Compressive Strength of Tubular Members with Combined Pitting Corrosion and Crack Damage

Tubular members subject to combined pitting corrosion and crack damage were numerically studied to clarify the reduction of ultimate strength and failure behavior,based on numerical models validated against available experi-ments.The effects of length,location and inclined angle of a crack under combined damage were studied to disclose the mechanism of interaction between the crack and corrosion pits.The methods,named as linear superposition directly accumulating the effects of solo crack and solo pitting damage,as well as crack projection transferring an inclined crack to a transverse one,were discussed and verified in the view of assessing ultimate strength of tubular members with combined damage.It was shown that the former is practical but complex while the next always over-estimates the residual strength.Besides,the location and inclined angle of a crack have a subtle effect on the reduction of ultimate strength under combined damage,especially at higher level of pitting damage,due to the synergistic effect between corrosion pits and cracks.Such effect can lead to early occurrence of plasticity and local buckling by inducing stress interaction between crack tips and pits,and causing more significant strength reduction compared with a solo type of damage.A practical method was proposed to determine the loss ratio of cross-sectional area on the equivalent weakest section of a damaged member.Based on the loss ratio,a formula was presented to predict the ultimate strength of damaged members with combined damage,showing good applicability.

The Testing Strength Curves of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete by Rebound Method and Ultrasonic-rebound Combined Method

The strength curves of lightweight aggregate concrete （LWAC） were tested based on detecting LWAC with density of 1 400-1 900 kg/m3 and LWAC with strength grade of LC15-LC50 by rebound method and ultrasonic-rebound combined method.The results show that the common measured strength curves tested by above two methods can not satisfy the required accuracy of LWAC strength test.In addition,specified compressive strength curves of testing LWAC by rebound method and ultrasonic-rebound combined method are obtained,respectively.

Method for Calculating the Ultimate Strength of Pitting Corrosion Ship Structural Plates Under Combined Loads

In order to solve the problem of calculating the ultimate strength of marine plate under pitting corrosion,the plate taking from marine with pitting corrosion was studied. Based on the data of pitting corrosion recorded,the concept of pitting corrosion characteristic element matrix was proposed to describe the distribution and the forms of pitting. Moreover,the model of sensitivity calculation was established to analyse the sensitivity of pitting corrosion characteristic elements for the ultimate bearing capacity of ship structural plate. A new approach was proposed to calculate the ultimate strength of pitting damaged ship structural plate under combined loads based on the factor of rigidity reduction. Simultaneously this new approach was proven to be validated by finite element simulation. Finally,formula of ultimate strength of pitting damaged ship hull plate was established by series of numerical calculations based on the approach,and the reliability of the formula was validated as well.

Investigation on microstructure and properties of a combined precipitation hardening ultrahigh strength steel

The microstructure and properties of a combined precipitation hardening ultrahigh strength steel with nano-sized carbides and intermetallics were studied systematically.The results show that after tempering at 300℃lots ofε-carbides are precipitated in the martensite,the strength rises and the toughness falls slightly.After tempering at 430℃,much coarser cementite lamina are precipitated in martensitic laths,which causes the impact toughness falls to the minimum value.With temperature further increasing the cementites are dissolved and M_2C carbides,β-NiAl intermetallics and reverse austenite begin to precipitate.The tensile strength and yield strength achieve the peak value at 470℃,490℃respectively.The tested steel achieve a tensile strength of 2 120 MPa,a yield strength of 1 950 MPa and impact energy of 54 J/cm^2 after optimum tempering at 510℃.When tempering temperature is above 530℃the M_2C carbides and reverse austenite is coarsening.After tempering at 560℃the reverse austenite reaches the maximum volume fraction in present work.

Application of the Combined Method for Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Concrete on Site

Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and rebound hammer (RH) tests are often used for assessing the quality of concrete and estimation of its compressive strength. Several parameters influence this property of concrete as the type and size of aggregates, cement content, the implementation of concrete, etc. To account for these factors, both of the two tests are combined and their measurements are calibrated with the results of mechanical tests on cylindrical specimens cast on site and on cores taken from the existing structure in work progress at the new-city Massinissa El-Khroub Constantine in Algeria. In this study;the two tests cited above have been used to determine the concrete quality by applying regression analysis models between compressive strength of in situ concrete on existing structure and the nondestructive tests values, the combined method is used, equations are derived using statistical analysis (simple and multiple regression) to estimate compressive strength of concrete on site and the reliability of the technique for prediction of the strength is discussed for this case study.

Mechanical behavior and failure analysis of brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws under uniaxial compression

Based on the axial stress-axial strain curves,the effect of fissure angle on the strength and deformation behavior of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws is analyzed.The mechanical parameters of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws are all lower than that of intact specimen,but the reduction extent is distinctly related to the fissure angle.The results of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws are obtained by the acoustic emission,which can be used to monitor the crack initiation and propagation.The ultimate failure mode and crack coalescence behavior are evaluated for brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws.Nine different crack types are identified on the basis of their geometry and crack coalescence mechanism(tensile crack,hole collapse,far-field crack and surface spalling)for combined flaws.The photographic monitoring was also adopted for uniaxial compression test in order to confirm the sequence of crack coalescence in brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws,which recorded the real-time crack coalescence process during entire deformation.According to the monitored results,the effect of crack coalescence process on the strength and deformation behavior is investigated based on a detailed analysis for brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws by using digital photogrammetry.

Experimental Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sprayed Concrete-Surrounding Rock Combined Body

To investigate the dynamic response problem of the double medium formed by the adherence of sprayed concrete and surrounding rock in the tunnel,a split Hopkinson pressure bar of 75 mm in diameter was adopted at the ages of 3,7 and 10 d.Experimental results showed that dynamic compressive strength and dynamic increase factors(DIF)of the combined bodies increase with the strain rate.With the growth of strain rate,the critical strain of the combined bodies first increases,then deceases.Furthermore,the combined bodies of 3 d reveal the plastic property and brittle property for 7 d and 10 d when the strain rate is over 80/s.The failure characteristic of the sprayed concrete changes from tearing strain damage to crushing damage as the growth of strain rate,and the failure characteristic of rock presents the tensile failure mode as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscope(SEM).

Combining Ability and Heterosis Between High Strength Lines and Transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bollworm-Resistant Lines in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

To analyse the combining ability and heterosis between high-strength lines and transgenic Bt bollworm-resistant lines in upland cotton, 5 high-strength lines were crossed as female lines with 12 transgenic Bt bollworm-resistant lines according to NCII design. It was demonstrated that the compositions of variance in various traits were quite different. For seed cotton yield, lint yield, boll numbers per plant and boll weight, the dominant (special combining ability) effects were the major effects, accounting for 87.38, 84. 40, 80. 04 and 64. 46% of the total phenotypic variances, respectively, while for fibre strength and micronaire value, the additive (general combining ability) effects had the major effects, with a ratio of additive variance to phenotypic variance of 78.85 and 43.80%. As for lint percent and 2.5% span length, the dominant and additive variances had similar effects, in phenotypic variances (54.94 and 40.11% for lint percent, 45.76 and 42.49% for 2. 5% span length, respectively). The mid-parent heterosis (Hpm), surpassing parent heterosis (Hpb) and competitive heterosis (Hck) for seed cotton yield and lint yield were both extremely significant. For fibre properties, the Hck and Hpm of 2.5 % fibre span length were extremely significant, the Hck of fibre strength was significant, and the favorable negative Hck of micronaire was also extremely significant. The increments of hybrid over common variety were 17% for lint yield and fibre strength, 7% for fibre span length, and 4 % for fineness.

Combined Bearing Capacity of Spudcans on a Double Layer Deposit of Strong-Over-Weak Clays

An extreme sea storm process can lead to a jack-up rig under the combined loading condition of vertical load(V), horizontal load(H), and moment(M) to have stability problems. This paper presents the analysis of combined bearing capacities of a circular spudcan on layered clays with a strong layer overlying a comparatively weaker layer. Numerical models combined with displacement-based load tests, swipe tests, and constant ratio displacement probe tests are adopted to calculate the uniaxial bearing capacities, failure envelopes in combined V-H, V-M planes, and failure envelopes in a combined V-H-M load space, respectively. A parametric study on the effects of vertical load level V, the layer strength ratio s_(u,t)/s_(u,b), and the hard layer thickness t_1 on the bearing capacities is then performed. Results show that the vertical load level is a key factor that influences the values of H and M and the size of the H-M failure envelope. The existence of the underlying weak clay decreases the bearing capacities in all directions, and the vertical capacity Vult is affected more than the horizontal(H_(ult)) and moment(M_(ult)) capacities based on a single uniform deposit. The influence of the underlying weak clay on H-M failure envelope is mainly shown where H and M are coupled in the same direction. In contrast, little difference is observed when H and M are coupled in opposite directions.

Intervention Study on the Exercise Order of Combined Aerobic ＆ Resistance Training in the Elderly

When combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session is performed, the exercise order may lead to different effects with respect to factors such as muscle strength, hormone responses, energy metabolism, and vascular function. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise order of combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session on body composition, muscle strength and arterial stiffness in the elderly. Thirty-one elderly subjects （70.5 ± 3.5 years） were randomly assigned to 3 groups; AR： aerobic before resistance training, RA： resistance before aerobic training and CON： no training. Subjects trained 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 5 different exercises, 70%-80% of one repetition maximum （1RM）. Aerobic exercise consisted of cycling at 60% of heart rate reserve （HRR）. Significant interaction effects were observed in body fat percentage （P 〈 0.01） and 1RM （P 〈 0.01）. However, no significant differences were observed between AR and RA. In contrast, pulse wave velocity （PWV） significantly reduced in the RA （8.8± 2.1 m/s to 7.6 ± 1.9 m/s, P 〈 0.05）, while PWV increased in the AR （7.9 ± 2.8 m/s to 10.0 ± 2.6 m/s, P 〈 0.01）, and there was significant difference between AR and RA （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, no effects of the exercise order were observed in body composition and muscle strength. However, aerobic exercise after resistance training reduced arterial stiffness and difference of exercise order was observed.

内置工字型CFRP型材高强圆钢管高强混凝土轴压短柱组合效应分析

目的 研究内置工字型CFRP型材的高强圆钢管高强混凝土短柱在轴心压力作用下三种材料的组合效应。方法 采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对其进行数值模拟,通过相关试验验证模型的准确性,并对典型构件的破坏形态、受力全过程曲线进行分析,揭示构件各组成部分之间的相互作用和工作机理,评估CFRP配置率、钢材屈服强度、混凝土抗压强度、约束效应系数对组合效应的影响。结果 在高强圆钢管高强混凝土柱中内置CFRP型材,对构件的延性及安全裕度有显著提高,并改善了高强圆钢管对高强混凝土的约束,提高了构件的组合效应。结论 CFRP配置率控制在5.9%~8.4%,约束效应系数在1.2~1.4,钢材屈服强度不大于770 MPa时,构件中三种材料组合效应最佳。

领导-成员交换组合对追随力的影响--传统性和感知人力资源管理强度的调节作用

随着员工地位提升,员工追随力的激发成为组织关心的议题.从员工和领导对彼此关系质量(LMX)感知存在不对等的现象入手,基于角色理论,本研究构建了员工和领导的LMX组合对追随力影响的理论模型并考察了传统性和感知人力资源管理强度的边界作用.通过收集75位领导和350位员工的配对样本数据,并进行潜在剖面分析、多项式回归和响应面分析,研究发现:员工和领导之间存在四种LMX组合.具体来说,“高-高”组合比“低-低”组合更容易激发追随力;“高-低”组合比“低-高”组合更容易激发追随力.同时,LMX不同组合与追随力之间的关系也受到传统性和感知人力资源管理强度的调节.具体来说,高传统性下,“高-高”组合和追随力之间的关系与“低-低”组合相比得到了增强,“低-高”组合和追随力之间的关系与“高-低”组合相比得到了增强;高感知人力资源管理强度下,“低-低”组合和追随力之间的关系与“高-高”组合相比得到了增强,“高-低”组合和追随力之间的关系与“低-高”组合相比得到了增强.研究深化了LMX组合对追随力产生的差异影响及其边界作用,为解决员工和领导关系不对等问题提供了理论依据和实证支持.

含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡开挖稳定性分析

以都安高速公路某段含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡为例,采用极限平衡法对开挖后的边坡进行稳定性分析,基于FLAC3D软件模拟分析边坡分级开挖、分级支护过程中的位移、最大剪切应变增量、应力特征及抗滑桩的承载性能。结果表明:严格条分法的安全系数为1.011,强度折减法安全系数为条分法的97.13%,当考虑岩土体变形时,传统计算方法可能会高估边坡自身的稳定性;边坡采用抗滑桩+框架锚索+框架锚杆的联合支护方式,并进行分步开挖及分级支护,对坡体扰动小,支护效果良好,能很好地控制坡体变形,避免边坡因软弱夹层塑性区贯通而发生失稳破坏。

碳纤维增强复合材料黏结型锚固体系弯拉性能试验研究

为了研究碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)黏结型锚固体系的弯拉性能,对设计的锚固体系试件进行了10组轴向拉伸试验与12组弯拉试验。在锚固体系优化基础上研究了CFRP筋直径、弯曲半径改变下试件的极限承载力、破坏模式、锚固效率及CFRP筋荷载‒应变关系。结果表明,锚固体系的弯拉承载力折减量系数随CFRP筋弯曲半径的增大而减小,CFRP筋直径越大试件承载力折减量系数越大,并且CFRP筋横向约束有利于弯拉极限承载力的提高。此外,CFRP筋荷载‒应变曲线的非线性变化是试件失效前的典型特征。弯曲半径和CFRP筋直径的比值与锚固效率系数为线性关系,比值在2.4‰以下时试件的弯拉锚固效率系数小于80%,试件呈不均匀断裂和剪切的破坏形式。

粉煤灰改良粉砂土动静力学特性研究

为探究不同粉煤灰掺量粉砂土的动力特性和粉煤灰改良粉砂土的改性机理,以绥化—大庆高速公路路基填土为研究对象,开展无侧限压缩试验和动三轴试验,分析粉煤灰掺量对粉砂土静力学特征影响情况,以及围压、动荷载加载次数和粉煤灰掺量对改良粉砂土动强度的影响规律。结果表明:围压相同的情况下,土体的无侧限压缩强度和动强度,均随粉煤灰掺量增加先升高后降低;加载次数相同时,围压越大,土体动强度越大;选取加载次数为100次动强度进行拟合分析,得出粉煤灰掺入量与动剪切强度对应关系的经验公式。为改善路基强度,加快粉煤灰综合利用进程,结合试验结果与数据分析,建议在粉砂土路基掺加质量比15%粉煤灰进行路基施工。15%粉煤灰掺入量的改良粉砂土对比素土,存在颗粒紧凑,孔隙更小,结构相对致密,骨架更强等优点,可为东北地区粉砂土改良等工程建设提供参考。

陆地棉纤维强度KASP-SNP标记的开发及效应评价

纤维强度(fiber strength,FS)是判断棉花纤维品质优劣的重要指标之一,开发可用于目标性状选择的分子标记将会大大提高选择准确性并加快育种进程。设计KASP引物,对国内外的376份品种(系)进行基因型鉴定,筛选多态性标记并验证其对高强纤维材料选择的有效性。3个SNP位点在材料中均具有多态性,标记FS-15对高强纤维材料的选择率为63.2%,FS-16和FS-29分别为60.0%和56.1%。对单倍型组合(Hap1、Hap2、Hap3和Hap4)的有效性评价表明,携带Hap3(TTA)的材料纤维强度显著高于其他组合,对高强纤维材料选择率达72.7%。此外,Hap3对纤维长度、铃重、籽指和衣指无不利影响。以上结果表明,开发的KASP标记及Hap3可用于高纤维强度材料的辅助选择,同时未对纤维长度、铃重、籽指和衣指等性状产生不利影响。

端板攻丝高强度螺栓连接受力性能试验研究

对10.9S级M16、M20高强度螺栓和Q345B端板攻丝连接与传统高强度螺栓连接受力性能进行试验对比,研究了其在单向受拉、单向受剪以及拉-剪复合受力状态下的破坏形态、受力机理和极限承载能力。试验结果表明:单向受拉时,极限承载能力和变形与传统连接方式基本一致;单向受剪时,即使是厚径比为0.8的M20螺栓,仍可实现栓杆剪断,而端板攻丝孔内牙体无明显变形破坏且攻丝连接件形式早期滑移量明显较小;拉-剪复合受力时,随着拉剪比从0.58增大到1.73,破坏形态由剪切破坏转变为受拉破坏。因此,为确保端板攻丝牙体无明显破坏,应考虑螺栓与板厚的合理设计,建议M20螺栓在单向受拉和拉-剪复合受力时厚径比不小于0.9d,3种受力状态下高强度螺栓端板攻丝连接方式的承载力与传统连接方式基本一致。试验结果分析可为工程设计提供参考依据。

焚烧飞灰火山灰活性测试及评价方法研究

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用正受到关注,火山灰活性是其应用的重要性能,但目前缺乏可靠的火山灰活化评价方法。鉴于粉煤灰与焚烧飞灰均是焚烧产物,借鉴现有粉煤灰的火山灰活性评价方法,从物质组成(成分结构分析法)、胶凝性能(强度指数法)和化学反应(结合水含量法)三个角度对两种焚烧飞灰(炉排炉、流化床)进行火山灰活性测试和分析,同时与三个等级粉煤灰的测试结果进行对比。结果表明:成分结构分析法和强度指数法均可用于评价焚烧飞灰的火山灰活性,而结合水含量法不适用;非晶相硅铝含量可以作为火山灰活性的表征指标,与强度指数具有一定相关性;强度指数法测试结果受非晶相硅铝与钙相对含量的影响,对于焚烧飞灰,14 d胶砂强度指数即可反映其火山灰活性,而对于粉煤灰,需要考虑采用90 d甚至更长龄期的强度指数来进行评价。

拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝受力行为研究

为研究拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝的受力行为,开展了拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝的应力测试试验,测试了高强钢丝在不同轴向荷载和弯曲角度下的应力值。建立了拉伸-弯曲组合作用下高强钢丝的有限元模型,分析了高强钢丝的应力分布情况,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了数值模型的准确性和合理性。基于该有限元模型,进一步研究了高强钢丝表面和截面内的应力分布情况,以及弯曲作用对应力范围的影响。结果表明,存在弯曲角度时,高强钢丝的应力分布会变得不均匀。相同轴向荷载时,高强钢丝应力值和应力范围都随弯曲角度的增加而增大。拉伸-弯曲组合作用会显著影响高强钢丝中部和两端区域的应力变化,使得这些区域内应力沿轴向和径向都存在较大的应力梯度,拉伸-弯曲组合作用效果在这些区域内应重点考虑。

高温后钢纤维混凝土压-剪复合受力研究

为研究高温后钢纤维混凝土压剪复合受力下的力学性能,以压应力比和温度作为参数,对20组钢纤维混凝土分别开展直剪试验和压剪试验,对比分析不同试件的破坏形态,探究了温度和压应力比对剪切强度的影响,并基于3种理论建立了高温后钢纤维混凝土压剪复合应力状态下的破坏准则。结果表明压剪复合受力状态下,混凝土剪切强度主要由接触摩阻力贡献,钢纤维混凝土峰值剪切强度随压应力比增大而增大,随温度升高而降低;随着压应力增大,剪切面上摩阻系数降低,峰值剪切强度增长幅度降低。依据试验数据,对比基于不同理论所建立的高温后钢纤维混凝土压剪破坏准则,考虑精确度和适用性,基于应力不变理论建立的破坏准则效果最好。