Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems： A Case Study in the Atlanta Region

The increasing pace of urbanization means that cities and global organizations are looking for ways to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Combined cooling, heating, and power （CCHP） systems have the potential to improve the energy generation efficiency of a city or urban region by providing energy for heating, cooling, and electricity simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to estimate the water consumption for energy generation use, carbon dioxide （CO2） and NOx emissions, and economic impact of implementing CCHP systems for five generic building types within the Atlanta metropolitan region, under various operational scenarios following the building thermal （heating and cooling） demands. Operating the CCHP system to follow the hourly thermal demand reduces CO2 emissions for most building types both with and without net metering. The system can be economically beneficial for all building types depending on the price of natural gas, the implementation of net metering, and the cost structure assumed for the CCHP system. The greatest reduction in water consumption for energy production and NOx emissions occurs when there is net metering and when the system is operated to meet the maximum yearly thermal demand, although this scenario also results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and, in some cases, cost. CCHP systems are more economical for medium office, large office, and multifamilv residential buildings.

Initiative Optimization Operation Strategy and Multi-objective Energy Management Method for Combined Cooling Heating and Power

This paper proposed an initiative optimization operation strategy and multi-objective energy management method for combined cooling heating and power U+0028 CCHP U+0029 with storage systems. Initially, the initiative optimization operation strategy of CCHP system in the cooling season, the heating season and the transition season was formulated. The energy management of CCHP system was optimized by the multi-objective optimization model with maximum daily energy efficiency, minimum daily carbon emissions and minimum daily operation cost based on the proposed initiative optimization operation strategy. Furthermore, the pareto optimal solution set was solved by using the niche particle swarm multi-objective optimization algorithm. Ultimately, the most satisfactory energy management scheme was obtained by using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution U+0028 TOPSIS U+0029 method. A case study of CCHP system used in a hospital in the north of China validated the effectiveness of this method. The results showed that the satisfactory energy management scheme of CCHP system was obtained based on this initiative optimization operation strategy and multi-objective energy management method. The CCHP system has achieved better energy efficiency, environmental protection and economic benefits. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

A Financial Approach to Evaluate an Optimized Combined Cooling, Heat and Power System

Iran’s removing subsidy from energy carrier in four years ago leads to spike electricity price dramatically. This abrupt change increases the interest on distributed generation (DG) because of its several benefits such as lower electricity generation price. In Iran among all type of DGs, because of wide natural gas network infrastructure and several incentives that government legislated to support combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) investors, this type of technology is more prevalent in comparison with other technologies. Between existing CCHP technologies, certain economic choices are to be taken into account. For different buildings with different load curves, suitable size and operation of CCHP should be calculated to make the project more feasible. If CCHP does not well suited for a position, then the whole energy efficiency would be plunged significantly. In this paper, a model to find the optimal size and operation of CCHP and auxiliary boiler for any users is proposed by considering an integrated view of electricity and natural gas network using GAMS software. Then this method is applying for a hospital in Tehran as a real case study. Finally, by applying COMFAR III software, useful financial parameters and sensitivity analysis are calculated.

Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Life Cycle Assessment for Hybrid Solar and Biomass Combined Cooling,Heating and Power System

The complementary of biomass and solar energy in combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)system provides an efficient solution to address the energy crisis and environmental pollutants.This work aims to propose a multi-objective optimization model based on the life cycle assessment(LCA)method for the optimal design of hybrid solar and biomass system.The life-cycle process of the poly-generation system is divided into six phases to analyze energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.The comprehensive performances of the hybrid system are optimized by incorporating the evaluation criteria,including environmental impact in the whole life cycle,renewable energy contribution and economic benefit.The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithmⅡ(NSGA-Ⅱ)with the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)method is employed to search the Pareto frontier result and thereby achieve optimal performance.The developed optimization methodology is used for a case study in an industrial park.The results indicate that the best performance from the optimized hybrid system is reached with the environmental impact load reduction rate(EILRR)of 46.03%,renewable energy contribution proportion(RECP)of 92.73%and annual total cost saving rate(ATCSR)of35.75%,respectively.By comparing pollutant-eq emissions of different stages,the operation phase emits the largest pollutant followed by the phase of raw material acquisition.Overall,this study reveals that the proposed multi-objective optimization model integrated with LCA method delivers an alternative path for the design and optimization of more sustainable CCHP system.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based Combined Cooling,Heating,and Power System Integrated with Solar-Assisted Electrolytic Cell

Syngas fuel such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide generated by solar energy is a promising method to use solar energy and overcome its fluctuation effectively.This study proposes a combined cooling,heating,and power system using the reversible solid oxide fuel cell assisted by solar energy to produce solar fuel and then supply energy products for users during the period without solar radiation.The system runs a solar-assisted solid oxide electrolysis cell mode and a solid oxide fuel cell mode.The thermodynamic models are constructed,and the energetic and exergetic performances are analyzed.Under the design work conditions,the SOEC mode’s overall system energy and exergy efficiencies are 19.0%and 20.5%,respectively.The electrical,energy and exergy efficiencies in the SOFC mode are 51.4%,71.3%,and 45.2%,respectively.The solid oxide fuel cell accounts for 60.0%of total exergy destruction,caused by the electrochemical reactions’thermodynamic irreversibilities.The increase of operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cell from 800℃to 1050℃rises the exergy and energy efficiencies by 11.3%and 12.3%,respectively.Its pressure from 0.2 to 0.7 MPa improves electrical efficiency by 13.8%while decreasing energy and exergy efficiencies by 5.2%and 6.0%,respectively.

Feasibility Analysis of the Operation Strategies for Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems (CCHP) based on the Energy-Matching Regime

Although numerous studies have considered the two traditional operation strategies:following the electric load(FEL)and following the thermal load(FTL),for combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)systems in different case studies,there are limited theoretical studies on the quantification methods to assess the feasibility of these two strategies in different load demands scenarios.Therefore,instead of a case study,we have undertaken a theoretical analysis of the suitable application scenarios for FEL and FTL strategies based on the energy-matching performance between systems'provision and users'demands.To compare the calculation models of energy saving rate(ESR)for FEL and FTL strategies in the left and right sub-regions of the energy-supply curve,a comprehensive parameter(^)that combines three inherently influential factors(off-design operation parameter,energy-matching parameter,and install capacity coefficient)is defined to determine the optimal installed capacity and feasibility of FEL or FTL strategies quantitatively.The results indicate that greater value of x contribute to a better energy saving performance,and FEL strategy shows better performance than FTL in most load demands scenarios,and the optimal installed capacity occurs when the load demand points were located in different regions of the energy-supply curve.Finally,taking a hotel in Beijing as an example,the value of the optimal install capacity coefficient is 0.845 and the FEL strategy is also suggested,and compared to the maximum install capacity,the average values of the ESR on a typical summer day,transition season,and winter can be enhanced by 3.9%,8.8%,and 1.89%,respectively.

Optimization of Operation Strategies for a Combined Cooling, Heating and Power System based on Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage

The fluctuations of renewable energy and various energy demands are crucial issues for the optimal design and operation of combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)system.In this paper,a novel CCHP system is simulated with advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage(AA-CAES)technology as a join to connect with wind energy generation and an internal-combustion engine(ICE).The capital cost of utilities,energy cost,environmental protection cost and primary energy savings ratio(P E S R)are used as system performance indicators.To fulfill the cooling,heating and power requirements of a district and consider the thermal-electric coupling of ICE and AA-CAES in CCHP system,three operation strategies are established to schedule the dispatch of AA-CAES and ICE:ICE priority operation strategy,CAES priority operation strategy and simultaneous operation strategy.Each strategy leads the operation load of AA-CAES or ICE to improve the energy supply efficiency of the system.Moreover,to minimize comprehensive costs and maximize the P E S R,a novel optimization algorithm based on intelligent updating multi-objective differential evolution(MODE)is proposed to solve the optimization model.Considering the multi-interface characteristic and active management ability of the ICE and AA-CAES,the economic benefits and energy efficiency of the three operation strategies are compared by the simulation with the same system configuration.On a typical summer day,the simultaneous strategy is the best solution as the total cost is 3643 USD and the P E S R is 66.1%,while on a typical winter day,the ICE priority strategy is the best solution as the total cost is 4529 USD and the P E S R is 64.4%.The proposed methodology provides the CCHP based AA-CAES system with a better optimized operation.

Energetic, economic, and environmental analysis of solid oxide fuel cell-based combined cooling, heating, and power system for cancer care hospital

In this study,energetic,economic,and environmental analysis of solid oxide fuel cell-based combined cooling,heating,and power(SOFC-CCHP)system is proposed for a cancer care hospital building.The energy required for the hospital power,cooling,and heating demands was obtained based on real and detailed field data,which could serve as a reference for future works in the field.These data with a 3D model for the hospital building are constructed and created in eQUEST software to precisely calculate the energy demands of the existing system(baseline case).Then,energetic,economic,and environmental models were developed to compare and assess the performance of the proposed SOFC-CCHP system.The results show that the proposed system can cover about 49% to 77% of the power demand of the hospital with an overall efficiency of 78.3%.Also,the results show that the levelized cost of electricity of the system and its payback period at the designed capacity of the SOFC is 0.087S/kWh and 10 years,respectively.Furthermore,compared to the baseline system of the hospital,the SOFC-CCHP reduces the CO_(2) emission by 89% over the year.The sensitivity analysis showed that a maximum SOFC efficiency of 52%and overall efficiency of 80%are achieved at cell operating temperature of 1027℃ and fuel utilization factor of 0.85.

Liquid Air Energy Storage for Decentralized Micro Energy Networks with Combined Cooling,Heating,Hot Water and Power Supply

Liquid air energy storage(LAES)has been regarded as a large-scale electrical storage technology.In this paper,we first investigate the performance of the current LAES(termed as a baseline LAES)over a far wider range of charging pressure(1 to 21 MPa).Our analyses show that the baseline LAES could achieve an electrical round trip efficiency(e RTE)above 60%at a high charging pressure of 19 MPa.The baseline LAES,however,produces a large amount of excess heat particularly at low charging pressures with the maximum occurred at~1 MPa.Hence,the performance of the baseline LAES,especially at low charging pressures,is underestimated by only considering electrical energy in all the previous research.The performance of the baseline LAES with excess heat is then evaluated which gives a high e RTE even at lower charging pressures;the local maximum of 62%is achieved at~4 MPa.As a result of the above,a hybrid LAES system is proposed to provide cooling,heating,hot water and power.To evaluate the performance of the hybrid LAES system,three performance indicators are considered:nominal-electrical round trip efficiency(ne RTE),primary energy savings and avoided carbon dioxide emissions.Our results show that the hybrid LAES can achieve a high ne RTE between 52%and 76%,with the maximum at~5 MPa.For a given size of hybrid LAES(1 MW×8 h),the primary energy savings and avoided carbon dioxide emissions are up to 12.1 MWh and 2.3 ton,respectively.These new findings suggest,for the first time,that small-scale LAES systems could be best operated at lower charging pressures and the technologies have a great potential for applications in local decentralized micro energy networks.

A multi agent-based optimal control method for combined cooling and power systems with thermal energy storage

Combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP)systems have been considered as a potential energy saving technology for buildings due to their high energy efficiency and low carbon emission.Thermal energy storage(TES)can improve the energy efficiency of CCHP systems,since they reduce the mismatch between the energy supply and demand.However,it also increases the complexity of operation optimization of CCHP systems.In this study,a multi-agent system(MAS)-based optimal control method is proposed to minimize the operation cost of CCHP systems combined with TES.Four types of agents,i.e.,coordinator agents,building agents,energy management agents and optimization agents,are implemented in the MAS to cooperate with each other.The operation optimization problem is solved by the genetic algorithm.A simulated system is utilized to validate the performance of the proposed method.Results show that the operation cost reductions of 10.0%on a typical summer day and 7.7%on a typical spring day are achieved compared with a rule-based control method.A sensitivity analysis is further performed and results show that the optimal operation cost does not change obviously when the rated capacity of TES exceeds a threshold.

A Comprehensive Study of a Low-Grade Heat-Driven Cooling and Power System Based on Heat Current Method

Combined cooling and power(CCP)system driven by low-grade heat is promising for improving energy efficiency.This work proposes a CCP system that integrates a regenerative organic Rankine cycle(RORC)and an absorption chiller on both driving and cooling fluid sides.The system is modeled by using the heat current method to fully consider nonlinear heat transfer and heat-work conversion constraints and resolve its behavior accurately.The off-design system simulation is performed next,showing that the fluid inlet temperatures and flow rates of cooling water as well as RORC working fluid strongly affect system performance.The off-design operation even becomes infeasible when parameters deviate from nominal values largely due to limited heat transfer capability of components,highlighting the importance of considering heat transfer constraints via heat current method.Design optimization aiming to minimize the total thermal conductance is also conducted.RORC efficiency increases by 7.9%and decreases by 12.4%after optimization,with the hot fluid inlet temperature increase from 373.15 to 403.15 K and mass flow rate ranges from 10 to 30 kg/s,emphasizing the necessity of balancing system cost and performance.

Parametric optimization of power system for a micro-CCHP system

The universal mathematical model of an engine is established,and an economical zone,in which an engine mainly provides medium output load at medium speed,is presented.Based on the experimental data and the universal model of such an engine above,a mathematical model of a refitted engine is provided.The boundary of the corresponding economical zone is further demarcated,and the optimal operating curve and the operating point of the engine are analyzed.Then,the energy transforming models of the power system are established in the mode of cooling,heating and power（MCHP）,the mode of heating and power（MHP）and the mode of electricity powering（MEP）.The parameter matching of the power system is optimized according to the transmission ratios of the gear box in the power distribution system.The results show that,in the MCHP,the speed transmission ratio of the engine to the gear box（ies）and the speed transmission ratio of the motor to the gear box（ims）are defined as 2.9 and 1,respectively;in the MHP,when the demand load of the power system is less than the low critical load of the economical zone,the speed transmission ratio of the motor to the engine（ime）is equal to 1,and when the demand load of the power system exceeds the low critical load of the economical zone,ime equals 0.85;in the MEP,the optimal value of ims is defined as 2.5.

并网且上网模式下含复合储能CCHP系统能量管理策略优化研究

冷热电联供(combined cooling heating and power,CCHP)系统是工业产业园区、建筑用户能源利用过程实现双碳目标的重要举措。针对CCHP系统产用能不平衡、设备耦合相关、并网且上网模式等影响,本文构建了含电池储能系统和水箱蓄热系统的CCHP系统,并以运行成本和燃料消耗量为目标,建立CCHP系统能量管理策略的多目标优化函数;在此基础上,重点考虑约束条件和拥挤度算子对非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II,NSGA-II)搜索性能的影响,并利用改进型NSGA-II算法实现CCHP系统能量管理策略的优化求解。结果表明:在并网且上网模式下,含复合储能CCHP系统相比无储能CCHP系统,夏季典型日的日运行成本和燃料消耗分别可节约0.89%和2.11%,冬季典型日可分别节约27.70%和7.30%,年运行成本和年总能量消耗则分别可减少11.11%和6.06%,可知基于改进型NSGA-II算法所获得的含复合储能CCHP系统能量管理策略具有较好的能量调控性能。

基于改进MOEAD算法的CCHP系统运行优化

通过综合考虑冷热电联供(CCHP)系统中各类约束条件,基于夏冬两季典型日负荷需求曲线,构建了吸收式制冷机、燃气内燃机和燃气锅炉等主要机组设备模型。针对区域内系统经济性与环保性两者的协调优化问题,提出一种改进的基于分解的多目标进化算法(multi-objective optimization algorithm based on Decomposition, MOEA/D)对系统模型进行多目标优化求解。最后以某商业区能源站为实际算例,通过Matlab进行仿真。仿真结果显示所提出的系统优化方法,能使该能源站的运行更加经济与高效。

基于穷举搜索法的城市建筑CCHP系统优化配置

冷-热-电三联供系统可实现能量的高效梯级利用,有利于实现“碳达峰、碳中和”。基于穷举搜索法构建了一套包含燃气热电联产系统、燃气锅炉、电制冷机、吸收式制冷机和水-水换热器的楼宇级冷-热-电三联供系统,并以北京3种典型的楼宇建筑为研究对象,研究了冷-热-电三联供系统在不同类型负荷下的容量配置、系统运行参数、经济性和减排情况并进行相应敏感性分析。结果表明:与分产系统相比,商业建筑、办公建筑、居住建筑的成本节约率分别为21.76%、16.72%和9.17%,二氧化碳减排率分别为15.80%、10.42%和4.41%,系统能源价格分别下降39.85%、49.04%和41.29%;研究结果可为冷-热-电三联供系统优化提供参考。

Comprehensive power-supply planning for active distribution system considering cooling,heating and power load balance

An active distribution system power-supply planning model considering cooling,heating and power load balance is proposed in this paper.A regional energy service company is assumed to be in charge of the investment and operation for the system in the model.The expansion of substations,building up distributed combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP),gas heating boiler(GHB)and air conditioner(AC)are included as investment planning options.In terms of operation,the load scenarios are divided into heating,cooling and transition periods.Also,the extreme load scene is included to assure the power supply reliability of the system.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and illustrate the economic benefits of applying distributed CCHP in regional power supply on investment and operation.

基于改进型以热定电模式的CCHP系统最优运行方法研究

冷热电联产(CCHP)系统是提高能源集约使用效率,深化能源体系转型,实现“双碳”目标的重要方式。搭建了含有微型燃气轮机、光伏发电单元、燃气锅炉和蓄电池组等在内的CCHP系统模型,基于常见的以热定电运行模式和以电定热运行模式提出了改进型以热定电运行模式。所提运行模式能有效提升系统运行的经济性和系统能源管理的有效性,实现更高的能源节约率。

基于全生命周期评价的冷热电联供系统优化研究

天然气与太阳能互补是提高能源利用率和实现节能减排的有效方法,该文构建一种光-气-储互补的冷热电联供(CCHP)系统。基于全生命周期理论,以一次能源节约率、总污染物减排率为目标函数,建立冷热电联供系统优化模型,应用遗传算法对系统变工况运行下的容量配置进行优化;将物质回收阶段纳入全生命周期评价,并在运输阶段考虑燃料运输。结果表明:经优化后,CCHP系统电跟随(FEL)策略可实现较好的节能减排效益。分供(SP)系统在物质回收阶段对环境的影响微乎其微,CCHP系统燃料运输能耗量远低于SP系统。

Optimized scheduling of integrated energy systems for low carbon economy considering carbon transaction costs

With the introduction of the“dual carbon”goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development,the integrated energy system(IES)has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions.This study proposes a low-carbon economic optimization scheduling model for an IES that considers carbon trading costs.With the goal of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES and considering the transferable and curtailable characteristics of the electric and thermal flexible loads,an optimal scheduling model of the IES that considers the cost of carbon trading and flexible loads on the user side was established.The role of flexible loads in improving the economy of an energy system was investigated using examples,and the rationality and effectiveness of the study were verified through a comparative analysis of different scenarios.The results showed that the total cost of the system in different scenarios was reduced by 18.04%,9.1%,3.35%,and 7.03%,respectively,whereas the total carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 65.28%,20.63%,3.85%,and 18.03%,respectively,when the carbon trading cost and demand-side flexible electric and thermal load responses were considered simultaneously.Flexible electrical and thermal loads did not have the same impact on the system performance.In the analyzed case,the total cost and carbon emissions of the system when only the flexible electrical load response was considered were lower than those when only the flexible thermal load response was taken into account.Photovoltaics have an excess of carbon trading credits and can profit from selling them,whereas other devices have an excess of carbon trading and need to buy carbon credits.

太阳能与压缩空气耦合储能的燃气轮机CCHP系统特性

针对燃气轮机冷热电联产系统在"以热定电"运行方式下可能造成的电能过剩和部分负荷时效率不高等问题,该文提出一种太阳能与压缩空气耦合储能(solar andcompressed air energy storage,S-CAES)的燃气轮机冷热电联产系统。通过燃气轮机冷热电联产系统典型变工况模型和储能系统的Aspen Plus分析模型,获得S-CAES燃气轮机冷热电联产系统的变工况特性;讨论了各子系统的变工况特性和耦合系统在不同储能率下的运行性能,比较了储能系统释气流量调节与空气透平入口温度调节两种调节方式对系统性能的影响。将S-CAES燃气轮机冷热电联产系统用于华南地区某宾馆建筑进行案例分析,结果表明:与无储能燃气轮机冷热电联产系统相比,在夏季、过渡季、冬季典型日,该系统每天分别节约能量16.57、15.94、11.87GJ;平均能量利用率分别提高5.68%、7.88%和4.69%。