Transcriptome Analysis of Inflorescence Development at the Five-Leaf Stage in Castor(Ricinus communis L.)

The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor inflorescences.In this study,we performed transcriptomic analyses of three different phenotypes of inflorescences at the five-leaf stage.In comparison to the MI(complete pistil without willow leaves),290 and 89 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found in the SFI(complete pistil with willow leaves)and the BI(monoecious inflorescence),respectively.Among the DEGs,104 and 88 were upregulated in the SFI and BI,respectively,compared to the MI.In addition,186 DEGs and 1 DEG were downregulated in the SFI and BI compared to the MI.Moreover,we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs.In comparison to the MI,the SFI and BI exhibited the enrichment of functional branches in DEGs,specifically in pollen wall assembly,pollen development,and cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.In our study,RADL5 showed low expression levels between SFI-vs.-MI types.In addition,we found that the expression of NAC in the SFI differed from that in MI and BI,and some genes related to hormonal signaling changed their expression levels during inflorescence differentiation.These results reveal the genetic mechanism of sex genotypes in castor,which will not only guide researchers in the breeding of castor but also provide a reference for genetic research on other flowering plants.

The PcERF5 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed pear(Pyrus communis)through both activating and interacting with PcMYB transcription factors

As there is a strong interest in red-skinned pears,the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin regulation in red-skinned pears has been widely investigated;however,little is known about the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin regulation in red-fleshed pears due to limited availability of such germplasm,primarily found in European pears(Pyrus communis).In this study,based on transcriptomic analysis in red-fleshed and white-fleshed pears,we identified an ethylene response factor(ERF)from P.communis,PcERF5,of which expression level in fruit flesh was significantly correlated with anthocyanin content.We then verified the function of PcERF5 in regulating anthocyanin accumulation by genetic transformation in both pear skin and apple calli.PcERF5 regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis by different regulatory pathways.On the one hand,PcERF5 can activate the transcription of flavonoid biosynthetic genes(PcDFR,PcANS and PcUFGT)and two key transcription factors encoding genes PcMYB10 and PcMYB114.On the other hand,PcERF5 interacted with PcMYB10 to form the ERF5-MYB10 protein complex that enhanced the transcriptional activation of PcERF5 on its target genes.Our results suggested that PcERF5 functioned as a transcriptional activator in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis,which provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis.This new knowledge will provide guidance for molecular breeding of red-fleshed pear.

Silencing of the Nonspecific Phospholipase C6(NPC6)Gene Induces Ricinoleic Acid Accumulation in Castor Seeds

Castor,scientifically known as Ricinus communis L.,is among the top ten oil crops globally.It is considered a renewable resource and is commonly referred to as‘green oil’.Castor seeds contain castor oil as their main component,which is predominantly composed of ricinoleic acid.This study utilized RNAi technology to silence the NPC6 gene in NO.2129 castor,resulting in the creation of mutant plants L1 and L2.The weight of 100 dry seed kernels from L1 and L2 exceeds that from NO.2129.The crude fat and ricinoleic acid levels of L1 and L2 were higher than those of NO.2129 at various developmental stages.In the proteomics analysis of 60-day-old castor seeds,a total of 21 differentially expressed proteins were identified,out of which 19 were successfully recognized.Eleven of the differentially expressed proteins identified were legumins,which play a crucial role in nutrient storage within the seed.Silencing the NPC6 gene results in the accumulation of ricinoleic acid in castor seeds.The findings of this study not only enhance our knowledge of NPC6’s role in regulating castor seed oil synthesis but also offer fresh perspectives for investigating oil synthesis and accumulation in other plant species.

Proteomic Analyses of Three Inflorescence Styles of Castor(Ricinus communis L.)at Different Developmental Stages

Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.

一种高效的网格任务管理器组件的设计和实现

随着分布式计算系统的需求不断增长,集群分布式系统在处理作业提交和作业查询时出现了相当大的通讯延时问题,降低了系统性能。Task Broker是基于ACE开发环境开发的一种高效的网格任务管理器组件,它采用改进的Fair-Share算法来计算作业的优先级,通过使用ACE提供的应用接口,实现了以异步方式使用一个或多个线程并发处理多个客户端请求的功能。文中介绍了基于Task Broker分布式并行计算系统的结构;详细阐述了用来计算作业优先级的Fair-Share算法以及Task Broker的模型和实现;并且对Task Broker的性能进行了分析和比较。实验证明,TaskBroker较好地解决了通讯延时问题,大大减轻了系统的性能开销。

铜在鸭跖草细胞内的分布和化学形态研究

运用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法分析了Cu在鸭跖草Commelinacommunis根、茎、叶的亚细胞分布及贮存形态。结果表明,细胞壁是鸭跖草根中Cu结合的主要位点,其次为含核糖核蛋白体的细胞溶质部分,而在叶中,Cu主要分布在含核糖核蛋白体的细胞溶质部分中,其次分布在含细胞壁部分;茎中,随着外界Cu浓度的提高,Cu向细胞壁部分的分配减少,而向含核糖核蛋白体的细胞溶质部分的分配增加。根、茎、叶中细胞核、叶绿体和线粒体等细胞器结合Cu量较少。在各种形态铜中,根部以去离子水提取态占优势,茎部和叶部,以去离子水和乙醇两种提取态占优势,其它结合形态的Cu在根中比例较低,在茎、叶中所占的比例有所增加,显示鸭跖草体内Cu的分布特征和形态特征与其耐性和富集Cu有密切联系。

Comparison of Some Characteristics Between Phragmites communis and Its Salt Tolerant Variant

R5002_12, a salt tolerant line of Phragmites communis Trin., which was obtained from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treated callus selected under saline stress, was compared with its wild line in respect to their molecular biological, physiological and biochemical characterizations. Five arbitrary primers were screened which showed differences in DNA amplified polymorphism between the variant and its wild line. Some new proteins appeared in the salt tolerant plant under salt stress. Electrophoresis of peroxidase and esterase also showed some differences in isozyme expression between them. The chlorophyll content of the variant was higher than that of the original variety, whether the plants were under salt stress or not.

鸭跖草Commelina communis中差异表达cDNA片段的克隆与分析

一种新的基因克隆技术称为抑制消减杂交技术(SSH)用于研究生长于2种生态环境(古铜矿山和正常土壤)中鸭跖草Commelina communis的基因表达差异。分别以Cu矿山鸭跖草作为检测子,非Cu矿山鸭跖草作为驱赶子,建立了生长于Cu矿山生态环境中鸭跖草的差异表达cDNA文库,此cDNA文库代表在Cu矿山鸭跖草中特异表达的cDNA。通过反式Northern杂交筛选出3个阳性克隆进行测序。序列分析表明其中一个cDNA为CaM-like基因。进一步对此基因进行Virtual Northern分析,结果初步表明此基因在生长于古铜矿山上的鸭跖草中上调表达。

吉龙草的黄酮类化学成分研究

[目的]研究吉龙草的化学成分。[方法]以浓度75%的乙醇为溶剂对吉龙草样品进行提取,并采用经典层析法进行萃取分离,再运用核磁共振碳谱、氢谱和质谱等多种现代谱学方法对吉龙草化学成分的结构进行解析鉴定。[结果]从吉龙草中分离得到6个黄酮类化合物,分别为芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、槲皮素-4'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、芹菜素-5-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)和山柰酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)。[结论]化合物1～6均首次从吉龙草中分离获得,3～6为首次从香薷属植物中分离获得。

五种杀菌剂对蓖麻葡萄座腔菌的室内毒力测定

通过对蓖麻(Ricinus communis)发病部位进行真菌分离、纯化、鉴定、致病性测定,确定侵染蓖麻的病原菌为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea),并采用菌丝生长速率法测定50%多菌灵WP、70%甲基托布津WP、75%百菌清WP、99%恶霉灵WP、80%代森锰锌WP 5种杀菌剂对菌丝生长的毒力。结果表明,毒力最强的杀菌剂是50%多菌灵,对病菌B.dothidea的EC50为0.173 5μg/m L,抑菌效果明显优于其他4种杀菌剂。

金雀花异黄酮提取工艺研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验对金雀花(Parochetus communis Buch.)异黄酮提取工艺中提取溶剂类型、提取剂体积分数、提取时间、提取温度、料液比等影响异黄酮提取率的因素进行了探讨,应用紫外分光光度法测定不同提取条件下金雀花异黄酮的含量。确定金雀花异黄酮最佳提取工艺参数为甲醇体积分数65%,提取温度90℃,料液比为1∶40(m/V,g∶m L),提取2次,每次2.0 h,在此提取工艺条件下,金雀花总异黄酮得率为2.38%。

Inorganic Elements in Kernel of Amygdalus communis L. Measured Using ICP-OES Method

[Objective] The aim was to study on distribution of inorganic elements in kernel of Amygdalus communis L., providing reference for quality evaluation of A. communis L. species. [Method] Totally 26 species of inorganic elements in kernel, including Al, B, Be, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Cd, As, Se, V, Hg, Cr and K were measured with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum （ICP-OES） and principal components analysis （PCA）. [Result] A. communis L. of different species and in different factories showed a similar curve in content of inorganic elements; absolute contents of the elements differed significantly. In addition, the accumulated variance contribution of five principle factors achieved as high as 84.371% and the variance contribution made by the first three factors accounted for 67.546%, proving that Fe, Ti, Pb, Na, Se, Cu, Mo, K, Zn, Ni, Ca and Sr were characteristic elements. [Conclusion] The method, which is brief, rapid and accurate, can be used for determination of inorganic elements in kernel of A. communis L., providing theoretical references for further development and utilization of A. communis L.

苋菜-小白菜混作对小白菜镉与硝酸盐复合污染的影响

采用酸性黄棕壤和石灰性潮土进行连续两季盆栽试验,研究了镉与硝酸盐复合污染条件下苋菜(Amaranthus mangostanus L.)与小白菜[Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis(L.)Makino.var.communis Tsen et Lee]混作对小白菜品质及产量的影响。结果表明,在Cd 2.0 mg/kg与N 0.2 g/kg的交互作用下,苋菜-小白菜混作显著降低(P<0.05)了小白菜镉与硝酸盐的含量,黄棕壤第一季、第二季及潮土第一季、第二季收获的小白菜硝酸盐含量分别降低了19.87%、17.31%、27.00%、32.45%;小白菜的镉含量分别降低了23.33%、22.58%、5.82%、7.69%。同时,苋菜-小白菜混作也能提高小白菜的品质及产量,黄棕壤第一季、第二季及潮土第一季、第二季与对照相比,小白菜的维生素C含量分别提高了47.92%、22.66%、29.66%、92.26%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05);可溶性蛋白质含量分别提高了27.44%、45.29%、39.50%、50.00%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05);叶绿素含量分别提高了11.68%、19.38%、1.18%、7.47%;可溶性糖含量分别提高了1.34%、31.05%、321.05%、154.55%;小白菜的产量分别提高了2.26%、3.48%、1.89%、19.53%。对小白菜品质及产量而言,均有不同程度的提高,尽管有的差异不显著,但仍有提高的趋势,这对于试验范围内的植物修复而言,均有积极意义。

γ-^(60)Co辐射处理红安久梨诱变效应的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术,分析了4000rad剂量的γ-60Co辐射处理红安久梨休眠芽后获得的稳定分离的1a生枝条基因组DNA的影响,以明确辐射处理对红安久梨基因组DNA的影响。对20组共400个随机引物进行了重复筛选,共获得3个稳定的RAPD引物。结果表明:红安久梨休眠芽分离成的红色枝条和绿色枝条基因组DNA存在差异,分离的红色枝条与未处理枝条也存在差异。

蓖麻WRKY39基因的鉴别与表达特性分析

研究基于已公布的EST数据,采用电子克隆的方法获得了蓖麻WRKY39的基因序列。序列分析表明,该基因包含2个内含子,在释放的基因组中因一碱基G的缺失而被错误注释成2个基因;基因预测编码356个氨基酸,理论分子量为38.95 kD,等电点为9.43;蛋白含有一个保守的WRKY结构域,其基序为WRKYGQK_X13_C_X5_C_X23_H_X1_H,归属于II类d亚类,其保守内含子位于304位的R和305位的G之间;基因的启动子区含有多种激素和胁迫应答相关元件,显示出复杂的转录调控网络及在胁迫应答中的重要功能。基因表达谱分析显示,RcWRKY39在叶片、花、胚乳和种子中都有表达,其中在种子中的表达丰度最高,在叶片和花中次之,在胚乳中最低。

蓖麻DNA的提取方法综述

介于蓖麻叶片富含多糖、多酚等大分子物质,DNA的提取比较困难,文中总结性介绍了近年来提取蓖麻基因组DNA的几种主要方法:CTAB法、SDS法、磁性微球法、试剂盒法和酚-氯仿法等,并叙述了对现有的方法进行优化改进所取得的良好效果,为蓖麻的分子生物学研究提供参考。

Study on Cu Resistance of Ricinus communis L. Callus

[Objective] The article studies the growth and Cu absorption of Ricinus communis L. callus under Cu stress. [Method] CuSO4.5H20 solutions with different Cu concentrations were added to callus subculture medium; callus was inoculated and Cu resistance index of callus was worked out. Cu content in callus was deter- mined with the method of Varian AA240FS. [Result] With the Cu concentration at 60 mg/L, the growth of callus was inhibited, its Cu resistance index was only 33.87%. With the Cu concentration at 40 mg/L, callus was faint yellow in color, and grew rapidly with its Cu resistance index at 61.29%. Such high level resistance could remain the same after six week after continuous subculture. In the 4t week of culture, Cu resistance index in treatments with Cu concentrations at 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/L was higher than that in the 3rd week, and the content of Cu in callus of the treatments was 0.33, 0.54, 1.16, 1.40 mg/g respectively. [Conclusion] Cu con- centration at 40 mg/L in culture medium can be the threshold for selecting Cu re- sistance R. communis callus.

蓖麻细胞悬浮培养技术研究

生长在大冶市铜绿山矿区的野生蓖麻（Ricinus communis L.）是一种新发现的铜超富集植物。为了建立稳定、快速生长的蓖麻悬浮细胞系,以便筛选重金属抗性蓖麻细胞和培育超富集植株,以前期诱导的蓖麻胚性愈伤组织为材料,通过正交试验设计,优化悬浮细胞系的培养条件,建立蓖麻细胞悬浮系,并在优化条件下测定细胞的生长曲线和培养液pH变化。结果表明,蓖麻细胞悬浮系的最佳培养条件为接种量2.0 g/50 mL;基本培养基MS＋0.5 mg/L 6-BA＋0.2 mg/L NAA＋50 mg/L蔗糖＋350 mg/L水解酪蛋白;温度（26±2）℃,110 r/min暗培养。此时,细胞鲜重和干重增长量最高分别达到4.58 g/（50 mL·14 d）和0.49 g/（50 mL·16 d）。蓖麻悬浮细胞系生长曲线基本呈＂S＂形,每16 d为一个培养周期,其中6～14 d为快速增长期。在一个培养周期内,培养液pH表现为先降后升,然后趋于稳定。

江汉平原砂梨树生长异常的原因分析

以同一果园里3龄发育正常（A类）与异常（B类）的2类砂梨树为材料,调查了地上部主要生长指标、土壤养分和叶片养分含量间的差异。结果表明,A类砂梨树地上部生长的主要指标是B类砂梨树相应指标的1.2-1.6倍,绝大多数A类砂梨树已开花和挂果,但B类砂梨树未见开花和挂果;种植A类树的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均较高,分别是种植B类树土壤养分的1.74、1.70、2.24和2.03倍;A、B2类树叶片间氮或磷含量差异均不明显,但钾素含量间差异较大,A类树叶片含钾量是B类含钾量的1.82倍;A类树叶片无缺钾症状,而B类叶片均有不同程度的缺钾症状出现,其缺钾病情指数为43%-61%。因此,建议对B类砂梨树及时补施钾肥,以校正土壤缺钾和砂梨树叶片的缺钾症状。

速灭杀丁药浴治疗绵羊痒螨效果观察

绵羊痒螨病(俗称癞病),是由痒螨科痒螨属的绵羊痒螨(Psoroptes communis ovis)引起的高度接触性传染的皮肤寄生虫病,病的主要特征为奇痒和脱毛,病羊啃咬搔擦患部,食欲不佳,贫血,日渐消瘦,个体产毛量大幅度下降,甚至大批死亡,给养羊业的发展造成巨大的经济损失。1987年我们采用速灭杀丁对绵羊痒螨病进行药浴治疗试验,效果较好,现介绍于下。