Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的热变形行为研究

以7000系Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金为研究材料,在Gleeble1500热模拟试验机上进行变形温度250~400℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1)条件下的等温压缩试验。研究结果表明:合金在等温压缩过程中的流变应力随着应变速率的增大而增大,随着变形温度的增大而减小。当应变速率为10 s^(-1),变形温度为250℃时,合金的峰值应力可达205 MPa。大部分的真应力-应变曲线呈现动态再结晶特征,结合TEM分析,动态再结晶的形成机制是位错通过滑移和攀移逐渐演变成小角度晶界(2°~15°)和大角度晶界(>15°),依靠位错重排在原始晶粒内部形成亚结构,最终形成完整晶界。同时,采用Arrhenius模型和Zener-Hollomon参数方程,构建了Al-Zn-MgCu-Zr合金的本构方程,其中合金的平均变形激活能为324 187 J/mol。此外,通过Prasad失稳判据等模型,构建了0.2、0.4以及0.6应变下的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的热加工图,获得可加工窗口为:252~400℃,0.01~0.015 s^(-1)。

Polyaspartic acid mediates the absorption and translocation of mineral elements in tomato seedlings under combined copper and cadmium stress

Polyaspartic acid(PASP)is a nontoxic,biodegradable,environmentally friendly polymer and is widely used as a fertilizer synergist in agricultural production.In many old orchards and vegetable gardens,highly fertile soil is often accompanied by severe heavy metal contamination.The present study was designed to investigate mineral element interactions mediated by PASP under copper(Cu)+cadmium(Cd)combined stress to provide reasonable suggestions for scientific fertilization.A pot experiment was conducted in which tomato seedlings served as plant materials.A concentration of 700 mgPASP and foliar spraying application methods were selected based on previous experiments.Four treatments were applied:normal soil(control(CK)),Cu+Cd(combined stress),Cu+Cd+PASP,and normal soil+PASP.The plant biomass,root activity,and mineral elements were measured,and these data were analyzed by Data Processing System(DPS)statistical software.The results showed that,under Cu+Cd combined stress,PASP promoted stem diameter growth,root activity and chlorophyll content and ultimately increased the biomass of tomato seedlings to different degrees.Moreover,the content of both Cu and Cd and their individual accumulation in plants decreased.PASP increased the distribution of Cu and Cd in the roots under Cu+Cd combined stress,and the translocation ability from the roots to shoots was significantly restricted.With respect to essential elements,PASP promoted mainly the absorption and translocation of potassium(K),calcium(Ca),and magnesium(Mg),which greatly exerted physiological roles.However,the variation trends of Cu and Cd under normal soil conditions contrasted with those under stress conditions.With respect to essential elements other than K,Ca,and Mg,PASP mostly restrained their absorption but promoted their translocation.The regulatory mechanism of PASP differed between the combined stress conditions and normal soil conditions.Under the combined stress conditions,PASP seemed to mainly promote these advantageous factors that exert physiological regulatory functions.Under normal soil conditions,PASP mainly acted as a biological stimulant or signaling molecule for increased nutrient efficiency,which caused greater biomass productivity.

Retrogression and re-aging treatment of Al-9.99%Zn-1.72%Cu-2.5%Mg-0.13%Zr aluminum alloy

The effect of retrogression and re-aging(RRA) heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low frequency electromagnetic casting alloy as Al-9.99%Zn-1.72%Cu-2.5%Mg-0.13%Zr was investigated by tensile properties test, Vickers hardness, electrical conductivity test, DSC analysis, SEM and TEM observation. The results show that RRA heat treatment can improve the stress corrosion cracking(SCC) properties with retention of the high strength of T6 level. After preaging at 100 ℃ for 24 h, retrogression at 200 ℃ for 7 min, and then re-aging at 100 ℃ for 24 h, the alloy obtains tensile strength up to 795 MPa, yield strength up to 767 MPa, maintains 9.1% elongation, and electric conductivity of 35.6%IACS. TEM observation shows that the re-dissolution of GP zone and η’ phase in the early stage of regression leads to the decrease of hardness, then the increase in the volume fraction of η’ and η phases leads to the increase again in the peak value, and finally the general coarsening of all particles results in a softening of the alloy. Meanwhile it is found that the conventional T6 heat treatment as the preaging and re-aging regime is not the optimum regime to the RRA treatment of the high-zinc content super-high strength aluminum alloy.

Microstructure and properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy pre-stretched plate under various ageing conditions

The microstructures after various ageing treatments and their relation to the strength, fracture toughness, and corrosion behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy pre-stretched plate were investigated. The results show that retrogression and reaging （RRA） treatment led to a combination of high strength and stress corrosion cracking （SCC） resistance of the alloy. The TEM microstructure of the RRA-treated alloy is a distribution of very fine precipitates in the aluminum matrix grains, similar to that obtained under T6 condition, and the distribution of coarse η MgZn2 precipitates on the grain boundaries similar to that obtained by T7 temper. SEM observations revealed that most of the intergranular fracture characteristics were present on the fracture surface of both the T6 and RRA-treated specimens. On the contrary, the fractographs of the T7 treated specimens mainly consisted of dimple-type ductile transgranular fracture with minor intergranular cracking.

Comparison of microstructure and corrosion properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys 7150 and 7010

The influence of coarse Cu-bearing particles, matrix and subgrain boundary precipitates on the stress corrosion susceptibility of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys was investigated. The strength of 7150 alloy is about 15 MPa higher than that of 7010 alloy. The 7010 alloy exhibits higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking as compared with the 7150 alloy. The coarse Cu-bearing particles are detrimental to the resistance to stress corrosion cracking. The increase of size of matrix and subgrain boundary precipitates decreases the susceptibility of stress corrosion. The anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement govern the cracking process. The severity of stress corrosion cracking is shown to be related to the coarse Cu-bearing particles, matrix and subgrain precipitates in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.

同轴送粉激光增材制造Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金应力场数值模拟

采用Ansys软件建立了同轴送粉激光增材制造Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的有限元模型,对该模型进行了试验验证,模拟分析了不同激光功率和扫描速度单层单道成形过程中的温度场和应力场。结果表明,模拟得到的应力与试验结果误差约为5.2%,验证了模型的准确性。激光成形过程中,激光作用产生“端部效应”,熔池前端的温度梯度大,后端的温度梯度小。随着激光功率的增加和扫描速度减小,熔池温度增加,激光功率的影响更加显著。随着激光功率与扫描速度的增加,沉积层的三向应力也随之增大,最大Von mises等效应力与垂直于扫描方向的应力σ_(y)呈“W”形分布,沿扫描方向的应力σ_(x)先增大后减小,且σ_(x)>σ_(y)。当沉积层冷却至室温时,其表面残余应力主要为拉应力,且沉积层中部位置的残余应力高于边缘位置的残余应力。

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金热处理及应力腐蚀研究进展

文章总结了国内外Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金生产研究和实际应用的现状,并论述了热处理工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金微观组织与性能的影响。针对目前Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金实际制造过程中,为获得良好的抗应力腐蚀性能(SCC),往往以牺牲其强度为代价的问题,介绍了SCC的主要产生机理及Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金合金成分,微观组织以及热处理工艺对SCC行为的影响。

添加Yb对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Cr合金组织性能的影响

采用熔炼铸造法制备复合添加Zr、Cr及复合添加Zr、Cr和Yb的2种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金。采用金相显微镜、透射电镜和扫描电镜观察合金的显微组织,并进行力学性能和抗腐蚀性能测试。结果表明:AlZnMgCu-Zr-Cr-Yb合金经固溶处理后始终保持以小角度晶界为主的纤维状组织,这归因于合金中析出的大量细小(10~20 nm)、弥散分布的(Al,Cr)3(Zr,Yb)相,阻碍了位错和晶界迁移,明显抑制基体再结晶。由于Yb元素的加入,合金的硬度、强度、伸长率和断裂韧性提高,断裂韧性由24.2 MPa·m^(1/2)提高到32.4 MPa·m^(1/2)。同时,合金的抗应力腐蚀、晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能提高,应力腐蚀开裂临界应力强度因子(KISCC)由10.6 MPa·m^(1/2)提高到17.0 MPa·m^(1/2),晶间腐蚀深度减小,剥蚀敏感性降低,剥蚀等级由EB+降为EA。

回归冷却速率对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金型材组织与性能的影响

通过硬度、电导率、室温拉伸、局部腐蚀和应力腐蚀等性能测试,结合金相显微镜和透射电镜等微观组织表征方法,研究了回归再时效工艺中不同回归冷却速率对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金型材组织与性能的影响。结果表明,回归冷却速率分别为660.0、12.7和0.5℃/min时,合金的抗拉强度分别为663.1、653.4和636.9 MPa,电导率分别为35.1%IACS、35.2%IACS和36.8%IACS,剥落腐蚀等级分别为EC、EB-和EB,应力腐蚀敏感性指数值分别为4.7%、4.0%和3.2%,晶界析出相沿长度方向的平均尺寸分别为48.7、54.7和68.7 nm,晶界析出相分布间距分别为28.9、33.6和40.3 nm。析出相尺寸与分布的变化是引起合金性能变化的主要原因;综合考虑合金力学性能与抗腐蚀性能,适宜的回归冷却速率范围为0.5~12.7℃/min。

Study on the hot deformation behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr aluminum alloy during multi-stage hot compression

The mechanical behavior and microstructures of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr aluminum alloy during multi-stage hot deformation were investigated by thermal stimulation test, optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The true stress vs true strain curves and the microstructure evolution of two hot deformation procedures were gained. The flow stress of the alloy studied decreases with increasing the deforming passes and declining the temperature, and the larger the temperature decline between adjacent stages, the larger the peak stress fall is. The stress-strain behavior mainly result from the dynamic recovery during deformation, the static recovery and recrystallization in the delay time, and the second phases precipitated from the matrix at high temperature.

Effect of Retrogression and Reaging on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Spray Formed Al Alloy

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of a spray formed Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy underwent retrogression and reaging (RRA) was studied by slow strain rate tests in dry air and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The results showed that after RRA treatment, interrupted η phases at grain boundaries and slightly wide precipitate free zones could decrease SCC susceptibility of the alloy. Lots of reticular dislocations appeared in deformation process could prevent hydrogen induced cracking, and then SCC. Abundance transgranular dispersive η' phases separated out again promoted tensile strength to 759.4 MPa. The fracture ways of the specimens were dimple fracture in dry air and sub-cleavage fracture in 3.5% NaCl solution.

Er对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀的试验方法,研究了Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金中添加Er后的抗晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀性能,利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了合金的显微组织。结果表明,微量的Er可以明显改善合金的抗晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀性能,但是,当Er含量达到0.4%时,耐蚀性能反而会有所下降。

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金中不同区域电子结构及应力腐蚀机理分析

利用计算机编程建立了Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金(7175铝合金)中α-Al,η相及α-Al大角度晶界原子集团模型,采用递归法计算合金中Zn,Mg,Cu和H的环境敏感镶嵌能、原子间相互作用能、Fermi能级和态密度等电子结构参数,分析了合金的应力腐蚀机理。计算结果表明:Mg,Cu和H容易在晶界偏析。Mg对H具有吸引作用,促进H在晶界偏析,引起晶界氢脆;Zn增大晶界与晶内的电位差,降低合金抗腐蚀性;Cu能减小晶界与晶内Fermi能级差,降低晶界与晶内的电位差,具有减缓合金腐蚀的作用。计算结果还表明:η相的Fermi能级最高,腐蚀过程中作为阳极优先溶解。由于η相俘获H,当晶界析出断续η相时可减弱晶界H的偏析,提高抗腐蚀性;但晶界连续分布η相则形成腐蚀通道,加速腐蚀进程。

重金属Cu^(2+)·Zn^(2+)胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及生长的影响

[目的]探索Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发、根长及植株生长的影响。[方法]重金属胁迫分别设置9个浓度梯度:Cu2+为0、10、25、50、80、100、200、300和400 mg/L;Zn2+为0、50、100、150、200、300、400、500、600 mg/L,利用组织培养方法,研究Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及生长的影响。[结果]低浓度Cu2+≤25 mg/L、Zn2+≤100 mg/L对紫花苜蓿的萌发率、根长和株高生长具有促进作用,并且在Cu2+为10 mg/L、Zn2+为100 mg/L时根长和植株生长达到最佳。随着Cu2+、Zn2+浓度的增加,Cu2+浓度≥50 mg/L,Zn2+≥150 mg/L时对紫花苜蓿萌发率、根系和植株生长抑制作用逐渐加大,高浓度时Zn2+浓度为600 mg/L、Cu2+浓度为400 mg/L时,抑制作用最明显。[结论]不同Zn2+和Cu2+浓度对紫花苜蓿种子的萌发率、根长和植株生长有不同影响作用。

新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金热变形流变应力特征

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机进行热压缩变形实验,研究了一种新型Al-7.5Zn-1.6Mg-1.4Cu-0.12Zr合金在变形温度为380～460℃、应变速率为0.001～0.1s-1条件下的流变应力特征,并利用TEM分析了合金在不同变形条件下的组织形貌特征。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度对合金流变应力的大小有显著影响,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的提高而增大;合金平均亚晶尺寸随温度补偿应变速率Zener-Hollomon参数的升高而减小。可用Zener-Hollomon参数描述该Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金热变形时的流变应力行为。

新型超高强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金热压缩变形的流变应力行为

采用热力模拟试验方法进行热压缩变形试验,研究了一种新型Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在变形温度为300~450℃,应变速率为0.001~1s-1,压缩变形程度为50%条件下的流变应力行为。结果表明,变形温度和应变速率对合金流变应力的大小影响显著,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的提高而增大。采用统计回归方法建立了该合金的热压缩变形流变应力本构方程,其热变形激活能Q=169.92kJ/mol。

Cu-Al-Mn-Zn-Zr记忆合金的显微组织与力学行为

利用金相显微镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜观察和力学性能测试等手段研究了Cu 18.4Al 8.7Mn 3.4Zn 0.1Zr(摩尔分数,%)记忆合金(多晶)在不同温度与组织下变形时的力学行为。实验合金在不同温度下变形时延伸率不同,变形温度(Td)在Ms与Af之间时的延伸率小于变形温度(Td)高于Af时的延伸率。对实验合金施加应力时,最初的变形主要来自应力诱发马氏体,继而发生马氏体变体择优合并,二者对合金的变形都有贡献;变形量更大时,变体界面共格性被破坏,部分马氏体丧失热弹性。少量α相的析出不影响记忆效应,可使延伸率得以提高。

高温预析出对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金显微组织、强度和应力腐蚀抗力的影响

通过改变固溶条件 ,对Al Zn Mg Cu高强铝合金采用先高温后低温的两步固溶处理 (高温预析出 )来改善晶内和晶界的析出状态 ,研究了高温预析出对Al Zn Mg Cu铝合金的金相组织、强度和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明 ,4 6 5℃高温预析出在保持较高强度和塑性的同时 。

Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu复合污染对斑茅生长及吸收富集的影响

采用桶栽试验的方法,以斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.)为材料,研究不同重金属复合污染条件下斑茅的生长响应及重金属吸收、富集和迁移特征变化,为斑茅在重金属复合污染土壤中的修复应用提供理论依据。结果表明,随着复合污染土壤中重金属含量的增加,斑茅地上部鲜质量逐渐下降,最多较对照(不添加重金属)下降26.71%;斑茅根、茎、叶组织中的Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量也逐渐增加,其根部Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的最大含量分别为104.4、2486.0、379.7、1457.3 mg/kg,其茎部Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的最大含量分别为32.3、1461.7、77.6、25.3 mg/kg,其叶部Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的最大含量分别为13.6、488.5、21.7、43.5 mg/kg;除对照外,同一处理水平Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在斑茅中的富集系数表现为茎部Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu,叶部Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb;随着复合污染土壤中重金属含量的增加,斑茅茎部Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的转移系数逐渐减小,而叶部Cd、Zn的转移系数逐渐增大,叶部Pb和Cu的转移系数先增大后减小。综合考虑,斑茅对Cd、Zn具有较好的吸收累积及转运能力,可作为Cd、Zn污染土壤的修复植物。