexin-A and OXIR expression in the prefrontal cortex might be involved in the wake-promoting effects of vagus nerve stimulation.

Traumatic axonal injury of the cingulum in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study

The cingulum,connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe,involves in diverse cognition functions including attention,memory,and motivation.To investigate the relationship between the cingulum injury and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury,we evaluated the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain using diffusion tensor tractography in 73 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury(39 males,34 females,age 43.29±11.42 years)and 40 healthy controls(22 males,18 females,age 40.11±16.81 years).The patients were divided into three subgroups based on the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain on diffusion tensor tractography:subgroup A(n=19 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were intact;subgroup B(n=36 patients)– either side of the anterior cingulum was intact;and subgroup C(18 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were discontinued.There were significant differences in total Memory Assessment Scale score between subgroups A and B and between subgroups A and C.There were no significant differences in diffusion tensor tractography parameters(fractional anisotropy,apparent diffusion coefficient,and fiber volume)between patients and controls.These findings suggest that the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain,but not diffusion tensor tractography parameter,can be used to predict the cognitive function of patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury.This study was approved by Yeungnam University Hospital Institutional Review Board(approval No.YUMC-2014-01-425-010)on August 16,2017.

Analysis on care outcome of patients with polytrauma and coma

Objective ： To make further improvement of outcome of patients with polytrauma and coma. Methods： The data of 3 361 patients （2 378 males and 983 females, aged from 5-95 years, 38. 2 years on average） with severe polytrauma and coma admitted to Chongqing Emergency Medical Center （Level I Trauma Center ）, Chongqing, China, from November 1978 to December 2004 were analyzed retrospectively in this study. Results： The overall survival rate and mortality were 93.2%（3 133/3 361 ）and 6.8%（228/3 361 ）, respectively. The mortalities in patients with coma duration 〈 1 hour and combined with neural dysfunction and in patients with coma duration ≥ 1 hour and combined with or without neural dysfunction were signifieantly higher than that of those with coma duration 〈 1 hour but without neural dysfunction [39.5%（136/344）vs 3.0%（92/3 017）, P 〈0.01]. There existed significant differences in GCS, ISS, and revised trauma score （RTS） between the death group and the survival group （P 〈 0. 01 ）. RTS was in good correspondence with patient＇ s pathophysiological status and outcome in patients with multiple trauma and coma for different groups of systolic blood pressure （SBP）. The mortality in patients with SBP 〈90 nun Hg was significantiy higher than that of those with SBP ≥ 90 mm Hg [ 33. 3 % （68/204） vs5.1%（160/3 157）, P 〈0.01]. The mortality in polytranma patients combined with serious head injury （AIS≥3） was8.2%, among which, 76.5% died from lung complications. The morbidity rate of lung complications and mortality rate increased in patients with head injury complicated with chest or abdomen injury （23.9%, 61.1% vs 27.3 %, 50.0 % ）. The mortality reached up to 61.9 % in patients complicated with severe head, chest and abdomen injuries simultaneously. Conclusions： It plays a key role to establish a fast and effective trauma care system and prompt and definite surgical procedures and to strengthen the management of complications for improving the survival rate of patients with severe palytrauma and coma.

Cerebral state index versus Glasgow coma scale as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in brain-injured patients

Objective：To compare the value of Glasgow coma scale （GCS） and cerebral state index （CSI）on predicting hospital discharge status of acute braininjured patients.Methods：In 60 brain-injured patients who did not receive sedatives,GCS and CSI were measured daily during the first 10 days of hospitalization.The outcome of prognostic cut-off points was calculated by GCS and CSI using receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve regarding the time of admission and third day of hospitalization.Sensitivity,specificity and other predictive values for both indices were calculated.Results：Of the 60 assessed patients,14 patients had mild,13 patients had moderate and 33 patients had severe injuries.During the course of the study,17 patients （28.3％） deteriorated in their situation and died.The mean GCS and CSI in patients who deceased during hospitalization was significantly lower than those who were discharged from the hospital.GCS＜4.5 and CSI＜64.5 at the time of admission was associated with higher mortality risk in traumatic brain injury patients and GCS was more sensitive than CSI to predict in-hospital death in these patients.For the first day of hospitalization,the area under ROC curve was 0.947 for GCS and 0.732 for CSI.Conclusion：GCS score at ICU admission is a good predictor of in-hospital mortality.GCS＜4.5 and CSI＜64.5 at the time of admission is associated with higher mortality risk in traumatic brain injury patients and GCS is more sensitive than CSI in predicting death in these patients.

Traumatic brain injury:A case-based review

BACKGROUND:Traumatic brain injuries are common and costly to hospital systems.Most of the guidelines on management of traumatic brain injuries are taken from the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines.This is a review of the current literature discussing the evolving practice of traumatic brain injury.DATA SOURCES:A literature search using multiple databases was performed for articles published through September 2012 with concentration on meta-analyses,systematic reviews,and randomized controlled trials.RESULTS:The focus of care should be to minimize secondary brain injury by surgically decompressing certain hematomas,maintain systolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg,oxygen saturations above 93%,euthermia,intracranial pressures below 20 mmHg,and cerebral perfusion pressure between 60-80 mmHg.CONCLUSION:Much is still unknown about the management of traumatic brain injury.The current practice guidelines have not yet been sufficiently validated,however equipoise is a major issue when conducting randomized control trials among patients with traumatic brain injury.

Induced arousal following zolpidem treatment in a vegetative state after brain injury in 7 cases Analysis using visual single photon emission computerized tomography and digitized cerebral state monitor

BACKGROUND： Several studies have reported the use of zolpidem for induced arousal after permanent vegetative states. However, changes in brain function and EMG after zolpidem treatment requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of zolpidem, an unconventional drug, on inducing arousal in patients in a permanent vegetative state after brain injury using visual single photon emission computerized tomography and digitized cerebral state monitor. DESIGN： A self-controlled observation. SETTING： Shenzhen People＇s Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： Seven patients in a permanent vegetative state were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People＇s Hospital from March 2005 to May 2007. The group included 5 males and 2 females, 24-55 years of age, with a mean age of 38.5 years. All seven patients had been in a permanent vegetative statement for at least six months. The patient group included three comatose patients, who had sustained injuries to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, or thalamus in motor vehicle accidents, and four patients, who had suffered primary/secondary brain stem injury. Informed consents were obtained from the patients＇ relatives. METHODS： The patients brains were imaged by ^99Tc^m ECD single photon emission computerized tomography prior to treatment with zolpidem [Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, France, code number approved by the State Food ＆ Drug Administration （SFDA） J20040033, specification 10 mg per tablet. At 8：00 p.m., 10 mg zolpidem was dissolved with distilled water and administered through a nasogastric tube at 1 hour before and after treatment and 1 week following treatment, respectively. Visual analysis of cerebral perfusion changes in the injured brain regions before and after treatment was performed. Simultaneously, three monitoring parameters were obtained though a cerebral state monitor, which included cerebral state index, electromyographic index, and burst suppression index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Comparison of the three brain function indices, cerebral perfusion in the areas of brain injury, and clinical indices before and after treatment. RESULTS： All seven patients were included in the final analysis. （1） Following treatment, the parameters of cerebral state index and electromyographic index were significantly higher than before treatment （P 〈 0.05）. The burst suppression index was significantly lower than before treatment （P 〈 0.05）. （2） Cerebral perfusion in areas of brain injury improved significantly in all subjects compared to before treatment. CONCLUSION： The findings of visual single photon emission computerized tomography and digitized cerebral state monitor reveal that Zolpidem appears to be an effective treatment for restoring brain function to certain patients in a permanent vegetative state.

外周血FDP/Fib值联合GCS评分对创伤性脑损伤患者预后的预测价值

目的:探讨外周血纤维蛋白降解产物/纤维蛋白原(FDP/Fib)比值联合格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者预后的预测价值。方法:选取80例中重度TBI患者为研究对象,根据28 d预后分为死亡组(n=26)与存活组(n=54)。比较两组患者临床特征[年龄、性别、创伤机制、血压、心率和呼吸频率、GCS评分、创伤严重程度评分(ISS)]和实验室指标[血白细胞计数、血小板计数、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)、FDP/Fib值];Pearson相关系数分析外周血FDP/Fib值与ISS、GCS评分的相关性;多元Logistic回归分析中重度TBI患者28 d死亡的独立预测因子;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估外周血FDP/Fib值、GCS评分及二者联合对预后的预测价值。结果:死亡组GCS评分、APTT和Fib低于存活组(P<0.001);ISS评分、PT、D-D、FDP、FDP/Fib值高于存活组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关系数分析显示,外周血FDP/Fib值与ISS评分正相关(P<0.05);与GCS评分负相关(P<0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,GCS评分(OR=1.344)和FDP/Fib值(OR=1.145)是中重度TBI患者28 d死亡的独立预测因子(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,外周血FDP/Fib值、GCS评分及二者联合预测TBI预后的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.854、0.890、0.948,二者联合预测价值最高(P<0.001)。结论:外周血FDP/Fib值与TBI患者病情程度相关,联合GCS评分对TBI患者的预后有较好的预测价值。

血清胆碱酯酶联合GCS评分对重型闭合性颅脑损伤预后的评估价值

目的探讨入院时血清胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase,ChE)联合格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)对重型闭合性颅脑损伤病人28d院内预后的预测价值。方法回顾性分析87例重型闭合性颅脑损伤病例资料,根据28d院内的生存情况分为存活组(n=64)与死亡组(n=23)。比较两组病人基线资料、GCS评分、ChE以及急性生理学和慢性健康评估Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ,APACHEⅡ)评分。采用多因素Logistic回归,分析重型闭合性颅脑损伤病人28d院内预后的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC),确定最佳临界值,分析ChE联合GCS评分评估重型闭合性颅脑损伤病人28d院内预后的价值。结果存活组ChE水平、GCS评分及血红蛋白均显著高于死亡组,而血糖、D-二聚体、凝血酶原时间及APACHEⅡ评分显著低于死亡组(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:ChE、GCS评分及APACHEⅡ评分是重型闭合性颅脑损伤病人28d院内出现死亡的影响因素(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示:ChE联合GCS评分曲线下面积大于两者单独预测时的曲线下面积。结论入院时ChE、GCS评分均对重型闭合性颅脑损伤病人预后具有预测价值,两者联合价值更高。