Influence of pile-raft connection on lateral performance of combined pile-raft foundations adjacent to tunnelling

The lateral response of combined pile-raft foundations(CPRFs)adjacent to tunnel excavation is a challenging problem owing to the complexity of the pile-raft connections.In current engineering practices,the impact of these connections on the lateral performance of CPRFs is frequently overlooked,despite their importance.To address this issue,this study conducted three-dimensional finite element analyses to evaluate the contribution of pile-raft connections to the tunnelling-induced lateral performance of CPRFs in saturated clay.In the analysis,both passive and active loading at the pile head could be considered by varying the tunnel depth.Several parameter studies,such as relative pile-raft modulus,pile embedded modulus,pile embedded depths,and pile shaft skin friction,were conducted to determine the optimal design parameters for CPRFs.The results indicate that pile-raft connections significantly affect the tunnellinginduced deflections and bending moments of pile groups.Inspired by the results,a simplified design method,the pile-raft connection coefficient Kc was proposed.Additionally,the pile-head restraint percentage was established to make a relationship with the pile-raft connection coefficient in order to assess the pile-raft connection and guide the pile-raft design.In this paper,the recommended range value of Kc is 10–200 and the range value of pile-head restraint percentage is 24%–42%.