Methodological Framework for a Multi-Scale Study on Hydrological Processes and Soil Erosion in Subtropical Southeast China

This paper introduces and illustrates the concepts of geoecological process combinations and geographical or landscape dimensions by outlining the methodology of a Sino-German cooperative project in Southeast China and presents the first results of the modelling process for the catchment scale. The project equipped a catchment in subtropical Southeast China from plot scale to catchment scale in order to study the hydrological and soll erosion processes. Distinct spatial differences in principal water and soil material fluxes were quantified. Deep drainage peaks occurred in May, June and July and even in August and November. Measurements in erosion plots as well as sedimentary deposits revealed that there was soil erosion connected with overland flow. Consistent with the results from the regular catenary variations of soil colors, textural stratification and hydrograph analysis, there was also a clear indication of interflow from measured soil moisture data. The experimental set up has the potential to further deepen the understanding of small-scale processes involved in lateral water fluxes and soil erosion. The expected results and interpretations will lead to a further integration of the collected data. In the future, to understand matter transfer in and between landscape ecological units, agricultural influence on nutrient status and flux data will be incorporated.

Preparation of single-phase ammonium dimolybdate by combination process

A novel method for the preparation of single-phase ammonium dimolybdate with industrial ammonium molybdate was studied. Various in- fluential factors were evaluated in the paper, including reaction temperature, reaction time, initial molybdenum concentration, initial NH_3 /Mo molar ratio, and stirring speed. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the crystallization rate of product is 85.23%. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and chemical analysis show that the product is single-phase ammonium dimolybdate, and no impurity phases exist. The scanning electronic microscope (SEM) image reveals uniform particle size, good particle dispersion, and no agglomeration between particles. Meanwhile, the final pH value of acidification was investigated. The total molybdenum recovery can reach up to 99.40%, and the main phases of acidification product are the same as those of raw material with the final pH value of 1.5. This determines that the acidification product can be used as a raw material to produce single-phase ammonium dimolybdate.

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process （CMP） with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, turbidity and anionic surfactants （LAS） was investigated under different conditions. It was observed that the effluent COD, NH4^＋-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19-0.85 mg/L, 0.03-0.18 mg/L, 0.0-0.15 NTU and 0.0-0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120-5350 mg/L, 79.5-129.3 mg/L, 110-181.1NTU and 4.9-5.4 mg/L. The effluent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China （GB3838-2002）. The removal rates of COD, NH4^＋-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network （BPNN） theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4^＋-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4^＋-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.

Optimization of continuous electrocoagulation-adsorption combined process for the treatment of a textile effluent

The aims of this study is to design and optimize the functioning of a full continuous combined process based on electrocoagulaion-adsorption on crude Tunisian clay to treat a real textile effluent.The clay characterization shows that the used clay is a rich-smectite clay.The response surface methodology(RSM)technique based on Box-Behnken design(BBD)was used to optimize the process.At optimum conditions which are initial pH solution of 8.24,effluent flow rate of 0.5 L·min^(-1),voltage of 70 V,and added suspension of clay flow rate of 100 ml·min^(-1) the achieved color,chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total suspended solid(TSS)removal efficiencies were respectively 96.87%,89.77%and 84.46%with0.75 USD·m^(-3) as total cost.The additional laboratory experiments at optimum conditions agree with the predicted results,which confirm the accuracy and the capability of RSM to predict results in the defined space.Finally the designed process could be a good eco-friendly alternative to treat and reuse wastewater in industrial process with reasonable cost.

Selection of Technical Routes for Resid Processing

With the increasing trend of heavy crudes supply with deteriorated quality and demand for clean fuels, deep processing of residuum, in particular the processing of low-grade resid, has become the main source for enhancing economic benefits of oil refiners. This article has discussed the technol- ogy for processing of different resids and the advantages and disadvantages of the combination pro- cesses for resid processing, while pinpointing the directions for development and application of tech- nologies for resid processing in China.

Metallurgical Reaction Characteristic for the Combined Blowing Process of Top-Bottom Blown Oxygen and Bottom Blown Natural Gas

The experiment was carried out in a combined blowing converter.The natural gas was supplied as the cooling medium for the bottom lance.The blow- ing practice of medium P hot metal (0.30-0.85% [P]) indicated that with better stirring at the bottom of the converter and lower P_(CO),this steelmgking process was favorable to reduce the amount of [C] and [O] and increase the (P_2O_5)/[P]. The maximum rate of dephospborization might be high up to 0.0a5%/min and the P content in steel could be reduced to lower than 0.03% by single slag-forming operation.

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACK ON FORWARD EXTRUDING BAR DURING AXISYMMETRIC CUP-BAR COMBINED EXTRUSION PROCESS

In this paper, the kinematically admissible velocity field with surface crack on forward extruding bar is put forward during the axisymmetric cup-bar combined extrusion process, in accordance with the results of model experiments.On the basis of velocity field, the necessary condition for surface crack formation on the forward extruding bar is derived, with the help of upper bound theorem and the minimum energy principle. Meanwhile, the relationships between surface crack formation and combination of reduction in area for the part of forward and backward extursions relative residual thickness of billet (T/R0),frictional factor (m) or relative land length of ram and chamber are calculated during the extrusion process. Therefore, whether the surface crack on forward exturding bar occurs can be predicted before extruding the lower-plasticity metals for axisymmetric cup-bar combined extrusion process.The analytical results agree very well with experimental results of aluminium alloy LY12 (ASTM 2024) and LC4 (ASTM 7075).

Heuristic Method for Job Shop Scheduling Problem with Combination Processing

A job shop scheduling problem with a combination processing in complex production environment is proposed. Based on the defining of ＂non-elastic combination processing relativity＂ and ＂virtual process＂, the problem can be simplified and transformed to a traditional one. On the basis of the dispatching rules select engine and considered factors of complex production environment, a heuristic method is designed. The algorithm has been applied to a mould enterprise in Shenzhen for half a year. The practice showed that by using the method suggested the number of delayed orders was decreased about 20% and the productivity was increased by 10 to 20%.

Full scale application of combined SBF-AS process for municipal wastewater treatment in small towns and cities in China

The combined submerged biofilm （ SBF）-activated sludge （AS） process for treatment of municipal wastewater in a small city in China is described in this paper. The process exhibited high removal efficiencies for carbonaceous substances, nitrogen and phosphorus which mainly took place in the combined SBF-AS biore- actor. The SBF-AS bioreactor was divided into pre-anoxic, anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones from inlet to outlet, in which fixed biofilm carriers were packed. Excellent performance had been obtained under normal operating conditions in more than one year of operation in Dong＇ e municipal WWTP, Shandong province, with mean removal efficiencies of BOD5 93.4%, COD 88%, SS 92%, NH4 - N 82. 1%, TP 75% and TN 66.7%, and quite high effluent quality such as BOD5 6 to 10 rag/L, COD 20 to 40 rag/L, SS 5 to 10 rag/L, TN 10 to 20 rag/L, NH4 - N 4 to 8 mg/L and TP 0. 6 to 1.0 mg/L. The effluent was reused multi-purposely, such as toilet flushing, green belt watering and artificial lake pounding. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification took place due to the DO gradient in biofilm in aerobic zone of the SBF-AS bioreactor, which made TN removal efficiency improved remarkably in system. Some activated sludge was returned from final clarifiers to the bioreactor for phosphorus removal. The process had the advantages of low investment and low operational/ maintenance （O/M） costs, low sludge yield and was preferably employed in small towns and cities.

Effects of Combined Instantaneous High-Pressure and MediumTemperature on the Retention of Total Vitamin Cin Wax Gourd Juices

Based on the instantaneous high-pressure(IHP)produced by high-pressure single pole-cylinder pump, the effects of combining this pressure with medium temperature on the retention of total vitamin C(Vc)in wax gourd juices were investigated under 20 - 80 MPa, 35 - 58℃, pH 3. 0 - 6. 0 and processing time 0-8 min. Results showed that the loss of Vc increased with elevated processing temperatures(50 MPa, 4 min). When the temperature of raw juices was 35℃, the retention of total Vc was higher under 40 - 60 MPa than that under the pressure < 40 MPa or > 60 MPa, and it was up to 94%(4 min). The retention of total Vc decreases slowly within 6 min, but rapidly after 6 min. The pH can also influence the retention of total Vc, and this retention can come to a highest point at pH 6.0.

Effects of Combined Instantaneous High-Pressure and Medium Temperature on Peroxidase Activity in Wax Gourd Juices

Based on the instantaneous pressurization and depressurization produced by high pressure single pole cylinder pump and valve, the effects of the continuous processing on the peroxidase (POD) activity in wax gourd juices were investigated. Results showed that the processing factors such as pressure, temperature, pH and processing time are important to the POD activity. POD in crude juices could be inactivated apparently above 50 MPa(pH 4.6, 35℃, 4 min), and activated at 20 MPa ( P < 0.01). Its remarkable inactivation could also be observed at 45 and 55℃ (20 MPa, pH 4.6, 4 min), and the evident activation appears at the material temperature 35℃ ( P < 0.01). The pH 3.0 could destroy POD almost completely (20 MPa, 35℃, 4 min), while pH 6.0 could not influence apparently the POD activity in crude juices( P > 0.05). In addition, the rules of POD activity along with the treatment time are variational under different processing pressures. The higher the treating pressure is, the shorter the processing time is needed to inactivate POD.

Dechlorination by combined electrochemical reduction and oxidation

Chlorophenols are typical priority pollutants listed by USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The removal of chlorophenol could be carried out by a combination of electrochemical reduction and oxidation method. Results showed that it was feasible to degrade contaminants containing chlorine atoms by electrochemical reduction to form phenol, which was further degraded on the anode by electrochemical oxidation. Chlorophenol removal rate was more than 90% by the combined electro- chemical reduction and oxidation at current of 6 mA and pH 6. The hydrogen atom is a powerful reducing agent that reductively dechlorinates chlorophenols. The instantaneous current efficiency was calculated and the results indicated that cathodic reduction was the main contributor to the degradation of chlorophenol.

Exclusive Jewelry Joits

There are shown the wide possibilities of combined micro plasma welding methods. They permit, for example, to do the local surfacing without essential deformations of rather thin jewelry elements, including a big growth a rise or layer of metal which exceeds it thickness in 2~8 times at the space with the approximately the same sizes. Such opportunities are based on the various possibilities of the joint producing-with different participation of metal parts and filler material. It may be added as a standard paste, wire, strip, etc. An operator can easy choose-where it is reasonable to apply only welding or brazing process as well as their combinations-due to his qualification, the concrete jewelry good design, needed accuracy of the given joint adjustment and, of course, the operators fantasy. At the same time he has excellentchances to repair the spoiled jewelry good or its element. All these processes are very easy for realization and theymay be even made by beginners and not only in jewelry, but also forrepairing of copper tubes, brass heat exchangers, various bronze goods, in dental purposes.

Combination of the direct electro-Fenton process and bioremediation for the treatment of pyrene-contaminated soil in a slurry reactor

A combined treatment technology （DEF-BIO） using the direct electro-Fenton （DEF） process and bioremediation （BIO） was established in this study. The performance of the DEF-BIO process on the remediation of a pyrene （PYR）-contaminated soil was evaluated in a slurry reactor. The appropriate order of application was to conduct the DEF process followed by BIO, evaluated through analysis of the degradation characteristics of each process individually. In addition, the application time of the DEF process affected the efficiency of the combined process. The optimum time to apply the DEF process was determined through an analysis of the induced changes in PYR intermediates, pH, soil organic matter （SOM） and bacteria. The optimum application time of the DEF process was 6 h. All the induced changes were beneficial for the BIO phase. The removal of PYR was 91.02% for DEF- BIO after 72h, and the efficiency was almost 50% increased, compared with the individual DEF and BIO treatments. Therefore, the combined process of DEF-BIO process may be an efficient and promising method for the remediation.

Study on the physical basis of pressure and particle velocity combine processing

Some basic studies of pressure and particle velocity combine processing such as correlation between them, average acoustic intensity processing, rotating and sharpening of directivity are described. Preliminary results based on theoretical analysis and lake trail will lay a foundation for further research.

A combined signal processing approach against coherent interference with pressure and particle velocity

Comparing with traditional underwater acoustic system which only utilizes pressure information, combine sensor system processes pressure together with particle velocity information of sound field. More information certainly brings nicer processing result. By using spatial directional information collected by combine sensor, the Coherent Interference Energy Suppress (CIES) technology, which can effectively suppress coherent interference and detect linear spectrum signal and wide-band continuous-spectrum signal as well, is presented. Current research has shown favorite result, and further research is going on.

Statistical extremes and peak factors in wind-induced vibration of tall buildings

In the structural design of tall buildings, peak factors have been widely used to predict mean extreme responses of tall buildings under wind excitations. Vanmarcke＇s peak factor is directly related to an explicit measure of structural reliability against a Gaussian response process. We review the use of this factor for time-variant reliability design by comparing it to the conven- tional Davenport＇s peak factor. Based on the asymptotic theory of statistical extremes, a new closed-form peak factor, the so-called Gamma peak factor, can be obtained for a non-Gaussian resultant response characterized by a Rayleigh distribution process. Using the Gamma peak factor, a combined peak factor method was developed for predicting the expected maximum resultant responses of a building undergoing lateral-torsional vibration. The effects of the standard deviation ratio of two sway components and the inter-component correlation on the evaluation of peak resultant response were also investigated. Utilizing wind tunnel data derived from synchronous multi-pressure measurements, we carried out a wind-induced time history response analysis of the Common- wealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council （CAARC） standard tall building to validate the applicability of the Gamma peak factor to the prediction of the peak resultant acceleration. Results from the building example indicated that the use of the Gamma peak factor enables accurate predictions to be made of the mean extreme resultant acceleration responses for dynamic service- ability performance design of modem tall buildings.