Heritability estimates may be severely biased when a large common environmental effect on a family arises from a longlasting separate rearing at early stages(SRES)in traditional selective breeding programs,especially ...Heritability estimates may be severely biased when a large common environmental effect on a family arises from a longlasting separate rearing at early stages(SRES)in traditional selective breeding programs,especially when bred populations have weak genetic ties.Communal rearing at early stages(CRES)may reduce common environmental effect since all families are reared in the same environment immediately after hatching.Here,we compared the effects of CRES and SRES strategies on genetic parameter estimation for harvest body weight in a selective breeding population of Litopenaeus vannamei with a small number of half-sib families.Genetic parameters of each strategy were estimated by using animal models excluding and including the common environmental effect(Model 1 and Model 2,respectively).Heritability estimates for body weight were 0.21±0.06(P<0.05)and 0.69±0.09(P<0.05)for CRES and SRES,respectively,in Model 1,and 0.21±0.06(P<0.05)and 0.52±0.27(P>0.05)in Model 2.The ratio of common environmental variance to phenotypic variance was 0.002±0.000 and 0.071±0.112 for CRES and SRES,respectively.Neither strategy precisely partitioned the common environmental variance according to likelihood ratio test.Lower heritability for body weight in CRES than in SRES implied that a large common environmental variance was confounded with additive genetic variance and was not effectively partitioned in SRES.Moreover,genetic correlation of body weight between the two strategies was 0.75±0.15,indicating that family rankings truly changed.The CRES should be followed in the selective breeding program of shrimp,especially in a population with a shallow pedigree and weak genetic ties between families.展开更多
103 surface sediment samples in 71 water bodies, such as lakes with different salinity, swamps, shallow puddles and rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, were collected to study the ecological distribution of...103 surface sediment samples in 71 water bodies, such as lakes with different salinity, swamps, shallow puddles and rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, were collected to study the ecological distribution of living ostracods and their environmental implications. Total of 12 genus and 45 species living ostracods are identified. According to the frequencies and abundance of ostracods occurrence, Limnocythere dubiosa, Limnocytherellina kunlunensis, llyocypris bradyi, Candona candida, Eucypris rischtanica and Leucocythere dilatata are the common species on the QTP, with occurrence frequency of more than 8 and abundance of more than 570 in the 71 water bodies. Among them, L. dubiosa, occurring in 28 water bodies with 2177 shells, is the most widely distributed ostracod in this research. Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA） indicates high correlation between species and environmental variables, suggesting that the occurrence of species is strongly related to the changes in ecological conditions of habitats. Among eight environmental factors, salinity and pH value are the most affective variables that influence the species occurrence. L. kunlunensis is positively correlated with salinity while E. rischtanica is negatively correlated with salinity. C. candida has a positive correlation with salinity, as does I. bradyi although there is not such a strong correlation. L. dubiosa displays a positive correlation with pH value. Consequently, we discuss the environmental implications of the common living ostracods on the QTP based on the CCA as well as the distribution of ostracod species in different salinity and pH values water. L. dubiosa, L. kunlunensis and E. rischtanica are euryhaline species, among which, L. dubiosa is the most adaptable species on the QTP with large occurrence in sundry salinity water and the most widely adaptive range for pH values. L. kunlunensis prefers to saline water while E. rischtanica prefers to fresh water. Both L. kunlunensis and E. rischtanica can live in water from faintly acid to alkaline, in contrast, L. dubiosa only appears in neutral and alkaline water bodies. L bradyi only occurs in fresh water and oligohaline water with a large pH tolerance range tolerance range from weakly acidic water to alkaline water weakly acidic water to alkaline water. C. Candida lives in freshwater, with pH value above eight. The six common species reach maximum abundance in alkaline water （pH 8-10） except for llyocypris bradyi.展开更多
The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many princip...The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.展开更多
Environmental fights are im- portant fights that have been written into fundamental hu- man rights since the 1970s. With economic globalization and sci- entific and technological progress, it is more and more importan...Environmental fights are im- portant fights that have been written into fundamental hu- man rights since the 1970s. With economic globalization and sci- entific and technological progress, it is more and more important to educate and protect environmental rights world- wide. As a large developing country, China has significant responsibilities in the field of global environmental safety. However, the awareness and status of environmental rights protection are still not suited to people＇s demands for environmental rights, making it an important task to carry out scientific planning and environmental rights edu- cation and improve citizens＇ enjoyment of environmental rights. We propose to start from defining the constitutional status of environmental rights and pro- mote the education and protection of environmental rights at the same time, so as to enhance mutual influence and contribute to creating a good environ- ment for mankind.展开更多
The mechanism through which exit options and outside opportunities affect cooperation outcomes has not been well studied in the resource management literature, since a deep analysis of the concepts of “exit options”...The mechanism through which exit options and outside opportunities affect cooperation outcomes has not been well studied in the resource management literature, since a deep analysis of the concepts of “exit options” and “outside opportunities” is missing. This article analyzes these concepts across the common pool resource management literature, investigates the factors that underlie “opting out” decisions, and reviews potential ways to operationalize these concepts for empirical analysis. It also explores how the relationship of cooperation and exit options may be influenced by broad economic processes, such as economic integration.展开更多
This paper dealt with the endurance ability of transgenic Common carp F\-3, and Common carp under different environmental factors such as temperature,alkaline,and pH value. The results showed that there was no obvious...This paper dealt with the endurance ability of transgenic Common carp F\-3, and Common carp under different environmental factors such as temperature,alkaline,and pH value. The results showed that there was no obvious difference of endurance abilities between transgenic Common carp and Common carp under the different environmental factors.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901301),the Shandong Province’s Agricultural Seed Improvement Project(No.2017LZN011)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,CAFS(No.20603022020003)+3 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-48)the Projects of International Exchange and Cooperation in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China–Science,Technology and Innovation Cooperation Cooperation in Aquaculture with Tropical Countriesthe Introduction of International Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology Plan of China(No.2016-X39)the Major Applied Technology Innovation Project of Agriculture in Shandong Province(No.SD2019YY001).
文摘Heritability estimates may be severely biased when a large common environmental effect on a family arises from a longlasting separate rearing at early stages(SRES)in traditional selective breeding programs,especially when bred populations have weak genetic ties.Communal rearing at early stages(CRES)may reduce common environmental effect since all families are reared in the same environment immediately after hatching.Here,we compared the effects of CRES and SRES strategies on genetic parameter estimation for harvest body weight in a selective breeding population of Litopenaeus vannamei with a small number of half-sib families.Genetic parameters of each strategy were estimated by using animal models excluding and including the common environmental effect(Model 1 and Model 2,respectively).Heritability estimates for body weight were 0.21±0.06(P<0.05)and 0.69±0.09(P<0.05)for CRES and SRES,respectively,in Model 1,and 0.21±0.06(P<0.05)and 0.52±0.27(P>0.05)in Model 2.The ratio of common environmental variance to phenotypic variance was 0.002±0.000 and 0.071±0.112 for CRES and SRES,respectively.Neither strategy precisely partitioned the common environmental variance according to likelihood ratio test.Lower heritability for body weight in CRES than in SRES implied that a large common environmental variance was confounded with additive genetic variance and was not effectively partitioned in SRES.Moreover,genetic correlation of body weight between the two strategies was 0.75±0.15,indicating that family rankings truly changed.The CRES should be followed in the selective breeding program of shrimp,especially in a population with a shallow pedigree and weak genetic ties between families.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41372179)the Special Funds for Public Welfare Land and Resources Scientific Project (201311140)China Geological Survey (12120114048501)
文摘103 surface sediment samples in 71 water bodies, such as lakes with different salinity, swamps, shallow puddles and rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP）, were collected to study the ecological distribution of living ostracods and their environmental implications. Total of 12 genus and 45 species living ostracods are identified. According to the frequencies and abundance of ostracods occurrence, Limnocythere dubiosa, Limnocytherellina kunlunensis, llyocypris bradyi, Candona candida, Eucypris rischtanica and Leucocythere dilatata are the common species on the QTP, with occurrence frequency of more than 8 and abundance of more than 570 in the 71 water bodies. Among them, L. dubiosa, occurring in 28 water bodies with 2177 shells, is the most widely distributed ostracod in this research. Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA） indicates high correlation between species and environmental variables, suggesting that the occurrence of species is strongly related to the changes in ecological conditions of habitats. Among eight environmental factors, salinity and pH value are the most affective variables that influence the species occurrence. L. kunlunensis is positively correlated with salinity while E. rischtanica is negatively correlated with salinity. C. candida has a positive correlation with salinity, as does I. bradyi although there is not such a strong correlation. L. dubiosa displays a positive correlation with pH value. Consequently, we discuss the environmental implications of the common living ostracods on the QTP based on the CCA as well as the distribution of ostracod species in different salinity and pH values water. L. dubiosa, L. kunlunensis and E. rischtanica are euryhaline species, among which, L. dubiosa is the most adaptable species on the QTP with large occurrence in sundry salinity water and the most widely adaptive range for pH values. L. kunlunensis prefers to saline water while E. rischtanica prefers to fresh water. Both L. kunlunensis and E. rischtanica can live in water from faintly acid to alkaline, in contrast, L. dubiosa only appears in neutral and alkaline water bodies. L bradyi only occurs in fresh water and oligohaline water with a large pH tolerance range tolerance range from weakly acidic water to alkaline water weakly acidic water to alkaline water. C. Candida lives in freshwater, with pH value above eight. The six common species reach maximum abundance in alkaline water （pH 8-10） except for llyocypris bradyi.
文摘The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.
文摘Environmental fights are im- portant fights that have been written into fundamental hu- man rights since the 1970s. With economic globalization and sci- entific and technological progress, it is more and more important to educate and protect environmental rights world- wide. As a large developing country, China has significant responsibilities in the field of global environmental safety. However, the awareness and status of environmental rights protection are still not suited to people＇s demands for environmental rights, making it an important task to carry out scientific planning and environmental rights edu- cation and improve citizens＇ enjoyment of environmental rights. We propose to start from defining the constitutional status of environmental rights and pro- mote the education and protection of environmental rights at the same time, so as to enhance mutual influence and contribute to creating a good environ- ment for mankind.
文摘The mechanism through which exit options and outside opportunities affect cooperation outcomes has not been well studied in the resource management literature, since a deep analysis of the concepts of “exit options” and “outside opportunities” is missing. This article analyzes these concepts across the common pool resource management literature, investigates the factors that underlie “opting out” decisions, and reviews potential ways to operationalize these concepts for empirical analysis. It also explores how the relationship of cooperation and exit options may be influenced by broad economic processes, such as economic integration.
文摘This paper dealt with the endurance ability of transgenic Common carp F\-3, and Common carp under different environmental factors such as temperature,alkaline,and pH value. The results showed that there was no obvious difference of endurance abilities between transgenic Common carp and Common carp under the different environmental factors.
